关于我国电力市场的研究问题

针对电力工业的重组,对我国商业化运营的电力市场结构、电价理论、电力交易和竞价上网、电力市场模型等问题进行阐述,并就解决其所带来的热点问题,如电价体系、资源规划、系统可靠性等提出若干建议,为加速我国电力市场的发展提供参考。     

我国输配电企业的加权平均资金成本确定方法研究

在输配电价格管制中投资回报率的确定是一个非常重要的内容。文章依据投资学理论,借鉴国际上已运行的电力市场经验,结合我国证券市场建设情况,以在上海证券交易所上市的23家电力企业的数据作为分析依据,在利用资本资产定价模型估计输配电企业的权益资产和负债资产的风险系数和资本成本的基础上,运用资金加权平均成本法研究了我国输配电企业投资回报率水平的确定问题,指出现阶段我国输配电企业合理的回报率水平应为8.39%。该结果可为我国输配电价格管制中投资回报率水平的确定提供参考。     

越南电力工业发展近况

介绍越南电力工业发展近况,包括其电力工业组织结构、新越南国家电力集团的成立、发电装机及电网结构、电力生产和销售、电力供需形势及未来投资建设和发展规划、上网电价和销售电价水平、建设-运行-移交工程(BOT)和独立电厂(IPP)项目等,并对越南电力工业运行给予了总体表现良好的绩效评价,主要表现在供应能力快速增长、需求得到保障、财务状况健康、电价水平较低、服务质量改善、农村电气化水平大为提升及输配电线损持续下降等方面.     

关于充分发挥三峡工程发电效益防止重复建设的建议

文章简要分析了三峡电站投产前后华中、华东、川渝电网的电力、电量增长及发电装机容量情况,指出为充分发挥三峡工程发电效益必须注意防止重复建议。为此建议：（１）将三峡电站的电力、电量及早分配到各省、市电网,优先列入电力平衡,防止重复建设;（２）供需各方尽早签订集电合同、电价合同;（３）合理确定电价,上网电价要略低于同期电网新增水电、炎电的上网电价水平;（４）做好电力规划、防止重复建设。     

一种可操作的DSM峰谷分时电价定价方法

运用经济学原理研究了峰谷分时电价的市场效应,建立了基于电力需求价格弹性矩阵的峰谷分时电价数学模型,提出了电网总售电收入(用户电费支出)对电网负荷变化的反应灵敏度概念。通过对该模型的目标函数进行优化,得到了一种可操作的峰谷分时电价定价方法。算例仿真分析表明所提出的分时电价定价方法是切实可行的,它有利于减小电网的高峰负荷,改善负荷曲线,提高系统运行的可靠性和经济性,实现资源的优化配置和电力工业的可持续发展。     

Valuation of switchable tariff for wind energy

The current fixed tariff remuneration for wind energy is not compatible with the deregulation of the electric power industry. The time-varying and location-dependent value of renewable energy is not acknowledged. The newly announced switchable tariff for wind energy in the Spanish electricity market provides a promising solution to compensating renewable energy within the deregulated electric power industry. The new switchable tariff provides wind generators more flexibility in operating wind generation assets. Such flexibilities provide option value in coordinating the seasonality of wind energy, demand on electric power and electricity prices movement. This paper models and valuates the flexibility on switching tariff as real compound options for wind generators. Numerical examples valuate wind generation assets under fixed tariff, spot market price taking, and yearly and monthly switchable tariffs. The optimal switching strategies are identified. The impacts of the switchable tariff on sitting criteria and values of wind generation assets are investigated. An improvement on the yearly switchable tariff is suggested to further reduce the operation risk of wind generators and fully explore the efficiency provided by competitive electricity markets.     

电力价格政策的实施对电力需求侧管理的影响

运用电力价格政策规避负荷波动风险已经成为当今电力需求侧管理(DSM)的重要手段之一。主要介绍了今夏北京地区运用价格杠杆,缓解电力紧张状况的情况,对大负荷期间,电力公司执行季节性电价和尖峰分时电价等各项电价政策的效果进行了数据分析,并对应用中存在的问题进行了阐述。     

我国电力市场的实施方案和相关问题研究

借鉴国际经验,结合我国宏观经济体制和电力工业体制改革的近期状况和发展趋势,以及我国电力工业各方面的实际情况,对区域性和全国性电力市场的建立和运营可能面临的大多数问题、它们的解决方案、电力市场总体框架、建立和运营电力市场的具体模式、行动方案等方面进行了研究下,提出了建议。     

电厂检修维护项目评价标准指标体系研究

在电力技术服务市场化深入发展的趋势下,专业的电厂检修企业逐渐取代电厂自身队伍承担发电厂电力设备检修维护工作。这一转变使得检修维护管理与技术更加专业高效,亦对检修维护项目的标准化验收评价提出了更高的要求。文章在调研国内外电力检修维护服务行业以及其他相关行业的基础上,运用层次分析理论,采取德尔菲法,与多方专家进行研讨,制定了一套详细而全面的电力检修维护项目评价的指标体系,对构建标准的行业技术规范和提升整体服务质量具有积极的意义。     

中国电力建设行业的发展趋势及“走出去”的宏观市场分析

本文以长系列统计数据为基础,结合中国宏观经济的发展态势,论述了中国电力工业的发展趋势、电力建设行业面对的形势、以及＂走出去＂面临的机遇和挑战。本文结合世界2000万人以上国家和主要发展中地区的电力工业长系列统计数据,以及国际货币基金组织对上述国家和地区的经济发展预测值,采用计量经济学方法,对其电源工程投资情况进行了预测（2014～2018年）,给出了电源工程海外市场开发的15个推荐目标国。同时,本文还建立了相关指标体系,给出了电网建设和改造需求较大的9个发展中国家。     

北京市电供暖经济可行性和可持续发展研究

电供暖项目有利于改善大气环境并促进新能源电力消纳,是电力需求侧管理的重要对象。目前电供暖项目经济性较差,大规模建设容易形成政府和电网公司的额外负担。为探讨实现我国电供暖可持续发展的可行方案,构建了临界电价模型,并基于调研获取的边界条件数据,计算了北京市3种类型集中式电供暖项目可承受的最高电价。结合冀北地区风电项目输配电价计算和可承受最低电价分析,讨论了北京市集中式电供暖项目的经济可行性,并分析电供暖项目参与电力交易存在的其他障碍,最终提出政策建议。研究结果表明,在无补贴、少补贴条件下部分电供暖项目可通过电力交易实现盈利,大幅减少财政补贴和电网公司负担,从而实现电供暖的可持续发展。     

电力需求侧管理中的分时电价研究

峰谷分时电价作为现阶段一种有效的需求侧管理手段,是电力公司向用户实施的一种通过价格信号引导用户合理用电的有效经济刺激手段。它在优化电力资源配置等方面起到了积极的作用。科学合理的分时电价,能够赋予电价必要的弹性,拉大峰谷时段电价差,达到削峰填谷和提高电网负荷率的需求侧管理目标。基于负荷曲线分布分析,在初步划分峰谷时段的基础上,利用用户对电力商品的需求价格弹性矩阵,建立峰谷分时电价数学模型,并对该模型的目标函数进行优化,得到一种分时电价定价方法。对邢台供电公司的算例进行了仿真,说明了该模型的可行性。     

电力客户信用评价的突变级数法

作为独立运营实体的电力公司,在电力市场条件下面临着更为严峻的回收电费的形势,加强对电力客户的信用管理显得更为迫切.在深入了解电力公司开展客户信用管理的客观条件的基础上,建立了适于电力公司操作与实施的电力客户的信用评估指标体系,并根据某电力局运用该指标体系试运行的数据,提出了采用突变理论对客户的信用情况进行评估,这样减少因需要对指标加权而产生的主观因素误差,提高了评估结论的客观性与科学性,文中的算例,说明该理论应用于电力客户信用动态评估过程中的有效性.     

从世界电力工业改革看我国电力体制改革的发展

电力体制改革是世界性的课题。欧美及日韩等国不同的改革目标、不同的改革模式产生的不同效果值得我们借鉴。目前我国的电源建设还不尽合理,电网还很薄弱,市场机制尚不健全,与发达国家还有差距。我们要以改革促发展,为我国电力工业的健康发展,为国民经济的发展提供有力支撑。     

银行托收在供电企业电费回收工作中的应用推广

在电力改革逐步走向市场化后,电费回收工作越来越难,电费拖欠和电费风险已经成为困扰供电企业经营和发展的重要问题。引进银行托收理论经典,分析了银行托收在供电企业电费回收工作中的成功案例,提出了在陕西供电企业推广的方案。     

China’s electricity transmission and distribution tariff mechanism based on sustainable development

In order to guarantee the rapid sustainable development of the social economy, the power grid will make large investments in the construction of smart grids, the renewable energy network, the construction of long-distance transmission grid channels as well as the technology and service innovation of the power grid. According to the electricity transmission and distribution tariff accounting mechanism of costs and benefits, the power grid investment needs to be recycled by the transmission and distribution tariff. However, at present, the low electricity transmission and distribution tariff in China, which is based on the difference between the electricity sales price and the average purchase price, cannot guarantee the return of investment and the sustainable development of the power grid. Based on the current situation of China’s power grid construction and electricity transmission and distribution tariff, this paper proposes that the new investments in the power grid can be divided into technical innovation investments, environmentally friendly investments, service promotion investments and other kinds of investments, according to their functions. Then, four electricity transmission and distribution tariff and power grid investment linkage models are built and example analysis undertaken, respectively, which are the timely linkage model, static linkage model, ladder linkage model, in which the electricity tariff space changes by a fixed absolute value annually and ladder linkage model in which the electricity tariff space changes by a fixed proportion value annually. The results reveal that the ladder linkage model in which the electricity tariff space changes by a fixed absolute value annually can guarantee relatively smooth changes in the electricity tariff, and is suitable for the actual situation of China’s power market. The transmission and distribution electricity tariff and power grid investment linkage models based on sustainable development built in this paper are beneficial for promoting the reforms of the electricity transmission and distribution tariff in China and guiding the establishment of a scientific electricity tariff mechanism.     

国外核电机组参与系统调峰情况分析

我国核电装机比例在不断地提升,研究国外核电机组参与系统调峰情况可为我国未来核电机组的发展和运行提供借鉴。分析了目前世界上核电发展较快的国家核电机组装机情况以及参与系统调峰的运行情况,指出核电机组是否需要参与系统调峰运行是由所在电力系统的电源结构等诸多特性决定的。以法国为例,作为世界上核电装机比重最大的国家,由于其电力系统的调峰手段较为有限,核电机组需直接参与电网的负荷跟踪运行。而其他一些国家,如美国、加拿大、日本、韩国等,其核电装机比例相对法国较低,调峰电源配置较为充足,经济补偿机制较为完善,核电机组一般不参与电网负荷跟踪。     

Perspectives of the electric power industry amid the transforming global power generation markets

A scenario-based prognosis of the evolution of global power generation markets until 2040, which was developed using the Scaner model-and-information complex, was given. The perspective development of fuel markets, vital for the power generation industry, was considered, and an attempt to predict the demand, production, and prices of oil, gas, coal, and noncarbon resources across various regions of the world was made. The anticipated decline in the growth of the global demand for fossil fuels and their sufficiency with relatively low extraction expenses will maintain the fuel prices (the data hereinafter are given as per 2014 prices) lower than their peak values in 2012. The outrunning growth of demand for electric power is shown in comparison with other power resources by regions and large countries in the world. The conditions of interfuel competition in the electric power industry considering the changes in anticipated fuel prices and cost indicators for various power generation technologies were studied. For this purpose, the ratios of discounted costs of electric power production by new gas and coal TPPs and wind and solar power plants were estimated. It was proven that accounting the system effects (operation modes, necessary duplicating and reserving the power of electric power plants using renewable energy sources) notably reduces the competitiveness of the renewable power industry and is not always compensated by the expected lowering of its capital intensity and growth of fuel for TPPs. However, even with a moderate (in relation to other prognoses) growth of the role of power plants using renewable energy sources, they will triple electric power production. In this context, thermal power plants will preserve their leadership covering up to 60% of the global electric power production, approximately half using gas.     

Cross-term Decomposition Method for Loss Allocation in Distribution Systems Considering Load Power Factor

The customers of distribution system are generally encouraged to maintain better power factor through suitable tariff structures. The feeder power loss allocation is a part of tariff. The feeder power losses also depend upon power factor of loads. Therefore, loss allocation method should incorporate suitable rewarding and penalizing strategy for better and poor factors loads. This paper proposes a new distribution loss allocation method that considers load power factor to allocate losses in a more practical way. The proposed method employs bifurcation of cross terms of branch power loss among contributing nodes. The method provides loss allocation to system nodes in such a way that it provides rebates/penalties against variation in load power factor only to the concerned nodes. The proposed method is applied to 30-bus and 33-bus test distribution system and compared with other established methods. The analysis of the application results highlights the importance of the proposed method.     

关于"低压非大工业"用户电能表和电价制的改革探讨

采用黑白视在电能表、最大需用容量视在电能表和实行双费率综合电价、新两部制综合电价等改革举措,解决我国当前“低压非大工业”用户计费电能表及其电价制存在的问题,促进电力市场经济的发展和电力需求侧管理的开展。