岩石破损过程强度变化规律实测研究

 岩石材料强度会随着破裂发展而逐渐衰减,详细介绍自行设计的岩石强度衰减测试方法,试验思路、试件制作及关键技术;通过自行设计的直剪试验,测得常规压缩试验破裂得到的不规则损伤岩块在直剪过程中的剪应力–压应力关系曲线,由其拟合得到库仑强度曲线,并与已有(单、三轴)压缩试验数据线性拟合得到的莫尔强度包络线进行比较,分析讨论岩石在破损过程中材料强度(黏聚力和内摩擦角)变化规律,澄清现有黏聚力和内摩擦角变化规律2种完全相对立观点的适用范围。研究结果表明,由完整岩样进行单、三轴试验测得的黏聚力明显大于不规则岩块直剪试验结果,这主要是岩样在单、三轴压缩破坏过程中产生的损伤所致,而不是试验方法所导致的偏差;黏聚力反映的是岩石本质强度特性,受不同应力状态的影响较小。岩样单、三轴压缩试验测得的内摩擦角小于岩块直剪试验结果,这主要是受到不同应力状态和岩石缺陷分布的影响。在岩石破损过程中,内摩擦角随损伤的发展具有先快速增大至最大值后大幅降低直至保持一定趋势不变的规律。内摩擦角反映的是岩石摩擦强度特性,受不同应力状态的影响较大。黏聚力对应力水平的敏感程度远小于内摩擦角。岩石在破裂前后自身材料强度会产生明显衰减。     

Dolomite fracture modeling using the Johnson-Holmquist concrete material model: Parameter determination and validation

In this paper,the Johnson-Holmquist concrete(JHC)constitutive model is adopted for modeling and simulating the fracture of dolomite.A detailed step-by-step procedure for determining all required parameters,based on a series of experiments under quasi-static and dynamic regimes,is proposed.Strain rate coefficients,failure surfaces,equations of state and damage/failure constants are acquired based on the experimental data and finite element analyses.The JHC model with the obtained parameters for dolomite is subsequently validated using quasi-static uniaxial and triaxial compression tests as well as dynamic split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)tests.The influence of mesh size is also analyzed.It shows that the simulated fracture behavior and waveform data are in good agreement with the experimental data for all tests under both quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions.Future studies will implement the validated JHC model in small-and large-scale blasting simulations.     

Re-fracture process and mechanical characteristics of cracked rock samples

Most of the rocks surrounding deep underground construction consists of cracked rock. The deformation of the surroundings is complicated, and not only involves slipping, but also involves re-fracturing. Available results in conventional uniaxial and triaxial experiments of rock samples can be used to analyze deformations of supports and surrounding rocks on underground constructions, but they cannot reflect the evolution of the re-fracture processes and the mechanical characteristics of the cracked surrounding rock mass. The purpose of this paper is to study deformations and re-fracture characteristics of surrounding rock mass in deep underground engineering. First, deformations and cracking characteristics of intact rock samples are analyzed on the basis of uniaxial and triaxial experiments. The lateral constraint testing method is then applied to study deformation and re-fracturing characteristics of cracked rock mass. The lateral constraint test provides different lateral stiffness to the cracked rock samples and causes different failure modes in the cracked rock samples. Conditions for re-fracturing have been derived and validated through the lateral constraint tests, which can be used to study load capacities and stabilities of surrounding rock in deep underground engineering under structural constraints formed by different supports.     

Strength of massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses

The Hoek-Brown(HB) failure criterion and the geological strength index(GSI) were developed for the estimation of rock mass strength in jointed and blocky ground where rock mass failure is dominated by sliding along open joints and rotation of rock blocks. In massive, veined and moderately jointed rock in which rock blocks cannot form without failure of intact rock, the approach to obtain HB parameters must be modified. Typical situations when these modifications are required include the design of pillars,excavation and cavern stability, strainburst potential assessment, and tunnel support in deep underground conditions(around s1/s ci 0.15, where s1 is the major principal compressive stress and s ciis the unconfined compressive strength of the homogeneous rock) in hard brittle rocks with GSI ! 65. In this article, the strength of massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses is investigated, and an approach is presented to estimate the rock mass strength envelope using laboratory data from uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength tests without reliance on the HB-GSI equations. The data from tests on specimens obtained from massive to moderately jointed heterogeneous(veined) rock masses are used to obtain the rock and rock mass strengths at confining stress ranges that are relevant for deep tunnelling and mining;and a methodology is presented for this purpose from laboratory data alone. By directly obtaining the equivalent HB rock mass strength envelope for massive to moderately jointed rock from laboratory tests,the HB-GSI rock mass strength estimation approach is complemented for conditions where the GSIequations are not applicable. Guidance is also provided on how to apply the proposed approach when laboratory test data are not or not yet available.     

Modified Stanley's approach for statistical analysis of compression strength test data of rock specimens

A very wide scatter is usually observed in laboratory compressive strength test (uniaxial and triaxial) data of rock specimens due to randomness in the number, orientation and distribution of micro-cracks. This leads to an uncertainty in choosing the representative design strength which leads to the need for a probabilistic approach to the analysis of test data. An attempt has been made in this paper to propose such an approach which is a modified version of Stanley's approach and employs Weibull's statistical strength theory. Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) test data from three sources have been analyzed and results compared with those from Weibull's theory. As the proposed approach employs Weibull's parameters, goodness-of-fit tests have been performed to check the fitness of tests data to Weibull's distribution. Further, the proposed approach for uniaxial conditions has been extended to triaxial stress conditions. Corresponding cumulative distribution functions of the applied stress level have been obtained which have been subsequently invoked to correlate the applied stress level at failure with the associated risk of failure. For the UCS test data, the proposed approach yields higher design strengths than does Weibull's theory when Weibull's m parameter is greater than unity. Strength under triaxial stress condition can be predicted by employing the proposed approach even though triaxial tests cannot be conducted, provided the UCS test data are available.     

非饱和黏性土的抗拉强度与抗剪强度关系试验研究

 通过对具有一定抗拉强度的非饱和黏性土在不同含水量状态下的重塑土样进行剪切和拉伸对比试验研究,结果表明,非饱和黏性土的抗剪强度指标c和j在一定范围内都随含水量的增大而减小;以三轴拉伸试验围压为大主应力、轴向应力为小主应力所确定的各应力圆符合莫尔–库仑准则;物理性状相同的非饱和黏性土重塑土样的抗拉强度与抗剪强度存在一定的函数关系。提出在无拉伸试验条件情况下,可通过相应物理性状的剪切试验结果计算非饱和黏性土的抗拉强度思想。     

A clumped particle model for rock

Discrete element (particle) modeling is now often used to simulate the behavior of rock. While the method is attractive because it does not require the formulation of complex constitutive models, it requires extensive calibration with measured macro-scale results to determine the particle–contact parameters that will predict the macro-scale response. This calibration is usually carried out using the laboratory uniaxial compression test. The behavior of intact rock in compression is complex, resulting in a nonlinear failure envelope with high frictional resistance and a ratio of tensile to uniaxial compression strength of approximately 0.05–0.1. An extensive series of calibrations were carried out using a particle code to determine if the micro-parameters determined from uniaxial compression tests could be used to predict the intact rock response regardless of stress path, i.e., tension to triaxial compression. It is determined that the particle code cannot predict the failure envelope measured on laboratory samples, unless significant modifications are made. This study shows that adjusting the particle parameters had little effect on the macro-scale properties of compression and tension tests, but using a clumped-particle geometry improves the predictive capabilities of the particle code significantly. For both Lac du Bonnet granite and a weak synthetic rock, the particle code calibrated to uniaxial tests using the clumped-particle geometry predicts both the stress–strain behavior and the complete nonlinear failure envelope.     

Behavior of EPS geofoam in stress-controlled cyclic uniaxial tests

During recent years, increasing consideration has been given to the compressible inclusion function of EPS geofoam, which makes this cellular geosynthetic an ideal material for reducing the static and seismic lateral earth pressures against rigid non-yielding retaining structures. Although the behavior of EPS geofoam under monotonic loading conditions has been extensively studied using laboratory triaxial compression tests, little research has been done until present on the cyclic stress–strain behavior of this material that is essential for optimizing and improving the seismic buffer function of EPS geofoam in geotechnical earthquake engineering applications. In this context, the present paper summarizes the results of a laboratory study based on stress-controlled cyclic uniaxial tests on EPS samples with various initial (static) deviator stresses. The experimental results indicate a somewhat different dynamic response of geofoam compared to the currently published relationships obtained from strain-controlled cyclic tests. Data from stress-controlled cyclic uniaxial tests show a logarithmic decrease in the damping ratio of EPS geofoam with increasing axial strain amplitude. Furthermore, for cyclic axial strain amplitudes greater than about 0.87–1.0%, the material exhibited a visco-elasto-plastic behavior associated with the occurrence of permanent plastic strains at the end of the cyclic tests.     

A Laboratory Investigation on the Behaviour of Reinforced Sand Samples Under Plane Strain and Triaxial Conditions

An experimental study on the behaviour of reconstituted samples of sand reinforced with geotextile layers is presented using standard triaxial and plane strain tests. After describing the main features of the plane strain device and of the data acquisition system, details are provided on the procedure developed for preparing plane strain samples containing inclined reinforcements with respect to the principal stress directions. Comments are also made on the influence of the preparation procedure on the overall behaviour observed during loading. Finally, the results of the experimental investigation are described with reference to standard triaxial tests with horizontal reinforcements, and to plane strain tests with horizontal and inclined reinforcements. The study complements data already available in the literature, for the development of constitutive laws applicable to the numerical analysis of reinforced earth structures.     

三轴应力下再生粗骨料塑性混凝土的力学性能和破坏准则

通过单轴、侧压相等和侧压不等三轴压缩试验,研究了再生粗骨料塑性混凝土(RPC)的应力-应变-强度特征,与原生粗骨料塑性混凝土(PC)性能进行了对比,并建立了基于空间八面体的强度破坏准则.结果表明:再生粗骨料塑性混凝土强度与围压的关系符合库伦破坏准则,其黏聚力低于原生粗骨料塑性混凝土,内摩擦角相差不大;再生粗骨料塑性混凝土应力-应变曲线由单轴下应变软化转变为三轴下塑化,且侧压越大,理想塑化越明显;在3种试验下,试件均出现了最大体应变,且随着侧压的增加而增大;再生塑性混凝土抗裂性能高于原生粗骨料塑性混凝土,且随侧压增大而增强.     

Prediction of strength and deformability of an interlocked blocky rock mass using UDEC

The accurate prediction of strength and deformability characteristics of rock mass is a challenging issue.In practice,properties of a rock mass are often estimated from available empirical relationships based on the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS).However,UCS does not always give a good indication of in situ rock mass strength and deformability.The aim of this paper is to present a methodology to predict the strength and deformability of a jointed rock mass using UDEC(universal distinct element code).In the study,the rock mass is modelled as an assemblage of deformable blocks that can yield as an intact material and/or slide along predefined joints within the rock mass.A range of numerical simulations of uniaxial and triaxial tests was conducted on rock mass samples in order to predict the equivalent mechanical properties for the rock mass under different loading directions.Finally,results are compared with the deformability parameters obtained by analytical methods.     

聚苯乙烯轻质混合土应力-应变特性分析

根据聚苯乙烯轻质混合土单轴应力-应变曲线和三轴应力-应变曲线的形态 ,得出水泥掺入比、密度、含水率、龄期等对聚苯乙烯轻质混合土变形特性有不同程度的影响 ;在围压作用下 ,曲线类型为应变硬化型 ,围压不同 ,主应力差大小不同。基于试验结果 ,得出聚苯乙烯轻质混合土单轴应力应变关系符合双曲线模型 ,三轴应力应变关系符合弹性 -线性强化模型 ,并对应力应变曲线进行拟合。     

Uniaxial compression behavior of geotextile encased stone columns

The bearing capacity and failure mechanism of encased stone columns are affected by many factors such as encasement length, relative density, strength and stiffness of the encasement material. In soft soils where surrounding soil pressure is low, especially in the top section, the stone columns may be close to a uniaxial compression state, where the uniaxial compression strength controls the bearing capacity of the stone columns. A series of large-scale triaxial tests on ordinary stone columns and uniaxial tests on geotextile encased stone columns have been performed. The stone columns were 300?mm in diameter and 600?mm in height. Samples of four different relative densities, and five types of geotextiles were used in the tests to study the effect of initial void ratio and encasing materials on the uniaxial compression behavior of the stone columns. The results show the uniaxial compressive strength of the encased stone columns is not affected by the initial void ratio but mainly by the tensile strength of the encasing geotextiles. The stress strain curves of the encased stone columns under uniaxial loading condition are nearly liner before failure, which is similar to the tensile behavior of the geotextiles.     

基于三轴压缩试验的岩石统计损伤本构模型

基于三轴压缩试验,结合统计强度理论和连续损伤理论建立了一种岩石统计损伤本构模型,并对建立的本构模型的数学意义和物理意义进行了讨论分析。由此可知,统计损伤本构方程实质是用对应于某一屈服准则的等效应力表示的连续损伤演化方程,能较好地描述材料的非线性力学行为,也能逼近材料的弹性应力-应变关系。统计损伤本构模型的统计参数均可以通过单轴或三轴压缩试验得到,在利用三轴压缩试验的轴向实测应力、实测应变时应当对损伤本构模型进行修正。对于单轴压缩试验的压密阶段,还给出了初始损伤的估计方法。引入对数正态分布和Mohr-Coulomb准则,通过理论曲线与若干岩石单轴、三轴压缩试验曲线的对比,验证了所提出的统计损伤本构方程及其参数确定方法以及模型修正的合理性,同时也肯定了对数正态分布和Mohr-Coulomb准则在统计损伤本构研究中的适用性。     

页岩强度准则的一种模式

在分析大量试验数据的基础上,探讨了页岩的层状结构面倾角和围压对其强度的影响。通过对各种现存强度理论与试验值的比较,分析了各种强度准则的适用性,提出了一种所需试验简单、数量少的强度准则模式。     

高强混凝土三轴强度规律与破坏准则

主要研究在三轴应力状态下高强混凝土的强度性能。进行了高强混凝土在三轴受压、三轴拉压和三轴受拉应力状态下共 1 0 1个试件的试验。为了对比 ,还开展了普通混凝土在相应应力状态下共 85个试件的试验。通过对不同强度等级混凝土三轴强度试验结果的分析和对比 ,总结了高强混凝土的三轴强度规律 ,建立了高强混凝土参数形式的破坏准则模型 ,并给出破坏准则模型中参数标定点的选取     

三轴应力下塑性混凝土应力应变关系试验研究

通过4组塑性混凝土的单轴和常规三轴压缩应力应变全曲线试验,研究了三轴应力下塑性混凝土应力应变关系.结果表明：在围压作用下,塑性混凝土轴向应力应变曲线与单轴压缩下的曲线差别明显,主要表现为直线上升段很短,曲线上升段较长,无明显峰值点,下降段较平缓.利用割线模量表征塑性混凝土三轴应力下应力应变曲线上升段的主要变形特征,分析了影响割线模量的主要因素,建立了割线模量与围压、单轴抗压强度和弹性模量之间的关系式.研究了塑性混凝土三轴应力下峰值应变随围压、单轴应力下抗压强度及峰值应变的变化规律,并建立了相应的关系式.全面分析了塑性混凝土单轴及三轴作用下应力应变曲线特征,通过归一化处理后,拟合出常规三轴应力下塑性混凝土轴向应力应变关系式.     

垃圾土强度特性试验与双线强度包线研究

三轴试验和直接剪切试验是研究垃圾土强度特性的主要方法,通过人工配制垃圾土、标准砂掺纤维土、现场垃圾土重塑样的三轴试验和直接剪切试验,发现垃圾土的剪切应力应变(或位移)曲线表现为持续硬化型,在应变达到一定数值后曲线有锯齿状波动;经过国内相关试验成果的分析,得到垃圾土的强度参数主要受干密度的影响,且有较好的相关性。研究结果表明:垃圾土的强度包线可以用双线强度包线来表达,黏聚力和内摩擦角取决于是否填埋碾压;直接剪切试验结果介于三轴固结不排水和固结排水试验结果之间,且接近于三轴固结不排水试验结果;直接剪切试验更准确地模拟了垃圾团间的滑动摩擦特性,用直接剪切试验确定垃圾土的强度参数更合理;同时建议了三轴试验破坏应变和直接剪切试验破坏位移。     

真空预压地基卸荷变形特性试验研究

为认识真空预压地基在真空压力卸载中的变形特性,对原状软黏土土样进行了常规三轴仪等向压缩与膨胀试验以及CKC三轴仪压缩膨胀试验,以模拟真空预压地基中各种应力状态下的土体单元在卸除真空压力这种球形压力后的变形特征。研究结果表明,真空压力卸载过程中地基土体既产生弹性的体积膨胀,因偏应力的存在,土体还产生剪切变形,在真空联合堆载预压中,堆载产生的较大偏应力将导致真空压力卸载时地基回弹很小,甚至地基继续沉降。真空压力卸载时,地基的沉降效果是土体膨胀变形和土体的剪切变形的叠加。     

盐岩应力松弛效应的研究

系统介绍了单轴及三轴应力松弛试验研究装置及试验结果。研究结果表明：盐岩在整个应力松弛试验过程中,其横向应变近乎是常数,也即体应变保持不变。盐岩预蠕变对应力松弛具有较大的影响;盐岩的最低蠕变极限是存在的。