ZL114A合金的SLM成形性研究

为了探究选区激光熔化(SLM)成形ZL114A合金的可行性,研究SLM成形工艺参数对ZL114A铝合金的熔池形貌、表面品质和润湿角的影响。结果表明,扫描速率一定时,熔池熔宽随激光功率增大而增大;线能量密度相等,熔宽也相等。扫描速度为2 500 mm/s,375～475 W下熔道轨迹的连续性和延展性最好,球化等缺陷也较少。确定激光功率为450 W,扫描速度为2 500 mm/s,扫描间距为0.09 mm,层厚为50μm时,润湿角小,熔池高度较小,润湿性好,成形件致密度达到99.94%。     

选区激光熔化成形NiTi合金工艺参数对表面粗糙度的影响规律

目的 针对选区激光熔化（SLM）制备NiTi形状记忆合金表面粗糙度难以满足实际应用要求,通过优化工艺参数（激光功率、扫描速度、扫描间距）以有效地降低表面粗糙度以及研究各工艺参数对表面粗糙度的影响规律。方法 采用L16正交阵列的田口模型设计选区激光熔化制备NiTi样品的工艺参数,通过对表面粗糙度信噪比值进行统计方法分析以及样品表面形貌的表征,研究不同工艺参数对表面粗糙度的影响程度以及影响机理,最终优化出制备低表面粗糙度的工艺参数组合。结果 在激光功率为20W和30W时,NiTi粉末不能够充分熔化造成熔道不连续,使得样品表面起伏增大,粗糙度值最大到7.8μm;增大激光功率到40 W和50 W时,粉末充分熔化,样品表面形貌明显改善;在相同功率下,扫描速度从200 mm/s增加到500 mm/s时,样品的粗糙度值也随之增大。结论 工艺参数对表面粗糙度影响的重要性顺序依次为激光功率、扫描速度、扫描间距;最终优化出的工艺参数组合为激光功率50 W、扫描速度200 mm/s、扫描间距0.07 mm,并在该工艺参数下制备的样品表面粗糙度值为1.38μm,与模型预测的值1.43μm接近,相差仅为9.97...     

超高速激光熔覆成形M2涂层

为修复受损轧辊、提高轧辊使用寿命,利用超高速激光熔覆技术,在9Cr2Mo钢表面熔覆成形M2高速钢制备的涂层。为提高熔覆层质量,设计正交试验与对比试验,并借助光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计,对不同扫描速度、激光功率、道次间距条件下熔覆层的宏观形貌、微观组织、显微硬度进行研究分析。结果表明,扫描速度对宏观平整度影响最大,提高扫描速度、降低激光功率、增大道次间距可提高涂层平整度;确定最优工艺参数为：激光功率1.5 kW,扫描速度35 m/min,道次间距0.30 mm的组合和激光功率1.7 kW,扫描速度35 m/min,道次间距0.35 mm的组合;熔覆层组织细小、成分均匀,主要为等轴晶,晶粒边界出现网状碳化物;熔合线处晶粒尺寸较为细小,熔覆道中部组织相对较大,道次间熔合线下方组织粗化明显;制备的M2涂层显微硬度整体高于基体,且具有较好的耐磨性。     

选区激光熔化316L扫描特征参数对表面形貌影响

为研究不同扫描特征参数组合对选区激光熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)表面形貌的影响,以316L不锈钢粉末为例,进行介观尺度的单层双道数值模拟研究.基于离散元法建立单层的粉床数值模型.使用流体体积法对粉床受热部分粉末的熔化过程中的熔化、流动和凝固过程进行计算.考虑激光功率、扫描速度和扫描间距3个扫描特征参数,设计并进行正交试验,从熔道形貌特征和熔道宽度2个方面研究所选扫描特征参数对成形件表面的熔道形貌影响.依据数值模拟中的参数进行实际打印及形貌观察试验,验证数值模拟的有效性.结果表明,在313～500 J/m的线能量密度和50～90μm的扫描间距范围内,可以得到平整连续局部缺陷少的熔道形貌,且该区间内的参数组合依次线性对应;对熔道形貌的完整性影响由大到小依次为扫描速度、扫描间距和激光功率.     

SLM成形Cu6AlNiSnInCe仿金合金的工艺优化及其组织与性能

采用激光选区熔化(SLM)工艺成形Cu6AlNiSnInCe仿金合金,研究不同SLM工艺参数组合对试样成形质量及其组织和性能的影响。结果表明,根据SLM成形试样的形貌特征可将激光功率和扫描速度的影响直观地划分为六个区域,分别是过熔区、完全熔化区、球化区、部分熔化区、严重球化区和未成形区。在完全熔化区时,激光能量密度达到156 J/mm3,仿金粉末在该参数区域完全熔化且熔池保持稳定的状态,试样密度较高、表面质量较好,表面粗糙度为9.2μm;SLM试样由基体α-Cu(Al Ni)相和弥散分布在基体中的析出δ-Cu41Sn11相组成;SLM试样的抗变形能力、显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能均优于铸造试样。     

激光熔覆多道搭接成形质量与效率控制方法

目的揭示激光熔覆工艺参数对多道搭接成形质量与效率的耦合作用规律,提高多道搭接熔覆层表面与内部组织质量及成形效率。方法采用响应面中心复合设计建立激光功率、扫描速度、气流量和搭接率与多道搭接表面平整度、熔覆效率及气孔面积之间的数学模型,通过方差分析及检验指标,验证了所建立数学模型的正确性。结果激光功率和气流量对表面平整度的值影响并不显著。表面平整度的值与扫描速度、搭接率成反比;搭接率对熔覆效率的影响较为显著,搭接率的增大使熔覆效率减小;四个工艺参数对于气孔面积都有不同程度的影响,适当增大搭接率和减小扫描速度可以减小熔覆层气孔面积。以表面平整度最好、熔覆效率最高和气孔面积最小为目标优化工艺参数,通过试验获得表面平整度、熔覆效率、气孔面积预测值与实际值的误差分别为1.36%、6.12%、7.89%,进一步验证了该模型的准确性。结论该研究成果为多道熔覆涂层质量、熔覆效率的控制与预测以及工艺参数的优化提供了理论依据。     

选择性激光熔化快速成型工艺研究

利用IPG200W光纤激光器和自主研发的SLM(Selective Laser Melting)快速成型设备,采用不同工艺参数组合,在25mm厚Q235钢板上进行不锈钢粉末单道熔覆实验。研究了激光功率、扫描速度对单道熔覆形貌和宽度、高度的影响规律;分析了选择性激光熔化球化现象产生机理及避免产生球化的途径;论述了最佳工艺参数的获取方法。结果表明:能量密度越高,熔覆形貌越好,球化现象越不明显;激光功率增大,单道熔覆宽度和高度也增加;扫描速度增大,单道熔覆高度和宽度减小。最后给出了几组最佳加工工艺参数和加工实例。     

激光功率对SLM成形304L不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

为了解激光选区熔化成形(SLM)技术不同激光功率对304L不锈钢微观组织及力学性能的影响,从而获得合适的304L不锈钢成形激光功率参数,对激光功率为300～440 W,扫描速度为800 mm/s的SLM成形冲击试样进行表面硬度和冲击吸收能量试验,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜对试样金相组织和冲击试样断口进行观察。结果显示,经SLM成形304L不锈钢微观组织致密,内部仅有少量20μm以下的孔洞,其侧面和顶面组织差异较大。激光对304L不锈钢表面硬度影响不大,平均硬度为203HBW,当激光功率为360 W时冲击吸收能量最大,为144.9 J。     

钛合金粉末的选择性激光熔化表面质量研究

通过优化实验方法,采用在钛片上进行钛合金粉末Ti6Al4V(TC4)的选择性激光熔化(SLM)单道扫描成形正交实验,在钛基板上进行单层SLM的正交实验。将打磨过的单道钛板在金相显微镜下进行观察,运用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)对SLM的单层进行分析。结果表明,在相对较高的激光功率以及低的扫描速度下,熔道的润湿角较小,宽度较大,且具有很好的连续性,单层轨迹具有很好的搭接性,整个熔化层较为平整,球化现象较少。最终确定最优参数为扫描速度20 mm/s,扫描间距0.07 mm,铺粉厚度0.07 mm,激光功率95 W,扫描方式为跳转变向,制备出的成形面质量较好。     

QT800-2球墨铸铁表面激光熔覆工艺参数多目标优化

目的 为了解决球墨铸铁表面激光熔覆铁基合金过程中熔覆层塌陷、厚度不均等问题,确定旁轴送粉激光熔覆最优工艺参数组,并对参数寻优方法进行对比分析.方法 选取工艺参数(激光功率、扫描速度、送粉速度)为优化变量和熔覆层表面质量(表面粗糙度、硬度)为优化指标,通过设计L9(34)正交试验进行极差分析,得到优化后的参数组合;通过神...     

Formation of scanning tracks during Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of pure tungsten powder: Morphology,geometric features and forming mechanisms

Due to the high melting point and high heat conductivity, selective laser melting (SLM) of tungsten is still challenging. To have a better understanding of SLM tungsten parts, the effects of processing parameters such as laser power and scanning speed on scanning tracks formation of pure tungsten powder were investigated. As linear energy increased with increasing laser power and decreasing scanning speed, the height and contact angle of scanning tracks gradually reduced, while the width and penetration depth increased. Owing to the good wetting and spreading, the flow front of scanning tracks gradually became smooth and stable with the increased linear energy. However, the transverse cracks induced by large temperature gradient and high cooling rate appeared on the surface of the scanning tracks at linear energy of more than 1.75 J/mm. A maximum temperature of 4630.27 °C and high cooling rate of 8.6 × 10⁶ °C/s were obtained during SLM process of tungsten powder when the linear energy was 1.75 J/mm. This work provides scientific guidance for SLM-processed tungsten parts.     

激光选区熔化TC4合金工艺优化及退火处理对显微组织的影响研究

激光选区熔化技术是制备复杂钛结构的重要加工方式,而热处理是必要的后处理手段.首先利用激光选区熔化设备打印TC4合金块体结构,以激光功率、扫描速度及扫描间距为优化对象,以致密度为优化目标开展正交试验,得到成形工艺参数对致密度的影响排序及最优工艺参数.然后对最优工艺参数下的成形样件分别进行消除应力退火处理与完全退火处理,发...     

激光增材制造钛合金微观组织和力学性能研究进展

激光选区熔化(SLM)技术与激光熔化沉积(LMD)技术在航空航天、生物医疗等领域的应用具有巨大潜力,但由于成形的Ti6Al4V合金构件存在较差的表面质量、较大的残余应力以及内部孔洞等问题,影响了构件的力学性能,从而制约了其大规模的应用。针对这一现状,首先概述了激光选区熔化技术与激光熔化沉积技术的制造原理,比较了2种增材制造技术的成形参数及其特点,并分析了2种不同成形技术的自身优势以及适用场合。其次,从2种增材制造技术成形钛合金的工艺参数入手,综述了激光功率、扫描速度、激光扫描间距、铺粉厚度、粉床温度等参数对SLM工艺成形钛合金的影响,以及激光功率、扫描速度、送粉速率等参数对LMD工艺成形钛合金的影响。发现成形工艺参数直接影响了粉末熔化程度、熔合质量和成形显微结构,从而影响成形件的组织与力学性能。此外,综述了不同的扫描策略对两种增材制造技术成形钛合金的表面质量与力学性能的影响,可以发现在不同扫描策略下同一试样表面的不同区域表面质量、残余应力以及抗拉强度存在较大差异,同一扫描策略下试样的不同表面之间也存在各向异性。最后,探讨了不同热处理工艺对钛合金微观组织和力学性能的影响,通过合适的热处理能够降低成形构件应力,并调控组织相变和性能。     

Effect of processing parameters on microstructure and properties of tungsten heavy alloys fabricated by SLM

Selective laser melting (SLM) was used to fabricate tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) with a nominal composition of W-7Ni-3Fe (wt%). Depending on the processing parameters (laser power, scanning speed, preheating, etc.), three different bonding mechanisms were observed, i.e., liquid phase sintering, partial melting and complete melting. The difference in applied energy density also reflected in a variation of the final composition, amount of W dendrites in γ-phase and the W grain contiguity. High density materials (>95%TD) were produced under optimal processing conditions. The effect of the as-built microstructure and post-process heat-treatment on the properties of WHA processed by SLM was evaluated. In the as-built condition, the WHA exhibited an UTS of 871 ± 30 MPa with a brittle fracture behaviour regardless of the applied processing parameters. With a suitable post-process heat-treatment, a material with a more optimal microstructure was obtained, with properties comparable to those of WHAs produced by conventional powder metallurgy (UTS of 850 ± 21 MPa with an elongation of 10.2 ± 1.0%).     

316L Stainless Steel with Gradient Porosity Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting

To fabricate 316L stainless steel part with a pore gradient structure, the method using selective laser melting (SLM) technique is exploited. Scan tracks feature, densification, and tensile property of SLM-produced samples prepared via different scan speeds were investigated. The results show that the porosity is strongly influenced by scan speed. On this basis, a gradient changed scan speed was applied in every SLM layer for the purpose of producing a gradient porosity metal. The results indicate that the structure exhibits a gradually increased porosity and a reduced molten pool size along the gradient direction of scan speed variation. The forming mechanisms for the gradient porosity were also addressed.     

Selective laser melting of aluminium components

Previous work has shown that the processing of aluminium alloys by selective laser melting (SLM) is difficult, with reasonable components only being produced with high laser powers (minimum 150 W) and slow laser scanning speeds. The high laser power is a significant problem as it is higher than that used in many SLM machines. Also, the combination of high power and low speed creates a large melt pool that is difficult to control, leading to balling of the melt and possible damage to the powder distribution system. Even when processing is carried out successfully, the high power and slow scan speed significantly increase build time and the manufacturing costs.This paper considers the changes that can be made to the SLM process so as to reduce the laser power required and increase the laser scanning rates, while still producing components with a high relative density. It also considers why aluminium and its alloys are much more difficult to process than stainless steels and commercially pure titanium. Two MCP Realizer machines were used to process 6061 and AlSi12 alloys, one processing at 50 W and the other 100 W laser power. Even with an optimum combination of process parameters a maximum relative density of only 89.5% was possible (achieved with 100 W). The major confounding factor for processing aluminium and its alloys was found to be oxidation due to the presence of oxygen within the build chamber. This formed thin oxide films on both the solid and molten materials. It was observed that the oxide on the top of the melt pool vaporised under the laser creating a fume of oxide particles, while melt pool stirring, probably due to Marangoni forces, tended to break the oxide at the base of the melt pool allowing fusion to the underlying tracks. However, the oxides at the sides of the melt pool remained intact creating regions of weakness and porosity, as the melt pool failed to wet the surrounding material. Therefore, if 100% dense aluminium components are to be produced by SLM, using low laser powers, methods need to be developed that can either disrupt these oxide films or avoid their formation.     

体能量密度对SLM成形316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性的影响

为了探究不同体能量密度对SLM成形316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性的影响,采用正交试验法制备不同激光功率、扫描间距和扫描速度下的SLM 316L不锈钢成形件,利用扫描电镜和电化学试验对其微观组织和自腐蚀电位进行观察和测量。结果表明,体能量密度过大或过小时,成形件表面的气孔和孔洞等缺陷较多,自腐蚀电位减小,耐腐蚀性变差。体能量密度为44.64 J/mm^-3时,SLM 316L不锈钢成形件的自腐蚀电位最高,组织表面的气孔等缺陷相对较少,耐腐蚀性最好。激光功率、扫描间距和扫描速度对SLM 316L不锈钢成形件的耐腐蚀性影响的次序为:激光功率＞扫描间距和扫描速度,最佳的工艺参数组合为激光功率250 W,扫描间距0.14 mm,扫描速度800 mm/s。     

Single track formation in selective laser melting of metal powders

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a powder-based additive manufacturing capable to produce parts layer-by-layer from a 3D CAD model. Currently there is a growing interest in industry for applying this technology for generating objects with high geometrical complexity. To introduce SLM process into industry for manufacturing real components, high mechanical properties of final product must be achieved. Properties of manufactured parts depend strongly on each single laser-melted track and each single layer. In this study, effects of the processing parameters such as scanning speed and laser power on single tracks formation are explored. Experiments are carried out at laser power densities (0.3–1.3) × 10⁶ W/cm² by cw Yb-fiber laser. Optimal ratio between laser power and scanning speed (technological processing map) for 50 μm layer thickness is determined for stainless steels (SS) grade 316L (−25 μm) and 904L (−16 μm), tool steel H13 (−25 μm), copper alloy CuNi10 (−25 μm) and superalloy Inconel 625 (−16 μm) powders. A considerable negative correlation is found between the thermal conductivity of bulk material and the range of optimal scanning speed for the continuous single track sintering.     

选区激光熔化Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金成形性及力学性能研究

通过选区激光熔化(SLM)技术制备Al-Mg-Sc-Zr铝合金,系统研究了不同工艺参数对铝合金粉末成形性以及不同时效处理条件对SLM成形样品组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在高激光功率和低激光扫描速度下,SLM成形样品的致密度较高。沿样品沉积方向可观察到熔池层层堆叠的显微组织,熔池边界和熔池内部均存在细小纳米颗粒。经不同温度时效处理后,样品的硬度和压缩屈服强度先增加后降低。SLM成形样品经400℃时效处理3 h后屈服强度达到最大值469±4 MPa。