镍基合金617B的组织结构与力学性能稳定性

研究了镍基合金617B在700 ℃下时效10000 h过程组织结构与力学性能的稳定性。供货态镍基合金 617B晶内分布TiN,晶界分布M23C6。时效后晶内和晶界析出M23C6,晶内析出γ′相。整个时效过程合金析出相的分布形态和相组成未发生明显变化,γ′相与基体保持共格关系,硬度和强度保持良好的稳定性,时效10000 h后的时效态合金仍具有较高韧性。研究成果为今后我国700 ℃USC机组选材提供试验数据。     

铸造高温合金中氮的影响机理与控制

总结中国科学院院金属研究所高温合金与金属间化合物课题组近年来开展的几种铸造高温合金中氮(N)的研究结果;讨论了铸造高温合金中N的控制方法.结果表明:无论镍基还是钴基铸造高温合金,N含量随Cr含量或返回次数和比例的增加而增大,过高的N含量降低合金的力学性能,并导致合金质量明显下降,但N的影响机理不同;对镍基铸造高温合金,N主要以极难分解的TiN颗粒团簇存在于合金熔体中,在凝固过程中作为核心促进TiC碳化物的析出与快速长大,块状碳化物阻塞枝晶间的通道,降低合金液的流动性和补缩性,导致合金组织中的显微疏松明显增加以及合金力学性能的降低;对钴基铸造高温合金,高N含量提高合金的初始凝固温度,使得合金枝晶组织粗大,枝晶间板条状M7C3共晶碳化物数量增多、尺寸增大,抑制周围基体中M<,23>C<,6>相的沉淀,导致共晶碳化物/基体界面更容易形成裂纹而降低合金力学性能.     

镍基单晶高温合金DD3制备过程中晶粒演化和选晶行为的EBSD研究

采用选晶法在改进的Bridgman定向凝固炉上进行镍基单晶高温合金DD3定向凝固实验,研究了选晶法制备镍基单晶高温合金过程中晶粒组织演化和螺旋选晶行为,采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对晶粒的竞争过程进行分析.结果表明,选晶器引晶段的主要作用是优化晶粒取向,获得取向良好的<001>定向凝固组织.在距激冷板36.1 m...     

镍基高温合金GH4282的凝固和偏析行为

采用差示扫描量热（DSC）分析、显微组织观察和热力学计算相结合的方法对镍基高温合金GH4282的凝固过程和元素偏析行为进行研究,得到了合金的凝固顺序以及元素偏析特征。结果表明,GH4282合金的凝固顺序为：γ基体、MC碳化物以及少量的硼化物。由DSC测得的合金GH4282合金的固-液相温度范围为1316~1367 ℃,MC、M6C型碳化物和γ′相的溶解温度分别为1338 ℃、1092 ℃和1003 ℃。热力学计算结果表明,GH4282合金在凝固过程C、B、Ti和Mo偏聚于枝晶间,Al偏析于枝晶干,Cr、Fe和Co几乎不发生偏析,这与铸态组织观察到的元素偏析特征是一致的。     

选区激光熔化制备镍基高温合金的研究进展

综述了镍基高温合金选区激光熔化技术（Selective Laser Melting,SLM）的研究进展。通过阐述IN718沉积态典型凝固组织及性能的变化规律,发现IN718合金工艺参数不匹配引起的微观缺陷难以消除,并在增材制造过程中存在裂纹的问题;结合激光增材制造过程中工艺参数对沉积态组织的影响、热处理后组织的变化及其对力学性能的影响等方面的研究,对镍基高温合金选区激光熔化技术予以展望,为镍基高温合金选区激光熔化技术的发展提供参考。     

一种铸造镍基高温合金在热处理过程中的相析出行为和拉伸性能（英文）

研究一种铸造镍基合金(IN617B合金)在固溶处理和长期时效处理过程中的相析出行为和拉伸性能。在铸态的组织中,Ti(C,N)、M6C和M23C6为主要析出相,而经过固溶处理后,除少量Ti(C,N)残余外,绝大部分碳化物固溶到基体中。在700°C长期时效过程中,合金中相的析出行为主要包括3个方面:(1)晶界处M23C6碳化物的形貌由膜状转变成颗粒状,同时由于界面能的降低和元素向晶界的扩散,颗粒碳化物逐渐粗化;(2)晶内棒状M23C6碳化物具有择优生长方向[110],并与基体γ之间存在共格关系;(3)γ?颗粒可以通过限制碳化物形成元素的扩散来阻碍晶内M23C6碳化物粗化。在时效5000 h后,合金的抗拉强度明显增加,而合金的塑性明显下降。该合金具有稳定的显微组织,从而保证其在长期时效过程中具有优异的拉伸性能。     

拉晶速率对Ni3Al基单晶合金IC6SX凝固组织和高温持久性能的影响

采用螺旋选晶法制备Ni3Al基单晶合金IC6SX试棒,研究了不同拉晶速率对凝固组织和高温持久性能的影响.结果表明,Ni3Al基单晶合金IC6SX凝固组织为树枝状,随着拉晶速率从1.5 mm/min增加到6 mm/min,一次枝晶间距逐渐减小.与普通镍基高温合金不同,位于枝晶干处的次生γ'相尺寸比枝晶间处的大.随着拉晶速率的增加,枝晶干和枝晶间处的γ'相尺寸都逐渐减小,由不规则形状逐渐立方化,枝晶间处的初生γ'相的数量逐渐增多.一次枝晶间距和γ'相尺寸对高温持久性能影响显著,随着拉晶速率的增加,组织细化,铸态IC6SX单晶合金的高温持久寿命增加.     

Ru对铸造镍基高温合金凝固行为的影响

采用等温凝固实验与差热分析相结合的方法 ,对无Ru和含 3.0 %(质量分数 )Ru的两种低Cr高W铸造镍基高温合金的凝固过程进行了比较分析 ,得到两种合金在不同温度下的凝固组织、凝固顺序图和凝固特性曲线。结果显示 :Ru的加入对低Cr高W铸造镍基高温合金的液相线温度无明显影响 ,但对初生MC碳化物以及γ γ′共晶的析出温度有明显作用。Ru是一个偏析倾向很弱的元素 ,且不改变其他合金元素的偏析特性。加Ru可以起稳定γ的作用 ,能有效抑制大块初生M6C碳化物的形成。显示了Ru对低Cr高W铸造镍基高温合金显微组织稳定性的有利作用。     

新型低钴铸造镍基高温合金的相析出行为研究

利用热力学计算软件JMatPro和差示扫描量热实验,研究新型低钴铸造镍基高温合金的相析出行为,并与实际铸锭的组织、成分进行对比。结果表明,低钴合金铸态组织主要包括γ（基体）、γ′、碳化物（MC、M6C）和γ+γ′共晶组织（体积分数约13.9%）,凝固过程中Ta和Hf出现正偏析。DSC测试得出合金初熔点、终熔点和γ′相回溶温度分别为1349.6℃、1300.1℃和1272.1℃,理论计算与实验结果基本一致。热力学计算显示Al、W含量增加能够分别提高γ′和M6C型碳化物的析出量与回溶温度,Hf、Ta元素能增大MC型碳化物的液析倾向,新型低钴合金的预期持久性能优于现有商用镍基多晶铸造高温合金。     

铸造镍基高温合金M963的显微组织研究

研究了经 16 5 0℃高温熔体处理后的铸造镍基高温合金M96 3在铸态和热处理态的显微组织 ,测定了其室温和高温拉伸性能。结果表明 ,M 96 3合金在铸态下具有良好的塑性 ,组织由γ固溶基体、γ 析出相及分布在枝晶间的γ +γ 共晶和细小骨架状MC碳化物组成 ;经 12 10℃× 3 5h空冷处理后 ,沿晶界、枝晶界析出方块状M6C碳化物 ,在晶内析出针状M6C碳化物 ,导致拉伸性能尤其是高温拉伸性能显著降低。     

Microstructural evolution of a Ni-based superalloy (617B) at 700 °C studied by electron microscopy and atom probe tomography

We report on the microstructural evolution of a polycrystalline Ni-based superalloy (Alloy 617B) for power plant applications at a service temperature of 700 °C. The formation of secondary M₂₃C₆-carbides close to grain boundaries (GBs) and around primary Ti(C,N) particles is observed upon annealing at 700 °C, where γ′ is found to nucleate heterogeneously at M₂₃C₆ carbides. Using atom probe tomography, elemental partitioning to the phases and composition profiles across phase and grain boundaries are determined. Enrichments of B at γ/M₂₃C₆ and γ′/M₂₃C₆ interfaces as well as at grain boundaries are detected, while no B enrichment is found at γ/γ′ interfaces. It is suggested that segregation of B in conjunction with γ′ formation stabilizes a network of secondary M₂₃C₆ precipitates near GBs and thus increases the creep rupture life of Alloy 617B. Calculations of the equilibrium phase compositions by Thermo-Calc confirm the chemical compositions measured by atom probe tomography.     

Phase precipitation behavior and tensile properties of as-cast Ni-based superalloy during heat treatment

The phase precipitation behavior and tensile properties of an as-cast Ni-based alloy, IN617B alloy, after solution heat treatment and long-term aging treatment were investigated. Ti(C,N), M₆C and M₂₃C₆ are the primary precipitates in as-cast microstructure. After solution heat treatment, most of carbides dissolve into the matrix except a few fine Ti(C,N) within grains. During long-term aging at 700 °C, the phase precipitation behaviors of the alloy are characterized as follows: (1) M₂₃C₆ carbides at grain boundaries (GBs) transform from film-like shape to cellular shape and gradually coarsen due to the decrease of the surface energy and element aggregation to GBs; (2) M₂₃C₆ carbides within grains have a bar-like morphology with a preferential growth direction [110] and have a cube-on-cube coherent orientation relationship with the matrix γ; (3) γ′ particles inhibit the coarsening of M₂₃C₆ within grains by constraining the diffusion of formation elements. Furthermore, the tensile strength of the alloy obviously increases, but the ductility significantly decreases after the aging for 5000 h. The alloy has a relatively stable microstructure which guarantees the excellent tensile properties during long-term aging.     

The Microstructure Degradation of the IN 713C Nickel-Based Superalloy After the Stress Rupture Tests

The aim of the work was to examine the degradation phenomena taking place in the microstructure of the as-cast IN 713C superalloy after stress rupture tests, performed at T = 980 °C under a tensile stress of 150 MPa. A directional growth of γ′ phase (rafting) and decomposition of the NbC primary carbides accompanied by the precipitation of M₂₃C₆ secondary carbides rich in chromium and of γ′ phase were observed. It was also indicated that the decomposition of the NbC primary carbides may be accompanied by the precipitation of M₃B₂ borides rich in Mo.     

铌在一种高合金化高温合金中的偏析与扩散行为

研究铌在一种高合金化镍基高温合金凝固过程中的偏析和均匀化过程中的扩散行为。铌严重偏析于枝晶间区域,其偏析系数高达4.30。许多富铌相,包括Laves相、δ相、（γ＋γ′）共晶、MC和M6C碳化物等在枝晶间析出。利用差热分析和在不同温度、时间的均匀化处理确定各种富铌相的溶解温度和枝晶偏析的消除程度。元素扩散计算表明：铌的扩散速率随着均匀化温度的提高而显著增加,从而有效地缩短均匀化时间。提出一种无初熔的三步均匀化制度,可以完全消除铌的枝晶偏析,获得均一的组织。     

GH2132高温合金熔敷金属结晶裂纹敏感性

针对GH2132高温合金熔敷金属热裂纹敏感性问题,通过采用试制焊丝、熔敷金属焊接试验、组织及断口分析、凝固计算等手段对熔敷金属组织、凝固行为、开裂机制等进行了研究. 结果表明,试验熔敷金属金相组织主要由柱状树枝晶γ相(NiCrFe固溶体)、枝晶间富Ti的Laves相(Cr,Fe,Ni)₂ (Ti,Mo)、MC碳化物与共晶组织组成,凝固路径为L→L + γ→L + γ + MC→L + γ + MC + Laves→γ + MC + Laves,裂纹断口呈典型的鹅卵石共晶花样,整个断口形貌被呈自由表面的液膜所覆盖,属于发生在高温段的结晶裂纹. 结晶裂纹开裂机理为在凝固过程的终了阶段,发生了L→γ + Laves的低熔点共晶反应,在凝固收缩应力作用下,残余液相未及时补充而形成. Laves相的形成主要与凝固过程中Ti元素的偏析有关,理论计算结果表明,GH2132结晶裂纹指数(solidification cracking index, SCI)值为1944 ℃,(solidification temperature range, STR)为258 ℃,在结晶裂纹敏感性评价方面,相比STR,SCI指标能相对更为合理地实现结晶裂纹敏感性的量化评价,但仍存在考虑因素不全等问题.     

GH2132合金材料平板堆焊层的组织性能

针对GH2132高温合金熔敷金属热裂纹敏感性问题,通过采用试制焊丝、熔敷金属焊接试验、组织及断口分析、凝固计算等手段对熔敷金属组织、凝固行为、开裂机制等进行了研究. 结果表明,试验熔敷金属金相组织主要由柱状树枝晶γ相(NiCrFe固溶体)、枝晶间富Ti的Laves相(Cr,Fe,Ni)₂ (Ti,Mo)、MC碳化物与共晶组织组成,凝固路径为L→L + γ→L + γ + MC→L + γ + MC + Laves→γ + MC + Laves,裂纹断口呈典型的鹅卵石共晶花样,整个断口形貌被呈自由表面的液膜所覆盖,属于发生在高温段的结晶裂纹. 结晶裂纹开裂机理为在凝固过程的终了阶段,发生了L→γ + Laves的低熔点共晶反应,在凝固收缩应力作用下,残余液相未及时补充而形成. Laves相的形成主要与凝固过程中Ti元素的偏析有关,理论计算结果表明,GH2132结晶裂纹指数(solidification cracking index, SCI)值为1944 ℃,(solidification temperature range, STR)为258 ℃,在结晶裂纹敏感性评价方面,相比STR,SCI指标能相对更为合理地实现结晶裂纹敏感性的量化评价,但仍存在考虑因素不全等问题.     

含Nb元素堆焊层金属中碳化物的析出行为

以堆焊连铸辊为研究对象,研制三种不同合金元素Nb加入量的药芯焊丝,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜对其显微组织、碳化物形貌进行了观察. 采用X射线衍射仪对其相结构进行了测定. 采用Thermo-Calc软件对含铌堆焊层金属中碳化物的析出行为进行分析. 结果表明,堆焊层金属显微组织为铁素体、M₂₃C₆和MC. 随着Nb元素含量增加,其显微组织得到细化,NbC沿晶界析出. 热力学计算结果表明,析出碳化物主要为MC,M₂₃C₆. 随着Nb元素含量的增加,MC析出量增多,M₂₃C₆析出量减小. MC中主要是Nb元素,并溶解了一定量的Mo,V,Cr和Fe元素;M₂₃C₆中主要是Fe,Cr元素,即Nb元素含量变化主要影响MC型碳化物.     

Microstructural constituents of the Ni-based superalloy GMR 235 in the as-cast condition

The Ni-based superalloy GMR 235 was investigated in different as-cast conditions. It consisted of the γ matrix with γ^′ precipitates, and of three minor constituents: M₃B₂, MC and Ti(C,N). The cooling rate influenced the size and morphology of microstructural constituents, and the composition and lattice constants of M₃B₂ and MC.     

Experimental investigation of in-situ transformations of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>7</Subscript>C<Subscript>3</Subscript> carbide in the cast Fe–Cr–Ni alloy

The microstructure and the phase composition of a heat-resistant Fe–Cr–Ni alloy (0. 45C–25Cr–35Ni) has been investigated in the cast state and after annealing at 1150°C for 2–100 h. After a 2-h high-temperature annealing, the fragmentation of the crystal structure of the eutectic M ₇C₃ carbides into domains of ~500 nm in size with a partial transition into M ₂₃C₆ carbides is observed. After a 100-h holding, the complete transition of the hexagonal M ₇C₃ carbides into M ₂₃C₆ with a face-centered cubic structure occurs. The carbide transition M ₇C₃ →M ₂₃ can be considered to be an in situ transformation.     

Effects of hot compression on carbide precipitation behavior of Ni—20Cr—18W—1Mo superalloy

The effect of hot compression on the grain boundary segregation and precipitation behavior of M₆C carbide in the Ni–20Cr–18W–1Mo superalloy was investigated by thermomechanical simulator, scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results indicate that the amount of M₆C carbides obviously increases in the experimental alloy after hot compression. Composition analyses reveal that secondary M₆C carbides at grain boundaries are highly enriched in tungsten. Meanwhile, the secondary carbide size of compressive samples is 3–5 μm in 10% deformation degree, while the carbide size of undeformed specimens is less than 1 μm under aging treatment at 900 and 1000 °C. According to the thermodynamic calculation results, the Gibbs free energy of γ-matrix and carbides decreases with increase of the compression temperature, and the W-rich M₆C carbide is more stable than Cr-rich M₂₃C₆. Compared with the experimental results, it is found that compressive stress accelerates the W segregation rate in grain boundary region, and further rises the rapid growth of W-rich M₆C as compared with the undeformed one.