Opportunities of energy supply of farm holdings on the basis of small-scale renewable energy sources

One of the major national economic problems of Russia is raising of agricultural production, which will provide strategic security and sustainable supply of the population with provisions. Creation of subsidiary small holdings, farm holdings, and peasant farm holdings will require addressing issues of energy supply. At considerable distance of small farms from centralized energy systems (by fuel, electricity and thermal energy) it is proposed to create a system of local energy networks on the basis of low-powered power plants using renewable energy sources (RES). There is economic unreasonableness of use of imported components of small power plants. Creation of new combined small power plants on renewable energy sources produced by domestic manufacturers is recommended. Schemes of arrangements of small power plants based on renewable energy sources are proposed, variants and characteristics of a basic source are provided—biogas plants developed by the authors. Calculations revealed that heat and power supply of self-contained farms distant from small power plants based on renewable energy sources is 2.5–2.6 times cheaper than from centralized networks. Production of biogas through anaerobic fermentation of organic waste of cattle complexes is considered as the basis. The analysis of biowaste output in various cattle farms is carried out, and the volume of biogas is determined to meet the requirements of these farms in electrical and thermal energy. The objective of the present article is to study the possibility of creating small combined power plants in Russia based on renewable sources of energy for independent consumers.     

气候变化与碳足迹(续)

人类活动所产生的CO2和其他温室气体的排放,导致全球变暖,其实质就是碳足迹日益增大所致。通过介绍气候变化、引起气候变化的原因,综述了碳足迹概念、类型、计算方法、边界确定,介绍了PAS 2050标准(2008标准),提出了减少碳足迹的措施,旨在了解碳足迹,倡导低碳生活,加强节能减碳的环境意识,实现社会可持续发展。     

气候变化与碳足迹

人类活动所产生的CO2和其他温室气体的排放,导致全球变暖,其实质就是碳足迹日益增大所致。本文通过介绍气候变化、引起气候变化的原因,综述了碳足迹概念、类型、计算方法、边界确定,介绍了PAS2050标准(2008标准),提出了减少碳足迹的措施,旨在了解碳足迹,倡导低碳生活,加强节能减碳的环境意识,实现社会可持续发展。     

Using marginal emission rates to optimize investment in carbon dioxide displacement technologies

Reduction in CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel-based electric power generation is a primary focus of both the public and private sector. Over 1,500 corporations, representing $11.4 trillion in revenue and 6.5 gigatonnes of carbon emissions, have formally announced their objective of meeting net-zero emissions by 2030. In this paper, we focus specifically on CO₂ emissions from electricity consumption, and how corporations can reach net-zero goals with respect to these emissions. We focus on three points: (1) the mathematically and economically correct methodology (Marginal Emission Rate, or MER) for calculation of CO₂ footprint in the power sector, (2) a detailed comparative analysis and critique of the generally-referenced alternative methodologies, (3) a detailed analysis of the economic benefits of using MER versus other methodologies to private sector corporations focused on net-zero emissions. This paper presents a mathematical framework for organizations to account for and plan their carbon footprint accurately and efficiently whether it is ex post carbon accounting using RTO published real time nodal MER data, or planning for renewable investment using forecasted MER under various future scenarios.     

Output power control of wind turbine generator by pitch angle control using minimum variance control

Effective utilization of renewable energies such as wind energy as a replacement for fossil fuels is highly desirable. Wind energy is not constant and wind generator output is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, which causes the power output of wind turbine generators (WTGs) to fluctuate. In order to reduce output power fluctuations of wind farms, this paper presents an output power leveling control strategy for wind farms based on both the mean and the standard deviation of wind farm output power, a cooperative control strategy for WTGs, and a pitch angle control method using a generalized predictive controller (GPC) intended for all operating regions of WTGs. Simulation results using an actual detailed model for wind farm systems show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(2): 10–18, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20247     

Output power leveling of wind turbine generators using pitch angle control for all operating regions in wind farm

Effective utilization of renewable energies such as wind energy instead of fossil fuels is desirable. Wind energy is not constant and windmill output is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, which causes the generated power of wind turbine generators (WTGs) to fluctuate. In order to reduce the output power fluctuation of wind farms, this paper presents an output power leveling control strategy for a wind farm based on both the average wind farm output power and the standard deviation of the wind farm output power, a cooperative control strategy for WTGs, and pitch angle control using a generalized predictive controller (GPC) in all WTG operating regions. Simulation results using an actual detailed model for wind farm systems show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 31– 41, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20448     

Assessing effects of renewable deployment on emissions in the Saudi power sector until 2040 using integer optimization

We quantify the impacts of renewable deployment on carbon emissions and natural gas supply in the Saudi power sector. A capacity expansion model, which simultaneously considers generation and transmission builds covering a planning horizon up to 2040, was created. The simulated scenarios, which entailed retiring liquid fuels from the Saudi power sector and accounted for different gas prices, consider the following candidate build technologies: nuclear, gas, solar photovoltaics, wind, concentrated solar power with storage, and battery storage. Renewables can reduce carbon emissions by 66 million tons to 114 million tons (25–41 %) by 2040 depending on the gas price. The abatement costs were estimated to range between 20 $/ton and 50 $/ton of carbon dioxide. Within Saudi Arabia, renewable deployment can also defer national gas supply expansion plans but not investments in expanding domestic gas transport capacities. Finally, under certain conditions when deploying significant renewable capacity, better transmission interconnection between regions manages renewable intermittency more cost-effectively than storage deployment.     

风电场对电力系统电源规划风险评估的影响

风电是一种绿色可再生能源,在工业和经济飞速发展的今天,对能源的发展和电力结构的调整起着非常重要的作用。同时风电又具有间歇性、波动性和反调峰特性,对电力系统的风险评估造成了一定的影响。因此在传统电源规划的风险评估中,加入风电场这个不确定因素,考虑风电场对电力系统电源规划风险评估的影响。根据风电场的风速及强迫停运建立了风电场的可靠性模型,在此基础上,将蒙特卡洛模拟技术与最小费用评估模型结合起来,形成了含风电场的最小费用模型,通过算例仿真计算比较不同方案的系统的风险指标,结果表明风电场的容量和位置对系统电源规划风险评估的影响很大。     

基于生命周期的家电产品碳足迹计算方法研究

在收集某款家电产品的主流生产水平数据的基础上,采用GaBi数据库中的温室气体排放相关数据,根据ISO 14040/44制定的生命周期评价理论框架,采用PAS2050准则开展家电产品碳足迹的研究,制订了碳足迹计算方法。以微波炉产品为例,讨论不同生命周期过程对碳足迹产生的影响。结果表明：微波炉在使用阶段的温室气体的排放量最大。     

基于电力供应链博弈的可再生能源政策效应研究

可再生能源配额制(简称配额制)是当前中国可再生能源政策由固定溢价补贴制向政府政策与市场机制共同作用过渡的目标机制.随着电力体制改革不断深化,可再生能源政策将直接影响电力供应链主体博弈行为,造成不同的政策效应.鉴于此,考虑以消费端为配额义务考核主体并引入惩罚函数,构建包含发电企业、消费端在内的两级电力供应链纳什均衡博弈模...     

基于CO2减排效益的风力发电经济性评价

环境的恶化迫使政策制定者们寻求可再生能源发电替代传统能源发电的新途径,但是高额的发电成本限制了可再生能源发电行业的发展。在考虑CO₂减排效益的情况下,利用2012年中国部分火力发电厂和风力发电场发电情况的有关数据,基于全生命周期法和年限平均法计算了火力发电和风力发电的综合成本。计算结果表明,在考虑CO₂减排效益的情况下,2012年风力发电的综合成本只比火力发电的综合成本高出0.027元/（kW·h）。当风力发电年度利用小时数达到并维持在2 200 h及以上时,风力发电的综合成本将低于火力发电的综合成本。     

基于时空神经网络的风电场超短期风速预测模型

随着风电场的大规模接入,提高风电场风速的预测精度对于促进可再生能源的消纳具有重大意义。传统的预测方法通常根据风电场单一高度的历史风速进行预测,当预测的时间尺度达到三四小时的时候,预测误差较大。不同高度的风速、风向数据蕴含了风电场内部的时空相关性,数值天气预报数据也体现了风电场周边的大气运动对风速发展规律的影响。文中在输入数据层面,同时引入了不同高度的风速、风向数据和数值天气预报数据。为了充分挖掘数据中的规律,提出了一种新的时空神经网络,采用深度卷积神经网络和双向门控循环单元,分别提取风速、风向等历史数据以及数值天气预报的时空特征,并利用融合后的特征进行风速预测。最后,利用中国东北某风电场的实际测量数据,验证了算法的有效性。     

Watch the birdie [wind farm effects on wildlife]

This article discusses the current push to promote wind farms for renewable generation and its effect on wildlife, especially birds. It begins by outlining the criteria currently used to choose a wind farm site. It then presents information gathered on bird deaths caused by existing sites. The views of wildlife organisations and government policies and regulations are also covered.     

考虑供需双侧响应和碳交易的氢能综合能源系统鲁棒调度

双碳”背景下,为促进可再生能源消纳,约束园区碳排放和应对可再生能源的随机性,构建了含可逆固体氧化物电池(reversible solid oxide cell, RSOC)的园区氢能综合能源系统,并提出考虑供需双侧响应、阶梯碳交易机制和可再生能源出力不确定的鲁棒调度模型。首先,采用RSOC和储氢罐消纳可再生能源富余出力。其次,引入有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle, ORC)余热发电和综合需求响应构成供需双侧响应优化热电运行。然后,通过鲁棒优化理论处理可再生能源的不确定性。接着以系统购能成本、碳交易成本、弃风光惩罚成本和需求响应成本之和最小为目标构建鲁棒调度模型,并采用CPLEX求解。最后通过算例仿真结果验证了模型的有效性。     

Power Solar - The sun in your pocket

The concept of a free, renewable and inexhaustible supply of electricity harvested from the sun is an ideal scenario toward which many governments and green activists are striving. They possibly perceive it as large arrays of photovoltaic cells situated on buildings or harvested from acres of solar farms. According to the Energy Savings Trust, the fastest growth in energy usage stems not from gas-guzzling cars or expanding jet travel, but from consumer electronic devices, such as mobile phones and MP3 players. The emphasis the consumer electronics vendors are putting on longevity of battery life adds credibility to the component manufacturers' claims. Yet we have been here before with integration of fuel cells into portable devices three years ago. But the integration of solar power is more likely to occur as the technology has overcome a significant barrier which fuel cells so far have not - a smaller footprint.     

Potential evaluation of energy supply system in grid power system,commercial, and residential sectors by minimizing energy cost

If the economic activity in the commercial and residential sector continues to grow, improvements in energy conversion efficiencies of energy supply systems is necessary for CO₂ mitigation. In recent years, the electricity driven hot water heat pump (EDHP) and the solar photovoltaic (PV) have been commercialized. The fuel cell (FC) of co‐generation system (CGS) for the commercial and residential sector will be commercialized in the future. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The aim is to indicate the ideal energy supply system of the users sector, which manages both the economical cost and CO₂ mitigation, considering the grid power system. In this paper, cooperative Japanese energy supply systems are modeled by linear programming. It includes the grid power system and energy system of five commercial sectors and a residential sector. The demands of sectors are given by the objective term for 2005 to 2025. Twenty‐four‐hour load for each three annual seasons are considered. The energy systems are simulated to minimize the total cost of energy supply, and to mitigate the CO₂ discharge. As a result, the ideal energy system at 2025 is shown. The CGS capacity grows to 30% (62 GW) of the total power system, and the EDHP capacity is 26 GW, in commercial and residential sectors. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(2): 9–19, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ eej.20361     

以配额制激励可再生能源的需求与供给国家可再生能源市场机制设计

针对中国可再生能源消纳面临的挑战,设计了基于配额制的国家可再生能源市场及其与省级日前市场的协调机制、国家绿色证书市场和激励可再生能源准确预测自身出力的偏差电量结算机制。在国家层面,以跨区跨省交易总剩余最大化为目标,构建了内嵌输电成本的国家可再生能源市场出清模型;在省级层面,将国家可再生能源市场出清结果作为可松弛的边界条件,构建了多目标的省级日前市场出清模型。算例分析验证了所述机制的有效性。提出的机制能够实现以配额制的方式激励可再生能源的需求与供给,以市场的方式发现可再生能源的真实成本及其正外部性的货币价值,引导可再生能源和电网投资规划,激励市场成员提升可再生能源发电的预测水平。     

100% Clean Energy: The California Conundrum

The state of California has embarked on an ambitious effort to achieve very high levels of clean energy in the interest of minimizing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. California Senate Bill 100 (SB100), enacted in September 2018, increased the statewide required Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS)¹ for electric utilities from 50% to 60% by 2030. It further established an aspirational goal of 100% clean energy in all sectors by 2045. Achieving 60% to 70% or more in the electric sector is projected to be achievable at reasonable cost, if current planning assumptions prove true.However, getting all the way to the ideal 100% is a different matter, based on current technology projections, system configurations and costs. The challenges are two-fold. First, what to do with the renewables over-generation that will inevitably occur when necessarily large levels of installed and non-dispatchable renewable capacity produces in hours when there is no need for it?Second, without backup from fossil resources, reliability of the electric grid is a risk. Batteries have a bright future in helping integrate the intermittency of renewable resources on an hourly operating basis going forward. But at currently-projected storage durations and costs, the projected cost of using batteries to ensure installed resource adequacy and grid reliability in a 100% renewable, zero-fossil world is prohibitive without further technological advances and associated cost reductions.This article describes the unique challenges for California and potential solutions for them as the quest for 100% clean energy in California and other states continues.     

Wind energy in the city: Hong Kong’s offshore wind energy generation potential,deployment plans,and ecological pitfalls

Hong Kong seeks to achieve a low carbon future by investing in renewable energy solutions. With almost all its energy demand met by imported supply, primarily from Mainland China, developing Hong Kong’s indigenous renewable energy from offshore wind offers the potential to meet the city’s low carbon ambition and, at the same time, pursue energy reliance and resilience. This paper reviews the potential for harvesting Hong Kong’s offshore wind energy to show that the territory possesses significant wind resources that can be converted into useful energy. It also discusses extant plans from its two power providers, Hong Kong Electric and China Light and Power, which signified intentions to build offshore wind farms in Hong Kong’s southern and southeastern waters, respectively. The paper also examines the impacts these infrastructures pose to marine species and ecosystems in the proposed sites. It finds that, although construction-related effects can detriment marine life in the short term, these impacts can be mitigated with careful planning and can even increase biodiversity in the site over time. The paper ends by calling for policy to be strengthened to ensure that Hong Kong’s local wind resources are exploited. Wind power development can accelerate the city’s low-carbon ambition.     

考虑源网荷储效益提升的电力现货市场出清优化模型研究

随着我国在“双碳”目标背景下电力现货市场的发展,以风电、光伏等代表的可再生能源将参与到现货市场出清,由于可再生能源的波动性和不确定性,需要通过需求侧响应和储能间的协调,在保证电网调节灵活性的前提下实现市场多主体效益提升,因此开展考虑源网荷储效益提升的电力现货市场出清优化策略研究。考虑参与日前出清阶段各方的效益,将电网不同峰谷差的调节需求纳入到竞价过程中,提出考虑源、网、荷、储收益分配的现货交易体系;为保证系统低碳运行,考虑供能侧的碳排放权交易,建立基于供能侧、储能侧,电网侧、需求侧多方效益协调的电力现货市场出清优化模型,通过算例仿真分析验证所提模型的有效性和优越性。