白鹤滩水电站层间错动带的剪切特性

基于白鹤滩水电站层间错动带的室内和现场剪切试验结果,对层间材料、层间材料/母岩接触面(土/岩接触面)的剪切力学特性进行研究。试验结果表明,层间材料和土/岩接触面都表现出无剪胀行为的理想弹塑性力学特性;层间材料的蠕变特性不明显;土/岩接触面的抗剪强度与接触面形貌密切相关,接触面越粗糙,其抗剪强度就越高。比较层间材料的室内和现场直剪试验的抗剪强度可知,试样具有强烈的不均匀性。试样扰动对其抗剪强度的影响要比材料变异性的影响小。尺寸效应使得室内试验获得的内摩擦角要比现场试验获得的大。黏粒含量是影响层间材料抗剪强度的重要因素:随着黏粒含量的增加,内摩擦角减少,黏聚力增大。层间材料的抗剪强度对初始饱和度的变化不敏感。室内试验和现场试验结果在黏粒含量和初始饱和度影响上表现出良好的一致性,说明试样的尺寸效应和变异性只是影响其抗剪强度的次要因素。     

Large scale direct shear tests of soil/PET-yarn geogrid interfaces

The interface shear strength of soil against geosynthetic is of great interest among the researchers in geosynthetic properties. This study conducts a series of large scale direct shear tests to investigate the interface shear strength of different soils (sand, gravel, and laterite) against PET-yarn geogrids of various tensile strengths, percent open area, and aperture patterns. First, the appropriateness of different set-ups of a lower shearing box is examined in this study. It reveals that a lower box which is filled with the test soil and is of the same size as the upper box is more suitable for testing the soil/geogrid interface. The test results show that the soil/PET-yarn geotextile interface has significantly lower shear strength than soil strength. The ratio of shear strength soil/PET-yarn geotextile interface to internal shear strength of soil is about 0.7–0.8 for Ottawa sand and for laterite, and it is about 0.85–0.95 for gravel. On the other hand, the soil/geogrid interface has higher shear strength. The ratio of shear strength soil/PET-yarn geogrid interface to internal shear strength of soil is about 0.9–1.05. It is found that the shear strength ratio of soil/PET-yarn geogrid interface is positively correlated to the transverse tensile strength of the PET-yarn geogrid. However, it is negatively correlated with the aperture length and percent open area of the PET-yarn geogrid. The interface shear test results of PET-yarn geogrid against different soils are compared with the test results predicted by a classical model for analyzing the applicability of the classical model. Further, a simple model is proposed herein to estimate the bearing resistance provided by the transverse ribs of geogrid. It shows this component to be about 0–15% when PET-yarn geogrid is against Ottawa sand or laterite, while it is smaller when the PET-yarn geogrid is against gravel.     

Peak shear strength prediction for discontinuities between two different rock types using a neural network approach

The peak shear strength of discontinuities between two different rock types is essential to evaluate the stability of a rock slope with interlayered rocks. However, current research has paid little attention to shear strength parameters of discontinuities with different joint wall compressive strength (DDJCS). In this paper, a neural network methodology was used to predict the peak shear strength of DDJCS considering the effect of joint wall strength combination, normal stress and joint roughness. The database was developed by laboratory direct shear tests on artificial joint specimens with seven different joint wall strength combinations, four designed joint surface topographies and six types of normal stresses. A part of the experimental data was used to train a back-propagation neural network model with a single-hidden layer. The remaining experimental data was used to validate the trained neural network model. The best geometry of the neural network model was determined by the trial-and-error method. For the same data, multivariate regression analysis was also conducted to predict the peak shear strength of DDJCS. Prediction precision of the neural network model and multivariate regression model was evaluated by comparing the predicted peak shear strength of DDJCS with experimental data. The results showed that the capability of the developed neural network model was strong and better than the multivariate regression model. Finally, the established neural network model was applied in the stability evaluation of a typical rock slope with DDJCS as the critical surface in the Badong formation of China.

     

考虑各向异性特征的三维岩体结构面峰值剪切强度研究

 由于岩体结构面形貌的复杂性,目前,所提出的峰值剪切强度模型不能够很好地体现其各向异性特征。鉴于此,综合考虑岩体结构面起伏角和起伏幅度,提出一个考虑各向异性特征的综合参数?表征岩体结构面粗糙度的新方法;?由某一方向的起伏角参数SRv和起伏幅度参数A表示;其中参数SRv表示结构面粗糙度的各向异性特征,用变异函数分析方法进行计算获得。然后,应用该法分析Barton十条标准轮廓线,拟合出JRC与参数SRv,A的关系表达式;结合Barton强度公式,给出考虑各向异性特征的岩体结构面峰值剪切强度模型。最后,基于ShapeMetriX3D三维形貌测量系统,在实验室开展类岩体结构面形貌的量测;并应用上述方法估算结构面4个方向上的峰值剪切强度。于此同时,开展该类岩体结构面各向异性的剪切力学试验,通过试验值与估测值的对比分析,验证了所提模型的正确性。研究结果为准确预测岩体结构面抗剪强度提供一种新方法。     

考虑超孔隙水压力的桩土界面直剪试验研究

采用大型恒刚度直剪仪,系统研究超孔隙水压力对黏性土中桩土界面剪切性能的影响。根据制定的测试超孔隙水压力方案,对4个粗糙度等级(混凝土表面锯齿状峰谷距为0、2、4、6mm)的不同含水率黏性土中桩土界面在不同剪切速率下进行剪切试验。针对界面粗糙度、黏性土含水率、剪切速率3个变化参数对界面抗剪强度的影响进行分析。结果表明：界面粗糙度越大,界面超孔隙水压力越小,有效法向应力越大,黏性土颗粒与混凝土表面吸附性越大,桩土界面抗剪强度越大;黏性土含水率越大,界面超孔隙水压力越大,有效法向应力越小,黏性土颗粒与混凝土表面吸附性不能完全发挥,桩土界面抗剪强度反而减小;在剪切速率0.4~1.0mm/min范围内,剪切速率越大,界面超孔隙水压力增幅较小,有效法向应力变化不大,桩土界面抗剪强度虽有减小,但不同剪切速率下超孔隙水压力对桩土界面抗剪强度的影响不明显。     

A theoretical model for rock joints subjected to constant normal stiffness direct shear

The authors have conducted an investigation into the behaviour of rock joints subjected to direct shear. Both concrete/rock and rock/rock joints were investigated. The behaviour of rock/rock joints is important for the assessment of stability issues involving rock masses (e.g. rock slope stability). Concrete/rock joints are vital to the assessment of performance of concrete piles socketed into rock, rock anchors and concrete dam foundations.This investigation included an extensive series of direct shear tests under a range of stress boundary conditions. The rock used for the tests was a soft artificial siltstone, called Johnstone. The results from the tests on concrete/Johnstone joints have been presented in Seidel and Haberfield (Geotech. Testing J. (2002), accepted for publication) and on Johnstone/Johnstone joints in Fleuter (MEngSc Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Australia, 1997) and Pearce (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Australia, 2001, in preparation). This paper describes the theoretical models developed to simulate the observed behaviour, including asperity sliding, asperity shearing, post-peak behaviour, asperity deformation and distribution of stresses on the interface. These models have been combined into a micro-mechanical simulation of joint shear. Comparisons between program predictions and measured performance are presented and discussed.     

Interface shear strength between geosynthetic clay liner and covering soil on the embankment of an irrigation pond and stability evaluation of its widened sections

Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are typically used for widening sections of an embankment. They are also used as low permeability liners to minimize water leakage from reservoirs such as irrigation ponds. However, few investigations have been carried out on the specific properties of GCLs, such as granulated bentonite sandwiched between geotextiles, their internal shear strength, and the shear strength at the interface between a GCL and an embankment body. In this study, a series of direct box shear tests were performed to determine the shear strength properties of bentonite and compacted soils as well as at the interface between a GCL and bentonite or compacted soil. In addition, a series of field-loading tests were conducted to investigate the failure behaviour of an embankment body containing a GCL when changes in the water content of the bentonite of the GCL in a real embankment occur. Furthermore, the stability of widened embankment bodies that incorporated GCLs were evaluated. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) The shear strength of the interface between the covering soil and geotextiles varied according to the soil type, geotextile type, and the submergence period, (2) the maximum safety factor was observed at the interface between decomposed granite soil and the geotextiles, while the minimum safety factor was observed at the interface between the bentonite and the geotextiles, and (3) the influence of GCLs on the instability of a widened embankment was extremely small.     

Interfacial shear strength of fiber reinforced soil

The interfacial mechanical interaction between the reinforcement and soil matrix is a key factor in controlling the engineering properties of reinforced soil. To evaluate the factors affecting the interfacial strength properties of polypropylene fiber (PP-fiber) reinforced soil, single fiber pull-out tests were performed by using a modified special apparatus. It has been found that the designed pull-out test is an efficient method to qualitatively obtain the interfacial peak strength (IPS) and interfacial residual strength (IRS) of fiber/soil. Both the IPS and IRS decrease with water content increase, while increase with increasing soil dry density. The cement inclusions dramatically improve the interfacial shear strength of fiber/soil, and the IPS and IRS increase with an increase in additives content and curing time. Finally, by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the micromechanical interaction behavior between soil particles and fiber reinforcement were discussed. The interfacial shear resistance of fiber/soil depends primarily on the rearrangement resistance of soil particles, effective interface contact area, fiber surface roughness and soil compositions, etc.     

Dynamic shear behavior of GMB/CCL interface under cyclic loading

The dynamic shear behavior of composite liner interface is of great importance for landfill seismic analysis. In this study, an experimental investigation of the shear behavior of the interface between smooth high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane (GMB) and compacted clay liner (CCL) is presented. A series of displacement-controlled cyclic shear tests were conducted to investigate the effects of displacement amplitudes, normal stress levels and number of cycles on the GMB/CCL interface shear behavior. Cyclic loading with higher displacement amplitude will produce greater vertical contraction and lower interface initial shear stiffness. Also, significant shear strength degradation was observed within the first 5 shearing cycles, then followed by slight interface reinforcement in subsequent cycles. The dynamic shear modulus of GMB/CCL interface is dependent on both normal stress levels and displacement amplitudes, while the damping ratio is only affected by displacement amplitudes. Finally, a method considering the GMB/CCL composite liner as an equivalent soil layer was proposed, which is useful for landfill seismic analysis.     

粗粒土与结构接触面静动力学特性的大型单剪试验研究

运用80t大型三维接触面试验机,对单剪条件下粗粒土与钢板接触面静动力学规律进行了研究。随单调剪切的进行,接触面土体变形由靠近结构面区域逐渐向远处传递和发展,并集中于剪切区域内,接触面厚度约为（6D₅₀~7D₅₀;接触面达到强度时对应的滑动位移约为0.5D₅₀,之后滑动位移发展变快,破坏发生在接触界面处;法向应力对接触面厚度、土体变形沿试样深度分布形式影响较小,主要影响土体变形大小。循环剪切时接触面厚度未继续扩展;土体变形及变形位移幅值随循环剪切逐渐减小,并向初始剪切方向偏移,出现了异向性;接触面在不断剪切硬化,主要由结构面附近土体硬化所致;接触面强度是否达到主要取决于滑动位移,并在达到后逐渐减小,减小程度达16%,且正反向剪切时强度呈现异向性;接触面剪切体变、切向应力与3种位移（切向位移、变形位移、滑动位移）的关系稍有差别。     

Particle shape effects on the cyclic shear behaviour of the soil–geogrid interface

The accurate determination of the interface shear strength is essential in the design of geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures. The particle geometries of three types of soil materials and a spherical granular medium are imaged and quantified using binary image-based methods and described in terms of regularity. Cyclic direct shear tests are conducted to investigate the effects of particle regularity on the interface shear strength, stress–displacement relationship, shear stiffness, and damping ratio. The results reveal that the interface shear strength and deformation strongly depend on particle regularity. The vertical displacement ratio is found to increase with particle regularity under the same cycle number. The interface stiffness is observed to increase with the cycle number for particle regularities of 0.453, 0.565, and 0.672 but decreases with the cycle number for a particle regularity of 0.971. For a given regularity, the trend of damping ratio with the increasing cycle number is contrary to the that of shear stiffness. Finally, it is observed that the cyclic friction angle decreases with increasing particle regularity, the relationship of which is determined using linear regression. Thus, the systematic quantification of particle shape characteristics can lead to a better understanding of soil–geogrid interface behaviour.     

应力作用下软硬互层岩石破裂过程的细观模拟

 采用数值模拟方法研究软硬互层岩石材料在不同围压条件下的压缩破坏过程。利用改进刚体弹簧方法,模拟细观裂隙的起裂和扩展过程。界面破坏准则结合莫尔–库仑准则和抗拉强度准则,能同时考虑拉裂和剪切2种破坏模式。岩石材料由以Voronoi图形为基础的块体集合表征为显式模拟结构面,提出一种分步插点的计算网格自动生成算法。对已有的典型实验进行计算,模拟得到不同围压下不同倾角数值试件的破坏模式和抗压强度。与实验结果的对比表明,改进刚体弹簧方法能够定性和定量地描述由于软硬互层结构引起的抗压强度各向异性,不同围压条件下得到的破坏模式也与实验结果吻合良好。     

Influence of interface roughness on dynamic shear behavior in jointed rock

An interlock/friction model is used to predict the behavior of natural jointed rock specimens subject to static normal stress and dynamic shear. The friction part of the model is based on the simple Coulomb friction formulation. The interlock part of the model is shown to be related to the degree of interface matching that is present between two surfaces of a jointed rock pair. The interlock/friction model adequately predicts the offset phenomenon in the hysteresis results of well-matched jointed rocks. The offset phenomenon is recognized as an increase in shear stress required for shear displacement away from the naturally-aligned rock positions and a decrease in shear stress upon shear displacement back toward the naturally-aligned location. The parameters of the interlock/friction model are shown to be empirically related to rock interface roughness properties. Prediction of the shear stress vs shear displacement hysteresis including the offset phenomenon is possible for welded tuff specimen pairs using the measured interface roughness amplitude and the interface coherence between jointed rocks. Model parameters were verified by an experiment on molded mortar specimens. The data from the mortar specimens indicate that the empirically determined relations may be valid for jointed rock pairs that have dramatically different strength properties than welded tuff.     

Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian simulation of a modified direct shear apparatus for the measurement of residual shear strengths

The simulation of large-strain geotechnical laboratory tests with conventional Lagrangian finite element method(FEM) techniques is often problematic due to excessive mesh distortion. The multiple reversal direct shear(MRDS) test can be used to measure the residual shear strength of soils in a laboratory setting. However, modelling and simulation generally require advanced numerical methods to accommodate the large shear strains concentrated in the shear plane. In reality, when the standard direct shear(DS) apparatus is used, the MRDS method is prone to two major sources of measurement error: load cap tilting and specimen loss. These sources of error make it difficult or even impossible to correctly determine the residual shear strength. This paper presents a modified DS apparatus and multi-reversal multi-stage test method, simulated using the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian(CEL) method in a finite element environment. The method was successful in evaluating equipment and preventing both load cap tilting and specimen loss, while modelling large-deformation behaviour that is not readily simulated with the conventional FEM or arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian(ALE) analysis. Thereafter, a modified DS apparatus was created for the purpose of analysing mixtures of organic materials found in an Australian clay. The results obtained from the modified DS CEL model in combination with laboratory tests show a great improvement in the measured residual shear strength profiles compared to those from the standard apparatus. The modified DS setup ensures that accurate material residual shear strengths are calculated, a factor that is vital to ensure appropriate soil behaviour is simulated for numerical analyses of large-scale geotechnical projects.     

黑麦草根系加固粘土的剪切强度性能研究

植被在增强边坡稳定性方面有着积极的作用,其作为一种兼顾生态保护和边坡治理的护坡方式,在工程实践中得到了广泛的应用.为了研究植物根系加筋土的抗剪特性,以室内培育的黑麦草根系为加筋土的筋材,制备了不同含根量和含水率的重塑试样,通过直剪试验分析其抗剪强度特性的变化规律.研究结果表明:黑麦草根系加筋增强了土体的抗剪强度,表现为...     

边坡岩土体抗剪强度原位试验研究

针对碟子沟风井场地边坡特征,在边坡典型位置的岩石与土层界面和软弱泥岩夹层处分别进行了原位剪切试验,获得了相应的抗剪强度指标。通过与滑带土相同工况下的室内试验强度指标对比,发现室内试验指标较原位剪切试验获得的内聚力和内摩擦角低,并分析了室内外试验结果差异的原因。试验研究表明,边坡岩土体的大型原位剪切试验对边坡稳定性分析和工程治理优化具有重要价值。     

基于大型剪切试验的西藏某露天矿高原碎石土力学特性研究

高原碎石土由于其力学成因较特殊,因而具有大颗粒多、联结力很小的特点。大型矿山的边坡失稳绝大多数是由于剪切破坏引起的,准确把握岩土体强度特性是稳定性分析与治理工程设计的关键。岩土体剪切强度试验方法主要根据工程需要和土体特点来选用,根据大试样尺寸、且不失碎石土本身结构的原则,进行了原状碎石土样以及和原状土相同干密度、不同含水率、含有不同量石灰重塑样以及和原状样具有相同状态的重塑样的大型直剪试验与常规的应变控制式的小型剪切试验,通过试验结果对比揭示岩土的结构性强度特征。     

密实度不同时格栅–砂土界面循环剪切及其后直剪特性

为研究密实度不同时格栅–砂土界面在经历循环剪切及其后的表现,采用大型直剪仪进行了一系列大型单调直剪试验、循环直剪试验和循环后单调直剪试验。并将单调直剪试验与循环后单调直剪试验的结果进行对比分析。结果表明:单调直剪试验中,随着砂土密实度的增加筋土界面抗剪强度增加,剪切体胀现象变的明显;格栅–密砂界面发生循环剪切软化现象,土样在循环剪切过程当中整体上发生剪缩,且砂土密实度越大经历相同循环次数时的剪缩量越小;循环后单调直剪试验中,3种砂土密实度界面抗剪强度发展曲线都为软化型,在直剪过程中都发生自始至终的剪胀;遭受循环剪切后密砂–格栅界面抗剪强度发生了退化。     

不同剪切速率下滑带土强度特性及孔隙分形特征研究

滑带土的抗剪强度和微观结构的变化与滑坡岩土体的稳定性具有密切的联系.本文开展了不同剪切速率下粘性滑带土的环剪试验和核磁共振试验,从宏观与微观的角度分析了滑带土在不同剪切速率下的残余强度特征及微观孔隙的分形特征.研究结果表明:滑带土的残余强度随剪切速率的增加呈指数函数减小;剪切后试样内部孔隙的总体积随剪切速率的增加而降低...     

加锚节理面抗剪性能研究

本文通过室内模拟试验和理论分析,着重探讨了锚杆对节理面抗剪性能的影响,以及杆体阻止节理面发生相对错动的“销钉”作用机制,提出改进了的估算加锚节理面抗剪强度公式。试验结果表明:加锚节理面的抗剪强度随剪切位移的增加而增大。试验和理论分析都表明,即使不大的剪切位移就已使杆体的抗剪作用得到充分发挥。试验研究还充分显示出锚杆倾角对加锚节理面抗剪强度的重大影响。 本文在给出了用于描述加锚节理面抗剪性能的分析模型和理论分析方法的基础上,导出了计算锚杆最佳安装角的公式。用此算式求得的最佳安装角与实验结果十分吻合。本文还分析了当前在有限元分析中经常使用的一些锚杆单元模型的不足之处,并指出了改进的方向。