大力发展节油洁净的电气化交通

从我国交通,城市化、能源、环保等多方面统一、协调,可持续发展出发,建议应大力发展节油洁净的电气化交通.阐述了发展电气化交通的重要性,对于不同阶段的电气化交通技术,建议:①继续大力发展已产业化的电气火车与城市轨道交通,迎接国家交通体系的大发展.②发展电动汽车技术,尽早实现产业化.③积极推进新型磁浮交通的发展,开拓长大干线与城市交通两方面的实用化与产业化.     

Multistage expansion planning of generation and interconnections with sustainable energy development criteria: A multiobjective model

A novel multiobjective, multiarea and multistage model to long-term expansion planning of integrated generation and transmission corridors incorporating sustainable energy developing is presented in this paper. The proposed MESEDES model is a “bottom-up” energy model which considers the electricity generation/transmission value-chain, i.e., power generation alternatives including renewables, nuclear and traditional thermal generation along with transmission corridors. The model decides the optimal location and timing of the electricity generation/transmission abroad the multistage planning horizon. The proposed model considers three objectives belonging to sustainable energy development criteria such as: (a) the minimization of investments and operation costs of power generation, transmission corridors, energy efficiency (demand side management (DSM) programs) considering CO2 capture technologies; (b) minimization of Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG); and (c) maximization of the diversification of electricity generation mix. The proposed model consider aspects of the carbon abatement policy under the CDM - Clean Development Mechanism or European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme. A case study is used to illustrate the proposed framework.     

气候变化与碳足迹

人类活动所产生的CO2和其他温室气体的排放,导致全球变暖,其实质就是碳足迹日益增大所致。本文通过介绍气候变化、引起气候变化的原因,综述了碳足迹概念、类型、计算方法、边界确定,介绍了PAS2050标准(2008标准),提出了减少碳足迹的措施,旨在了解碳足迹,倡导低碳生活,加强节能减碳的环境意识,实现社会可持续发展。     

气候变化与碳足迹(续)

人类活动所产生的CO2和其他温室气体的排放,导致全球变暖,其实质就是碳足迹日益增大所致。通过介绍气候变化、引起气候变化的原因,综述了碳足迹概念、类型、计算方法、边界确定,介绍了PAS 2050标准(2008标准),提出了减少碳足迹的措施,旨在了解碳足迹,倡导低碳生活,加强节能减碳的环境意识,实现社会可持续发展。     

基于潮流追踪的用户碳排放水平计算与评估方法

新型电力系统用户侧泛在资源分布零散、数量多、容量小以及随机性大的特点,给用户侧精细化碳排放计算造成了困难。为了准确衡量与评估电力系统中用户碳排放水平,首先通过潮流追踪方法分析了电力系统各节点潮流的来源,确定了各节点的间接碳排放责任;然后依照比例共享原则结合不同来源的碳排放强度得到了电力系统碳流分布情况;最后通过提出的负荷侧各项电力碳排放指标,评估了不同节点的清洁程度从而引导用户更多地使用清洁能源以降低自身碳排放。并采用实际电力系统数据进行算例验证,验证了所提方法的合理性与可用性。     

A simple method to fabricate high-performance carbon nanotube field emitters

A simple new method to fabricate carbon nanotube field emitters was developed. Single wall carbon nanotubes with high graphitization were attached on Sn or Ni layered glass substrate in-situ in arc-discharge chamber. Post heat treatments below the deformation temperature of soda-lime glass guaranteed a good mechanical adhesion and electrical contact of the nanotubes. The morphology of the metal electrode layers was examined with the heat treatment temperatures to optimize the heat treatments. The emitters formed on Sn layers showed lower turn-on voltage and higher current density than those formed on Ni layers. A good field emission performance was realized in an emitter where nanotubes were deposited on Sn layer of the thickness 100 nm and annealed at 300^∘C. The current density was 2.5 mA/cm² at 3.5 V/μm. The emitter structure was maintained stable for 8 h.     

Are US electric utilities improving their sustainability disclosures and performance?

This paper examines whether voluntary sustainability disclosures are associated with sustainability performance for a sample of 47 investor-owned electric utilities that disclosed SASB-consistent sustainability information in their SEC (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission) filings in the period 2014–2018. We collect sustainability performance indicators from company sustainability reports to determine whether companies with a good disclosure policy on a topic also have good sustainability performance on the given topic. Our findings suggest that the most frequent disclosures are grid resiliency, greenhouse gas emissions, and end-use efficiency while the least disclosed topics are energy affordability and nuclear safety. The data shows that companies that perform among the best on one sustainability performance measure may not be the best on other measures. Correlation analysis and mean difference tests indicate that there is no strong connection between sustainability performance and disclosure quality. Thus, the present strategy of voluntary sustainability disclosure may not be a direct indicator of actual sustainability performance.     

基于来源多样性特征的中国电力碳足迹估算

来源多样性是电力有别于其他能源类型的最显著特征。根据不同电力来源的碳排放强度和消费水平,结合土地覆被的固碳能力变化,对2005～2009年的中国电力碳足迹进行了分类估算。结果表明,全国电力碳足迹从500.92×106hm2增加到765.53×106hm2;人均电力碳足迹从0.40 hm2.人-1增加到0.60 hm2.人-1。火电、水电、风电和核电平均占比分别约为96%、4%、0.03%、0.01%。煤炭投入增加和石油投入减少削弱了火电乃至整个电力的来源多样性。为有效推进电力产业的节能减排,应坚持低碳电力开发与火电结构调整并重的原则。     

新型电力系统能源调度与碳排放计价优化方法研究

对碳排放计价收费或采取其他干预措施可减少温室气体排放,从而减轻气候变化带来的影响。该文基于加权和分段法建立了一种新的碳排放计价和能源调度协同优化方法,可以将电力部门的预期排放量降低到规定的目标以下。将该问题表述为一个双层规划问题：上层为碳排放费率优化,以碳排放总量的社会效益最大化为目标;下层为典型日的碳排放协同机组组合优化,以运营成本最小化为目标,并考虑了各种运行条件以及二进制机组组合决策等约束。使用加权求和分段法确定最优费率以达到给定排放目标,并与约束排放边际值方法进行对比。还研究了系统投资与碳排放制定过程的关系。基于测试系统的案例研究结果表明,该方法可以可靠地找到满足排放目标的最低碳计价费率,验证了所提出方法的有效性。     

100% renewables study has limited relevance for carbon policy

This paper compares the work by Mark Jacobson et al. of 100% renewables to the rigors of long-run utility system planning. This comparison to integrated resource planning (IRP) allows comparison between assumptions used by Jacobson to results from real-world planning studies. Seven criteria are proposed for designing such a study.     

基于马尔科夫链的能源结构与污染物排放预测模型及其应用

为了实现经济和环境的可持续发展,通过分析污染物排放与经济发展、能耗及能源结构的关系,建立了我国能源结构的马尔科夫预测模型和污染物排放预测模型,并对2010年我国能源结构和污染物的排放情况进行了预测。分析了现行发展模式下,实现2010年的经济发展目标所产生的污染物排放与环境发展目标的差距及应进行的政策调整力度。研究成果将为我国能源政策的制定和调整产生积极的影响。     

U.S. sulfur dioxide emission reductions: Shifting factors and a carbon dioxide penalty

For more than 20 years, the large-scale application of flue gas desulfurization technology has been a dominant cause of SO₂ emission reductions. From 1994–2004, electricity generation from coal increased, but the shift to low-sulfur coal eclipsed this. From 2004–2014, electricity generation from coal decreased, but a shift to higher-sulfur subbituminous and lignite coal overshadowed this. The shift in coal quality has also created a CO₂ emissions penalty, representing 2% of the sector’s total emissions in 2014.     

浅析新能效电力变压器的推广对实现碳达峰、碳中和的意义

本文作者选取典型的110kV、220kV变压器产品分别按照11型、新能效2级和新能效1级进行采购成本的核算、运行成本以及二氧化碳的排放对比分析,为新能效电力变压器的推广提供一定的借鉴意义。     

区块链技术下考虑碳排放权的电力现货交易模型

在低碳化电力市场发展的背景下,为提高参与电力现货市场中各个交易主体的积极性、经济效益与交易效率,提出了区块链技术下考虑碳排放权的电力现货交易模型。结合去中心化的区块链技术,构建了兼顾电能和碳排放权交易的区块链现货交易机制。以各个电力交易主体收益最大为目标,建立基于双链交易机制的电力现货市场出清决策模型。通过算例仿真验证所提电力现货交易方法的可行性和优越性。     

碳排放限制的混杂最优闭环电网经济调度

针对微电网经济调度效率低下等问题,提出了一种碳排放限制的混杂最优闭环微电网调度算法。算法在考虑火力发电机组和多分布式发电聚合体组合调度的同时,以电网实际需求响应和碳排放限制作为约束条件,建立微电网经济调度模型;并将经济调度问题转化为混杂系统的最优控制,从而建立微电网经济调度与混杂系统最优控制序列的等价一致性;推导混杂系统获取满足贝尔曼方程的最优代价函数,借助神经网络逼近最优值获得最优闭环调度序列。仿真实验验证了本调度算法的闭环有效性,能在不同初始条件和外部扰动下依然获得最优调度序列,同时仿真结果证实降低碳排放限额或提高碳排放交易价格都有助于减少电网系统的总碳排放量。