好氧颗粒污泥技术用于味精废水处理的研究

以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,采用人工模拟废水在SBR反应器内培养好氧颗粒污泥,35 d后颗粒污泥成熟,反应器对COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别高于95%和99%。采用该反应器处理味精废水,当COD、NH4+-N的容积负荷分别为2.4、0.24 kg/(m3.d)时,对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别在90%、99%和85%左右,且颗粒污泥未出现解体的现象。以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥、味精废水为进水,在与上述相同条件下培养好氧颗粒污泥,经过60 d的培养,反应器内的污泥以絮状污泥为主,该系统对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别为85%、99%和70%。     

一体化IMBR处理低碳城市污水的脱氮研究

在进水C／N为3、4、5和HRT为4、8、12h的条件下,研究了一体化间歇曝气膜生物反应器（IMBR）对COD、NH4^＋-N、TN的去除效果。研究表明,在低C／N条件下,IMBR仍有很好的脱氮效果,出水COD、TN、NH4^＋-N达到了GB18918--2002标准的一级A标准;随着C／N的增加则对各污染物的去除率都有所升高;随着HRT的延长,IMBR对COD、TN、NH4^＋-N的去除率有较大的提高,但当HRT〉8h后,随着HRT的延长,对COD的去除率反而略有下降。     

Influence of detachment on substrate removal and microbial ecology in a heterotrophic/autotrophic biofilm

Competition between heterotrophic bacteria oxidizing organic substrate and autotrophic nitrifying bacteria in a biofilm was evaluated. The biofilm was grown in a tubular reactor under different shear and organic substrate loading conditions. The reactor was initially operated without organic substrate in the influent until stable ammonia oxidation rates of 2.1 g N/(m² d) were achieved. A rapid increase of fluid shear in the tubular reactor on day 156 resulted in biofilm sloughing, reducing the biofilm thickness from 330 to 190 μm. This sloughing event did not have a significant effect on ammonia oxidation rates. The addition of acetate to the influent of the reactor resulted in decreased ammonia oxidation rates (1.8 g N/(m² d)) for low influent acetate concentrations (17 mg COD/L) and the breakdown of nitrification at high influent acetate concentrations (55 mg COD/L). Rapidly increasing fluid shear triggered biofilm sloughing in some cases—but maintaining constant shear did not prevent sloughing events from occurring. With the addition of acetate to the influent of the reactor, the biofilm thickness increased up to 1350 μm and individual sloughing events removed up to 50% of the biofilm. Biofilm sloughing had no significant influence on organic substrate removal or ammonia oxidation. During 325 days of reactor operation, ammonia was oxidized only to nitrite; no nitrate production was observed. This lack of nitrite oxidation was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, which detected betaproteobacterial ammonia oxidizers but not nitrite oxidizers. Mathematical modeling correctly predicted breakdown of nitrification at high influent acetate concentrations. Model predictions deviated systematically from experimental results, however, for the case of low influent acetate concentrations.     

UCT工艺处理低C/N值城市污水的试验研究

采用UCT工艺处理低C/N值城市污水,考察了其处理效果及影响因素。结果表明:UCT工艺对COD的平均去除率为87.3%,进水中较高浓度的氨氮对COD去除效果有一定的影响;系统运行稳定后,对氨氮的去除率可保持在90%以上,硝化效果较好;在无外加碳源的情况下,UCT工艺对总氮的去除率为50%左右,投加甲醇碳源调节污水的C/N值为6.2左右时,对总氮的去除率可稳定在80%以上;进水中较高浓度的氨氮对系统除磷效果的影响较大,在硝化效果不好的情况下对总磷的去除率可达86%,在硝化效果较好的情况下除磷效率较低,为50%左右。     

砾间接触氧化/水平潜流人工湿地净化微污染河道水

以微污染河道水为处理对象,研究了砾间接触氧化/水平潜流人工湿地复合工艺对水质的净化效果。经过26 d改变进水配比、曝气方式等的调控运行,成功启动复合工艺模拟装置,砾间接触氧化区(简称砾石区)的COD、NH4⁺-N去除率均稳定在75%左右,TN去除率在45%~60%。为进一步强化净化效果,探讨了砾石区水力停留时间(HRT)和砾石曝气区与非曝气区(O/A)分段进水配比对砾石区及后置潜流人工湿地出水水质的影响。当砾石区HRT为5 h时,砾石区对污染物的去除效果较好,COD、NH4⁺-N、TN平均去除率分别可达72%左右、75.28%、67.79%,人工湿地对三者的去除率分别为31%、43%、28%;当O/A区分段进水配比为1∶1时,对COD、NH4⁺-N的平均去除率较高,分别为77.39%和84.91%,分段进水配比为1∶2时,对TN的去除率最高,达到68.5%,人工湿地对TN的去除率为24.47%。因此,砾石区HRT为5 h为较佳参数,分段进水配比可根据进水污染状况灵活选择,研究结果可为实际工程应用提供理论支撑。     

生物、生态组合技术处理农村生活污水研究

采用厌氧/跌水充氧接触氧化/水生蔬菜型人工湿地组合工艺处理农村生活污水,考察了工艺的运行效果及各处理单元对去除污染物的贡献率.试验结果表明,该组合工艺对污染物具有较好的去除效果,且处理效果很稳定,其对COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP的去除率分别为68.15%、68.15%、69.50%、86.30%.跌水充氧接触氧化池对去除TN、TP的贡献率较小,对去除COD的贡献率相对较大;人工湿地对去除TN、TP的贡献率较大,对去除COD的贡献率相对较小.跌水充氧接触氧化与人工湿地相结合可以发挥两者的优势,并提高出水水质和系统运行的稳定性.     

Simultaneous carbon and nitrogen removal from high strength domestic wastewater in an aerobic RBC biofilm

High strength domestic wastewater discharges after no/partial treatment through sewage treatment plants or septic tank seepage field systems have resulted in a large build-up of groundwater nitrates in Rajasthan, India. The groundwater table is very deep and nitrate concentrations of 500-750 mg/l (113-169 as NO3(-)-N) are commonly found. A novel biofilm in a 3-stage lab-scale rotating biological contactor (RBC) was developed by the incorporation of a sulphur oxidising bacterium Thiosphaera pantotropha which exhibited high simultaneous removal of carbon and nitrogen in fully aerobic conditions. T. pantotropha has been shown to be capable of simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification thereby helping the steps of carbon oxidation, nitrification and denitrification to be carried out concurrently. The first stage having T. pantotropha dominated biofilm showed high carbon and NH4(+)-N removal rates of 8.7-25.9 g COD/m2 d and 0.81-1.85 g N/m2 d for the corresponding loadings of 10.0-32.0 g COD/m2 d and 1.0-3.35 g N/m2 d. The ratio of carbon removed to nitrogen removed was close to 12.0. The nitrification rate increased from 0.81 to 1.8 g N/m2 d with the increasing nitrogen loading rates despite a high simultaneous organic loading rate. However, it fell to 1.53 g N/m2 d at a high load of 3.35 g N/m2 d and 32 g COD/m2 d showing a possible inhibition of the process. A simultaneous 44-63% removal of nitrogen was also achieved without any significant NO2(-)-N or NO3(-)-N build-up. The second and third stages, almost devoid of any organic carbon, acted only as autotrophic nitrification units, converting the NH4(+)-N from stage 1 to nitrite and nitrate. Such a system would not need a separate carbon oxidation step to increase nitrification rates and no external carbon source for denitrification. The alkalinity compensation during denitrification for that destroyed in nitrification may also result in a high economy.     

排空闲置时间对序批式人工湿地处理效能的影响

针对连续流人工湿地自然复氧能力差、脱氮效率低、易堵塞等问题,提出了序批式人工湿地工艺,其运行方式为:进水/反应/出水/排空闲置。重点考察了排空闲置时间对系统处理效能的影响。结果表明:排空闲置时间对序批式人工湿地的处理效能影响显著,两级序批式人工湿地在温度为26～32℃、工况为进水10 min/反应12 h/排水10 min/排空闲置4h、COD负荷为72g/(m3·d)、NH4+-N负荷为16g/(m3.d)、TN负荷为16.8g/(m3.d)的条件下运行时,出水COD、NH4+-N和TN分别为38、11和14 mg/L,总去除率分别为86%、82%和78%,与无排空闲置工况相比,去除率分别提高了15%、35%、32%。     

硫自养波形潜流人工湿地的脱氮机理及工况优化

将硫自养反硝化工艺与潜流人工湿地相结合,考察了其对低碳氮比污水中氮的去除效果。结果表明,增加曝气装置后硫自养波形潜流人工湿地的脱氮效果可以得到保障,在气水比为8∶1、水力负荷为0.8 m³/(m²·d)时,TN去除率为(70±5)%,出水TN浓度低于8 mg/L;NH4+-N去除率在90%以上,出水NH4+-N浓度低于3 mg/L;COD去除率为(50±2)%,出水COD浓度低于40 mg/L;p H值可维持在7~9。同时,石灰石填料具有同步除磷的效果。该工艺具有脱氮效率高、效果好、运行费用低的特点。     

无厌氧池的氧化沟脱氮除磷功效分析

氧化沟工艺的脱氮除磷功能通常要借助厌氧选择池来完成,而桂林市七里店污水处理厂在没有厌氧选择池及HRT为5～6 h的情况下,仍能够达到良好的除碳脱氮除磷效果.监测数据表明,改造后的微孔曝气卡鲁塞尔氧化沟具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力,对城市污水的处理效果很好,对COD、TN、NH4+-N、TP的去除率分别为87%、80%、86%、60%.含低浓度硝态氮的回流污泥与进水混合后,在长约100 m的混合渠中进行了释磷,起到了厌氧释磷选择池的作用,这确保了后续氧化沟中良好的吸磷效果;在DO浓度远低于设计值的情况下,多点进水补充了反硝化所需的碳源,其脱氮效果较好,这也表明该工艺是一种高效节能的工艺.     

天津某工业园区污水厂扩容与提标改造工程实例

天津某工业园区采用水解酸化/厌氧/缺氧/好氧/MBR/臭氧氧化/紫外消毒工艺对园区内污水处理厂进行扩容与提标改造。工程设计处理能力为10 000 m^3/d,连续9个月的运行结果表明,当进水SS、COD、NH_4^+-N、TP和TN浓度分别为28~84、75~335、17~38. 4、2. 7~5. 2和17~48 mg/L时,经该工艺处理后对SS、COD、NH_4^+-N、TP和TN的平均去除率分别高达92%、87%、96%、95%、78%,出水水质满足天津市《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(DB 12/599—2015) A标准。该工程具有运营成本适中、自动化程度高及污染小等特点。     

Identification and quantification of nitrogen removal in a rotating biological contactor by 15N tracer techniques

High autotrophic nitrogen removal rates of 858mg NL(-1) day(-1) or 1.55g Nm(-2) day(-1) were obtained in a lab-scale rotating biological contactor treating an ammonium rich influent. It was postulated that ammonium was removed as dinitrogen gas by a sequence of aerobic ammonium oxidation to nitrite taking place in the outer biofilm layer and anaerobic ammonium oxidation with nitrite as electron acceptor occuring in the deeper biofilm layer. Chemical evidence for anaerobic ammonium oxidation within intact biofilm sludge from a lab-scale rotating biological contactor could be provided, without direct identification of responsible organisms catalysing this reaction. 15N tracer techniques were used for identification and quantification of nitrogen transformations. In batch tests with biofilm sludge at dissolved oxygen concentrations lower than 0.1mgL(-1), ammonium and nitrite did react in a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1.43 thereby forming dinitrogen. 15N isotope dilution calculations revealed that anaerobic ammonium oxidation was the major nitrogen transformation leading to concomitant ammonium and nitrite removal. Isotopic analysis of the produced biogas showed that both ammonium-N and nitrite-N were incorporated in N(2).     

EGSB/生物接触氧化/BAF工艺处理葡萄糖生产废水

采用“EGSB-生物接触氧化-BAF”联合工艺处理葡萄糖生产废水，着重研究了pH值和容积负荷对EGSB反应器去除效果的影响。结果表明，以厌氧颗粒污泥作为EGSB的接种污泥，30d左右便可完成启动，且能形成灰黑色和黑色颗粒污泥；采用出水回流和人为投加碱性物质可以增强系统的缓冲能力，有效缓解系统酸碱平衡失调。当进水COD为3000～4000mg／L、SS为800～1000mg,／L、NH3-N为15～20mg／L时，采用该联合工艺处理后，对COD、SS和NH3-N的平均去除率分别达98％、92％和78％，处理效果好而且稳定。     

应用SBR实现有机废水厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮的研究

采用SBR反应器,以硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)颗粒污泥的混合污泥为接种污泥,以有机模拟废水为研究对象,进行了厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮工艺研究。结果表明,在控制温度为25℃,水力停留时间为12 d,pH值为7.2～8.5,进水NH4+-N为220 mg/L左右、NO2--N为138 mg/L左右、COD为294 mg/L的条件下成功启动了SBR反应器。在高氨氮、低有机物浓度的条件下,ANAMMOX菌和异养反硝化菌能够实现共存,且ANAMMOX菌仍能成为优势菌属,AN-AMMOX反应是反应器中的主导反应。镜检发现,优势菌尺寸约为1μm,呈圆形或椭圆形,成簇聚生,表面可观察到明显的漏斗状缺口,具有典型的厌氧氨氧化菌特征。污泥中形成了以厌氧氨氧化球状菌为主、其他杆状菌和丝状菌共存的微生物混培体。     

分段进水A/O工艺运行优化研究

基于Stella 9.0.1软件建立分段进水A/O工艺的ASM3水处理模型,并对模型进行简化,引入反映污泥中异养菌和自养菌活性的参数PXH和PXA。在HRT=10 h、VA/VO=2/6、R=75%及三级进水分配比N1∶N2∶N3=3∶4∶3的工艺状态下,由实测数据得出PXH和PXA的校正值分别为0.8 gCOD/gMLSS和0.05 gCOD/gMLSS。通过校正后的模型讨论了各种操作条件对出水COD、NH4+-N及NO3--N的影响。结果表明:HRT是影响出水COD浓度的最主要因素;增大污泥回流比R及缺、好氧池的容积比VA/VO都会减小出水NO3--N浓度;为保证出水的NH4+-N浓度较低,除提供充足的溶解氧和较长的水力停留时间外,第三段的进水分配比也不宜过大。综合考虑,较优的工艺参数值为HRT=14 h、R=50%、VA/VO=2/6及N1∶N2∶N3=1∶2∶1。将该参数运用于实际操作中,最终使系统对COD的去除率从77.6%提高到了94.1%,对TP的去除率也从30.2%提高到81.2%,实现了同步脱氮除磷。     

进水N/S值对同步脱硫反硝化特性的影响

研究了不同进水N/S值条件下,不同接种物的厌氧体系的同步脱硫反硝化特性。结果表明:在N/S为0.6或0.4的条件下,3个体系对硫化物的去除率均达到90%以上,其中以进水N/S为0.4时产生的悬浮态硫最多;硝态氮的去除特性与硫化物不同,3个体系对硝态氮的去除率均在进水N/S为1.0时达到100%,且此时N2的产量也最大。可见,尽管同步脱硫反硝化工艺具备同时脱氮及除硫的能力,但其进水N/S的控制值却不相同。对于脱硫而言,最佳的进水N/S为0.4;对于脱氮而言,最佳的进水N/S为1.0。此外,研究发现3个不同接种物的厌氧体系对硫化物及硝态氮的去除途径不同,进水N/S值的影响也有差异。对于接种了厌氧污泥的体系,存在自养反硝化和异养反硝化的竞争,改变进水N/S值可调节二者的竞争,高N/S值会抑制硫化物自养反硝化过程,降低对硫化物的去除率;对于接种脱氮硫杆菌的纯菌体系,多硫自催化反应会与硫化物自养反硝化反应竞争硫化物,降低对硝态氮的去除率,高N/S值会导致出水硝态氮浓度较高;对于添加脱氮硫杆菌的强化厌氧污泥体系,以硫化物自养反硝化过程为主,最佳的N/S为0.4。     

改良型SBR工艺对奶牛场废水中抗生素的去除效果

奶牛场废水中的有机物和抗生素对其还田利用不利,为此,采用带缺氧区的推流式SBR(简称改良型SBR)工艺处理干清粪条件下间歇产生的奶牛场废水,重点考察其对抗生素的去除效果。结果表明,当进水COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP浓度分别为1 234~4 696、768~1 365、880~1 370、5.62~12.02 mg/L时,经改良型SBR工艺处理后,出水COD可降至401~544 mg/L、NH4+-N始终低于10mg/L,TN平均损失率为22.38%,TP基本没有被去除。奶牛场废水中磺胺类和β-内酰胺类抗生素总浓度为3.84~4.48μg/L,改良型SBR工艺对其总去除率可达到72.97%~90.82%,且对10种较高浓度的磺胺类抗生素(每种添加浓度均为50μg/L,共计500μg/L)也有很好的去除效果,去除率可达95.75%~95.97%。生物降解是奶牛场废水中磺胺类和β-内酰胺类抗生素的主要去除途径,另外,磺胺类抗生素的去除与其分子结构中S—N键的断裂有重要关系。在不影响COD去除效果的条件下,调整反应器的混合液回流量或进水量均可减少碱度投加量,从而降低运行成本。     

厌氧/跌水充氧接触氧化/人工湿地处理农村污水

为了使太湖地区农村污水处理达到占地面积小、除磷脱氮效率高、管理简单、运行和建设费用低的目标，采用厌氧／跌水充氧接触氧化／人工湿地组合工艺进行了工程规模的试验研究。结果表明，在厌氧池水力停留时间为2d、5级跌水充氧接触氧化池总水力停留时间为2h、并采用50cm／d的高水力负荷人工湿地的条件下，该组合工艺对COD和TN的平均去除率分别为81％和83％，对TP的平均去除率在进水TP〉1．5mg／L时达82％，在进水TP〈1．5mg／L时为72％。     

接触氧化/BAF工艺处理城市生活污水的挂膜研究

为了实现污水的就地处理与回用,开发了接触氧化／BAF工艺,并对该工艺的挂膜启动进行了研究,分析了其挂膜过程中生物相的变化情况及对COD、NH4^＋-N的去除效果。结果表明,该工艺对COD的去除主要集中在接触氧化段,对NH4^＋-N的去除主要集中在BAF段;当接触氧化段对COD的去除率稳定在80％左右、BAF段对NH4^＋-N的去除率稳定在90％以上,且填料中的生物相趋于稳定时,标志着系统挂膜成功,历时约27d。此时,系统出水COD和NH4^＋-N的浓度分别稳定在50、0．2mg／L左右。     

Simultaneous organic and nitrogen removal from municipal landfill leachate using an anaerobic-aerobic system

An anaerobic-aerobic system including simultaneous methanogenesis and denitrification was introduced to treat organic and nitrogen compounds in immature leachate from a landfill site. Denitrification and methanogenesis were successfully carried out in the anaerobic reactor while the organic removal and nitrification of NH4+,-N were carried out in the aerobic reactor when rich organic substrate was supplied with appropriate hydraulic retention time. The maximum organic removal rate was 15.2 kg COD/m3 d in the anaerobic reactor while the maximum NH4+-N removal rate and maximum nitrification rate were 0.84kg NH4+-N/m3/d and 0.50kg NO3--N/m3/d, respectively, in the aerobic reactor. The pH range for proper nitrification was 6-8.8 in the aerobic reactor. The organic compounds inhibited nitrification so that the organic removal in the anaerobic reactor could enhance the nitrification rate in the following aerobic reactor. The gas production rate was 0.33 m3/kg COD and the biogas compositions of CH4, CO2, and N2 were kept relatively constant, 66-75, 22-32, and 2-3%, respectively.