大应变热轧过程中AZ31镁合金显微组织及织构的演变(英文)

在823 K下对工业用AZ31镁合金板材进行约70%压下量的单道次轧制实验。结果表明,细小的再结晶晶粒不仅分布在轧制板材的剪切带中,同时还存在于板材的表面。剪切带中再结晶晶粒尺寸在0.4~1μm之间。晶粒的显著细化主要来源于流变应力集中过程中所产生的动态再结晶。板材中部的织构为基面织构,织构强度在轧制变形前后未发生明显改变;然而,经过轧制后板材表面织构转变成双峰织构,基面沿板材横向发生倾转。双峰织构的相对强度为26.6,明显高于板材中部织构强度。变形应变的分配差异是板材内部不均匀再结晶及织构差异的主要原因。     

压缩对AZ31镁合金微观组织和力学性能的影响

对AZ31镁合金在室温下沿轧制板材不同方向进行多向压缩,研究了不同加载路径下AZ31镁合金的力学性能和微观组织演变。结果表明,沿不同方向3道次压缩时,样品表现出不同的力学行为,沿TD(横向)-RD(轧向)-ND(法向)路径压缩时,材料屈服强度随压缩道次增加而增大;沿ND-RD-TD路径压缩时,材料的屈服强度随压缩道次增加先减小后增大。每次压缩后,(0001)基面织构都转到压缩轴附近。TD样品的主要塑性变形机制为孪生,而ND样品的主要塑性变形机制为滑移。多向压缩产生的孪生可以分割细化晶粒,使镁合金强度提高。     

轧制方式对工业纯钛TA2轧板织构演变的影响

开展了轧制方式对工业纯钛TA2板的织构演变的影响研究。通过3种轧制方式,即等温轧制、差温轧制和反复弯轧进行试验,其中差温轧制的上辊温度高于下辊温度90℃,反复弯轧则是差温带异步轧制,并进行正弯和反弯变形。轧制后的3种钛材采用EBSD手段分析晶粒取向和织构变化。结果显示3种轧制方式获得钛板的变形织构出现明显差异,等温轧制变形织构与典型的α-Ti轧制织构类似,差别仅在于主要峰位置的角度有稍许偏移,其变形大晶粒和再结晶细晶取向沿0001//RD;差温轧制的变形织构为柱面织构,晶粒取向为21 10//RD。其主要原因是上下辊表面温度差异诱发材料厚向产生均匀一致的剪应变,这类似于等通道挤压变形的效果。而反复弯轧的织构同时存在基面织构与锥面织构等变形织构组分,但锥面织构占主导,其细晶取向除沿较强的0001//RD方向外,还沿其他2个较弱的取向21 12//RD和21 13//RD。     

不同冷轧路径下ZX21镁合金板材织构及力学性能调控机理

研究轧制路径对ZX21镁合金板材织构分布和屈服各向异性的影响。结果表明:单向轧制板材形变织构为双峰基面织构,退火后呈现出垂直于冷轧方向分布的非基面双峰的织构特征。再结晶织构的分布与晶粒的定向形核和选择性长大有关,多向轧制可弱化晶粒取向分布的方向性,其晶粒尺寸相比单向轧制有所减小,退火后形成均匀分布的圈状织构,大幅降低沿轧面各个方向拉伸时基面滑移的施密特因子差异,改善板面内的力学性能各向异性,提高板材的成型性。     

Zr-sn-Nb新型锆合金板材加工过程中不均匀组织与织构演变

利用XRD,SEM-ECC,TEM和EBSD技术,研究了Zr-Sn-Nb系新型锆合金板材加工过程的微观组织及织构演变.结果表明,β相淬火得到的随机织构经热轧后形成沿横向倾斜的基面织构,随后的加工过程均保留该织构;热轧及两次冷轧后的基面织构都为(1010)方向平行于轧向((1010)∥RD),而退火后转变为(1210)方向平行于轧向((1210)∥RD).淬火形成的网状魏氏组织经热轧转变为不均匀形变组织,两次冷轧使组织的不均匀性更显著,最终退火得到完全再结晶组织;轧制形成的难变形晶粒多为晶粒C轴平行于轧板法向(C∥ND)的取向;最终退火板材的大晶粒多为(1210)∥RD的基面织构,小晶粒则以(1010)∥RD为主.结合锆合金的变形及再结晶机制对轧制时产生的不均匀组织及再结晶过程的织构转变进行了分析.     

Zr-Sn-Nb新型锆合金板材加工过程中不均匀组织与织构演变

利用XRD,SEM-ECC,TEM和EBSD技术,研究了Zr-Sn-Nb系新型锆合金板材加工过程的微观组织及织构演变.结果表明,β相淬火得到的随机织构经热轧后形成沿横向倾斜的基面织构,随后的加工过程均保留该织构;热轧及两次冷轧后的基面织构都为〈1010〉方向平行于轧向(〈1010〉//RD),而退火后转变为〈1210〉方向平行于轧向(〈1210〉//RD).淬火形成的网状魏氏组织经热轧转变为不均匀形变组织,两次冷轧使组织的不均匀性更显著,最终退火得到完全再结晶组织;轧制形成的难变形晶粒多为晶粒C轴平行于轧板法向(C//ND)的取向;最终退火板材的大晶粒多为〈1210〉//RD的基面织构,小晶粒则以〈1010〉//RD为主.结合锆合金的变形及再结晶机制对轧制时产生的不均匀组织及再结晶过程的织构转变进行了分析.     

Ca和Sn对Mg-4Zn合金组织和力学性能的影响

系统研究了Ca和Sn的添加对Mg-4Zn合金织构及力学性能的影响。结果表明,Ca显著细化合金组织并弱化织构。添加Sn导致MgSnCa相的生成,削弱了Ca的织构弱化效果。轧制态Mg-4Zn-0.2Ca合金具有最高的伸长率,达14.4%。同时加入Ca和Sn,显著提高了合金的强度,其中轧制态Mg-4Zn-0.2Ca-2Sn合金的强度最高,屈服强度和抗拉强度分别为255.4 MPa和295.3 MPa,但由于基面织构强度增加,伸长率明显降低。退火后,合金的强度下降,伸长率提高,这与合金中位错密度下降以及晶粒尺寸增大有关。     

织构和晶粒尺寸对AZ31镁合金薄板成形性能的影响

采用不同的轧制工艺,制备4种晶粒尺寸为7~18μm和不同强度基面织构的AZ31镁合金板材,通过单向拉伸试验和室温Erichsen试验,探讨晶粒尺寸与织构对镁合金板材室温成形性能的影响。结果表明:晶粒细化虽然增强了板材的力学性能,但不利于提高板材的胀形性能;基面织构的减弱使板材沿厚度方向变形能力增强,具有较好的胀形性能,但另一方面使板材的屈服强度降低。     

Ca含量对Mg-Zn-Gd-Ca系合金轧制板材组织与性能的影响

研究Ca含量(0.1%,0.5%(质量分数))对Mg-1.5Zn-0.3Gd-Ca合金铸态组织、轧制板材组织、织构与力学性能的影响,以期通过改善合金组织和织构发展高塑性镁合金板材。结果表明:Mg-1.5Zn-0.3Gd-0.1Ca铸态合金含有细小均匀的第二相,Mg-1.5Zn-0.3Gd-0.5Ca合金中则存在大块状第二相;二者的轧制板材均呈现非基面织构;轧制板材经过退火处理后发生完全再结晶,板材的塑性可大幅度提高,Mg-1.5Zn-0.3Gd-0.1Ca合金经300℃退火后,沿横向和轧制方向的伸长率分别可达34.9%和34.1%,且轧制板材沿横向和轧向屈服强度的差异性减小。     

往复镦挤和热处理的稀土镁合金组织和性能变化

采用往复镦挤(RUE)工艺可以对合金进行剧烈塑性变形。应用降温RUE工艺对Mg-12.0Gd-4.5Y-2.0Zn-0.4Zr(wt%)合金进行不同道次的变形和热处理,对比分析了其微观组织、织构及力学性能的演变。结果发现:随着变形道次的增加,合金粗大晶粒减少,动态再结晶晶粒数量分数升高,动态再结晶晶粒对原始晶粒的吞噬作用促进了晶粒的连续细化,组织均匀性大大改善。同时合金(0001)基面织构最大极密度值随着加工道次的增加显著下降,动态再结晶晶粒取向随机分布,促进了基面织构弱化。由于组织细化和织构减弱,合金的室温抗拉强度及屈服强度均明显升高,在3道次变形和热处理后材料的力学性能达到最高。     

Influences of the Texture Characteristic and Interdendritic LPSO Phase Distribution on the Tensile Properties of Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr Sheets Through Hot Rolling

The Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr alloy sheets with different texture characteristics and distribution of the interdendritic long periodstacking ordered(LPSO) phases were fabricated through altering the final rolling reduction(FRR). The results showed that the texture characteristic was closely related to FRR and affected the tensile properties of the resulted sheets to some extent. The Schmid factor(SF) of the basal 〈a〉 slip improved with further FRR, which was ascribed to that the dynamic recrystallization(DRX) grains expand into the deformed grains with basal texture. However, the improvement of the tensile yield strength(TYS) with further FRR indicates that the strengthening effect from DRX grains surpasses the weakening effect from the elevated SF. The formation of the line-distributed interdendritic 14 H-LPSO phases can also affect the tensile properties of the resulted sheets. The line-distributed interdendritic 14 H-LPSO phases along rolling direction(RD) can act as reinforcing fiber and contribute to the higher TYS along RD and 45° to some extent, which resulted in the higher TYS along 45° compared with that along transverse direction(TD) for each resulted sheet under the circumstance of approximate basal 〈a〉 and pyramid 〈c + a〉 friction stress. Thus, the tensile yield strength is not only related to the texture, but also depends on the grain size and line-distributed interdendritic LPSO phases. The micro-cracks spread perpendicular to the tension direction, and thus, the larger cracks form within the line-distributed 14 H-LPSO phases during tension along TD, which accounts for the lower fracture elongation along TD.     

Tailoring the Texture and Mechanical Anisotropy of Multi-cross Rolled Mg-Zn-Gd Alloy by Annealing

The unidirectional rolled Mg-Zn-Gd sheet usually exhibited non-basal texture with two peaks whose tilting angle were about 42° from normal direction to transverse direction (TD), which would cause the mechanical anisotropy. In this study, multi-cross rolling followed by annealing was used to tailor the texture and mechanical anisotropy for Mg-Zn-Gd alloy. With increasing annealing temperature, the rolled basal texture with two peaks gradually transformed into the circle texture with multi-peaks. In order to figure out different texture components evolution during annealing, the basal texture, R-texture and T-texture component were defined and studied. The results showed that the change of R-texture and T-texture component was asynchronous with increasing annealing temperature from 250 to 400 °C. The tilting angle of R-texture component increased slightly, while the tilting angle of T-texture component increased obviously, and this phenomenon was attributed to the preferential nucleation at grain nucleation stage rather than preferential grain growth. The yield strength along TD was more sensitive to annealing temperature compared with that along rolling direction (RD), resulting in different descending slopes and yield strength anisotropy with increasing annealing temperature. Annealing at 300 °C was the best annealing temperature due to low yield strength anisotropy, moderate strength and good elongation among these annealing temperatures. The Schmid factor for basal slip indicated that the activity of basal slip along RD increased slightly, while that along TD increased obviously with increasing annealing temperature from 250 to 400 °C, which should be caused by the asynchronous change of R-texture component and T-texture component, consequently resulting in the transformation from isotropic yield strength to anisotropic yield strength.     

柱状晶对Fe-3%Si电工钢冷轧织构演变规律的影响

Fe-3%Si电工钢铸锭中普遍存在柱状晶,其晶体学及形状各向异性对随后的热轧、冷轧及退火织构产生很大的影响.利用xRD与EBSD技术对长轴分别平行于轧面法向(ND),轧制方向(RD)和横向(TD)的柱状晶冷轧样品的织构及组织进行了研究,并对晶界的特殊作用进行了分析.结果表明,中等压下量下,3种柱状晶样品具有不同程度的{001}织构遗传性,即3种样品均不同程度的摆脱了{111}线织构的形成;柱状晶长轴平行于ND和TD时,{001}取向在冷轧时得到大的保留;柱状晶长轴平行于RD时,得到最强的{111}〈112〉织构;柱状晶长轴平行于TD时,冷轧组织中旋转立方织构及{111}〈110〉织构较强.此外,3种样品的织构均表现出由立方→{001}〈130〉→{113}〈251〉的过渡路径,与等轴多晶样品沿α线和γ线转动的路径不同.不同方向的柱状晶晶界对冷轧变形过程中晶粒转动的作用不同,但因晶粒尺寸大而作用有限,且与初始取向相关.     

弯曲矫直变形路径对ZK60镁合金板材组织及性能的影响

通过弯曲矫直工艺在较大尺寸的ZK60镁合金板材中成功预置大体积分数的拉伸孪晶,研究了在200℃沿RD(轧向)和TD(横向)方向弯曲矫直对板材组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,不同弯曲矫直方向下ZK60镁合金板材的组织和性能不同。沿RD方向进行弯曲矫直时产生的拉伸孪晶数量要高于沿TD方向弯曲矫直时产生的;在沿RD方向进行拉伸时,沿RD方向进行弯曲矫直的试样屈服强度降低,抗拉强度升高,而沿TD方向进行弯曲矫直的试样屈服强度会大幅升高,抗拉强度略有升高。在沿TD方向进行拉伸时,沿TD或者RD方向进行弯曲矫直的试样屈服强度和抗拉强度都会提高。经过弯曲矫直之后的应变硬化指数(n值)有所提高,塑性应变比(r值)大幅下降,有利于改善镁合金板材的塑性成形性能。     

Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Texture Evolution of Mg-Al-Zn-La-Gd-Y Magnesium Alloy by Hot Extrusion and Multi-Pass Rolling

A high-ductility Mg-8.10Al-0.42Zn-0.51Mn-1.52La-1.10Gd-0.86Y (wt%) alloy was developed by hot extrusion and multi-rolling processes. Relationships between microstructure, mechanical properties and texture evolution of the extruded and rolled alloy were investigated. The rolling process had significant effect on grain refinement of the extruded plate. The grain size reduced from 12.3 to 4.9 μm with the increasing rolling pass. With the increase in rolling pass, the proportion of dynamic recrystallized (DRXed) grains increases due to particle-stimulated nucleation, grain boundary nucleation and twin induced nucleation. In the process of multiple rolling, the basal pole gradually tilted from normal direction to transverse direction due to the asymmetric deformation and irregular grain deformation, resulting in the weakening of the base texture. The results showed that grain refinement and texture weakening were the main reasons for the good ductility of the alloy.     

Influence of different rolling routes on mechanical anisotropy and formability of commercially pure titanium sheet

Influence of three different rolling routes on mechanical anisotropy and formability of commercially pure titanium sheet was investigated. Route A and Route B are unidirectional rolling (UR) where the rolling direction is along initial rolling direction (RD) and transverse direction (TD), respectively. Route C is cross rolling (CR) where the rolling direction is changed by 90° after each rolling pass. The microstructure and texture, tensile mechanical properties including strength and elongation, and also the anisotropy of the UR and CR sheets were investigated at room temperature. The XRD results indicate that the texture intensity of rolled samples gradually weakens from Route A to Route C. Compared with Route A and Route B rolled samples, the Route C rolled samples show a smaller planar anisotropy. The deep drawing tests reveal that cross rolling can avoid the occurrence of earing. Erichsen tests indicate that rolling routes have an effect on stretch formability of pure titanium sheet.     

退火对新型锆合金组织与性能的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和万能试验机等,研究真空退火对新型Zr-Nb-O-Cu锆合金微观组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:在580℃、3 h退火条件下,合金的平均晶粒尺寸为2.5μm,晶粒为等轴晶,退火前后均存在{0001}á1010?和{0001}á1120?两种织构,但基面织构强度有所降低。第二相颗粒在晶内和晶界呈弥散分布,为体心立方(BCC)结构的β-Nb相与密排六方(HCP)结构的Zr-Nb-Fe相,尺寸集中在30~150 nm之间。相对于原材,退火后合金沿轧制方向(RD)和垂直方向(TD)的屈服强度(σs)及抗拉强度(σb)均下降,试样均韧性断裂。3个方向的应变硬化指数(n)与塑性应变比(r)差异明显。晶粒与第二相的尺寸、织构等因素对力学性能有重要影响。     

Effects of cross rolling on texture,mechanical properties and anisotropy of pure Mo plates

To clarify the influence of the deformation texture on the mechanical properties, pure Mo plates were processed by various cross rolling procedures, and the relation among texture, microstructure and mechanical properties was discussed. The results show that cross rolling of the Mo plates is beneficial for the formation of the rotated cube component, i.e., {001}〈110〉. The corresponding orientation density exhibits a positive correlation with the total rolling deformation and the current-pass deformation. When the total deformation is 96% or greater, the Mo plates form a texture orientation dominated by {001}〈110〉, whereas the γ-fibre texture becomes weaker and the cube texture {100}〈100〉 disappears completely. The presence of {001}〈110〉 has great effects on the properties of cross-rolled Mo plates, which is beneficial for strength enhancement and plasticity reduction in both the rolling direction (RD) and the transverse direction (TD).     

Ti70合金板的组织与力学性能的各向异性

通过拉伸及低温冲击试验、光学显微镜、扫描电镜及X射线衍射仪,对Ti70合金板的组织与力学性能的各向异性进行了研究。结果表明,Ti70合金板热轧及退火后组织未出现明显差异,退火过程中主要以回复为主,但在高密度位错的剪切带上出现了一定数量的再结晶晶粒。退火态Ti70合金板横向屈服强度及低温冲击吸收能量都高于纵向,但抗拉强度低于纵向,表现出了明显的各向异性。退火后Ti70合金板形成了较强的{0002}基面织构,其晶面法向向RD方向(纵向)偏转±30°,向TD(横向)方向偏转±41°。由于基面织构更向RD方向集中,因此造成了Ti70合金板力学性能的各向异性。     

Dependence of Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties on Loading Direction for AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Sheet with Non-basal Texture During In-Plane Uniaxial Tension

In-plane uniaxial tension of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet with non-basal texture has been conducted in order to demonstrate the effects of loading direction on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties at ambient temperature. Loading axes are chosen to be along five directions distributed between rolling direction (RD) and transverse direction (TD), allowing various activities in involved slip and twinning modes to take place. As for twinning modes, electron backscattered diffraction observations confirm that the contribution of ${{\{ 10\overline{1}1\} }}$ compression twinning is minimal to the plastic deformation of all deformed samples. By comparison, ${{\{ 10\overline{1}2\} }}$ extension twinning (ET) not only serves as an important carrier on sustaining and accommodating plastic strain but also contributes to the emergence of TD-component texture with the progression of plastic strain. In terms of slip modes, analysis on Schmid factor demonstrates that the increasing tilted angle between loading direction and RD of sheet is unfavorable to the activation of basal <a> slip, whereas it contributes to the activation of prismatic <a> slip. These observations consequently explain the increasing tendency of 0.2% proof yield stress. Moreover, the activations of basal <a> slip and ${{\{ 10\overline{1}2\} }}$ ET collectively contribute to the concentration of two tilted basal poles toward normal direction. With increasing angle between loading direction and RD, the activations of basal <a> slip and ${{\{ 10\overline{1}2\} }}$ ET are gradually weakened. This leads to a weakening tendency about concentration of two tilted basal poles, a generally increasing tendency about Lankford value (r-value) and a generally decreasing tendency about strain-hardening exponent (n-value).