Co‐electrospun nanofibers of PVA‐SbQ and Zein for wound healing

In this study, electrospun biocompatible nanofibers with random orientation were prepared by physically blending poly(vinyl alcohol)‐stilbazol quaternized (PVA‐SbQ) with zein in acetic acid solution for wound healing. PVA‐SbQ was used as the foundation polymer as well as crosslinking agent, blended with zein to achieve desirable properties such as improved tensile strength, surface wettability, and in vitro degradable properties. Moreover, vaccarin drug was incorporated in situ into electrospun nanofibrous membranes for cell viability and cell attachment. The addition of vaccarin showed great effects on the morphology of nanofiber and enhanced cell viability and proliferation in comparison with composite nanofibers without drug. The presence of PVA‐SbQ, zein, and vaccarin drug in the nanofibrous membranes exhibited good compatibility, hydrophilicity, and biocompatibility and created a moist environment to have potential application for wound healing. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42565.     

Conjugate electrospinning of continuous nanofiber yarn of poly(L‐lactide)/nanotricalcium phosphate nanocomposite

The continuous nanofiber yarns of poly(L ‐lactide) (PLLA)/nano‐β‐tricalcium phosphate (n‐TCP) composite are prepared from oppositely charged electrospun nanofibers by conjugate electrospinning with coupled spinnerets. The morphology and mechanical properties of PLLA/n‐TCP nanofiber yarns are characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and electronic fiber strength tester. The results show that PLLA/n‐TCP nanofibers are aligned well along the longitudinal axis of the yarn, and the concentration of PLLA plays a significant role on the diameter of the nanofibers. The thicker yarn of PLLA/n‐TCP composite with the weight ratio of 10/1 has been produced by multiple conjugate electrospinning using three pairs of spinnerets, and the yarn has tensile strength of 0.31cN/dtex. A preliminary study of cell biocompatibility suggests that PLLA/n‐TCP nanofiber yarns may be useable scaffold materials. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008     

A New Wood Surface Flame‐Retardant Based on Poly‐m‐Aramid Electrospun Nanofibers

Poly(meta‐phenylene isophtalamide) (PMIA) was processed via electrospinning to provide nanofibrous membranes with randomly and aligned fibers. Mechanical performance of such membranes was evaluated, applying a normalization procedure that takes into account the peculiar morphology of such complex substrate where voids can sum up to almost 80% of the sample volume. Random and aligned fibers membranes are applied onto wood panels to test their fire resistance in cone calorimetry when coated in polyaramidic thin nanofiber mats. Tests highlighted that random fibers provide a better fire protection, increasing Time to Ignition and decreasing the Fire Performance Index. Another important parameter affecting the performance is the adhesive system used to apply the nanofibers onto wood that is able to significantly modify the fire performance of the polyaramidic‐coated wood panels. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2541–2549, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Random and aligned PLLA : PRGF electrospun scaffolds for regenerative medicine

Random and aligned electrospun scaffolds were prepared combining poly(l ‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and activated platelet‐rich plasma (PRGF) at various proportions, with the aim of elucidating the role of nanofibers orientation and growth factors on cell attachment and proliferation. PRGF is released from scaffolds in a sustained way for at least 3 weeks, without an initial burst effect. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded on the random scaffolds present a polygonal and random orientation in any direction of the scaffold. On the other hand, aligned scaffolds are able to promote cell attachment and proliferation in the direction of the nanofibers. The incorporation of PRGF in the scaffolds enhances cell proliferation for at least 2 weeks. Overall, aligned electrospun PLLA : PRGF scaffolds can encapsulate growth factors at relatively large proportions and sustain their release to enhance cell attachment and proliferation as well as eliciting cell alignment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41372.     

Modeling and optimization of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) nanofibrous proton exchange membranes with response surface methodology

The morphological control of proton conductive nanofibrous mat used in proton exchange membranes (PEMs) is a key issue to improve proton conductivity of PEMs. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to investigate the morphological characterizations of electrospun sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) nanofibrous membranes. The effects of electrospinning parameters namely solution concentration, applied voltage and tip to collector distance were studied on the average diameter, its standard deviation and the degree of alignment of SPEEK nanofibers. The adequacy of the response surface models was verified by the validation experiments. Optimized conditions were obtained to meet the desired status of collecting more uniform and finer nanofibers with improved alignment. After obtaining the significant factors and optimal test level, an additional optimization was conducted at different take‐up speeds to fabricate high‐grade aligned nanofibers. The resultant nanofibers had the diameter of 107 ± 22 nm at the optimum point which was in good agreement with the predicted response values. The highest degree of alignment was yielded at the take‐up speed of 8.8 m/s with the maximum second‐order orientation parameter of 0.869. Electrochemical spectroscopy analysis showed that the aligning of proton conductive nanofibers improved in‐plane proton conductivity about 67%. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2017. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Interaction of human smooth muscle cells on random and aligned nanofibrous scaffolds of PHBV and PHBV-gelatin

Tissue-engineered scaffolds with nanofibrous morphology have been shown to be effective in regeneration of tissues because nanofibers mimic the native architecture of the extracellular matrix. The unique alignment in the native tissue motivated the authors to fabricate aligned nanofibers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and PHBV-gelatin. The in vitro potential of the scaffolds was evaluated using human smooth muscle cells. MTS study confirmed that PHBV aligned nanofibrous scaffold promotes better cell proliferation as well as gene expression of key contractile and extracellular matrix markers than their PHBV-gelatin counterparts. Hence, the PHBV aligned nanofibers can be used as a biomimetic scaffold for the regeneration of esophagus. Electrospinning system for aligned nanofibers fabrication (A) and interaction of human smooth muscle cells on aligned nanofibers (B).     

Electrospun nylon 6,6 nanofibers functionalized with cyclodextrins for removal of toluene vapor

Functional nylon 6,6 nanofibers incorporating cyclodextrins (CD) were developed via electrospinning. Enhanced thermal stability of the nylon 6,6/CD nanofibers was observed due to interaction between CD and nylon 6,6. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies indicated the existence of some CD molecules on the surface of the nanofibers. Electrospun nylon 6,6 nanofibers without having CD were ineffective for entrapment of toluene vapor from the environment, whereas nylon 6,6/CD nanofibrous membranes can effectively entrap toluene vapor from the surrounding by taking advantage of the high surface‐volume ratio of nanofibers with the added advantage of inclusion complexation capability of CD presenting on the nanofiber surface. The modeling studies for formation of inclusion complex between CD and toluene were also performed by using ab initio techniques. Our results suggest that nylon 6,6/CD nanofibrous membranes may have potential to be used as air filters for the removal of organic vapor waste from surroundings. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41941.     

Biocompatibility studies of electrospun nanofibrous membrane of PLLA‐PVA blend

Electrospinning, self‐assembly, and phase separation are some of the techniques available for the synthesis of nanofibers. Of these techniques, electrospinning is a simple and versatile method for generating ultrafine fibers from a wide variety of polymers and polymer blends. Poly L ‐lactide (PLLA) and Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) are biodegradable and biocompatible polymers which are mainly used for biomedical applications. Nanofibrous membranes with 1:9 ratio of PLLA to PVA (8 to 10 wt % and 10 wt %) were fabricated by electrospinning. The percentage porosity and contact angle of PVA in the PLLA‐PVA nanofibrous mat increased from 80 to 83% and from 39 ± 3° to 55 ± 3°, respectively. The water uptake percentage of PVA nanofibers decreased from 190 to 125% on the addition of PLLA to PVA in the PLLA‐PVA nanofibrous mat. The nanofiber morphology, structure and crystallinity were studied by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetery (DSC). The biocompatibility studies of PLLA‐PVA blend were performed using fibroblast cells (NIH 3T3) by MTT assay method. The release of Curcumin (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt %) from PLLA‐PVA blend was found to be ～ 78, 80, and 80%, respectively, in 4 days. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Electrospun nanofibrous membranes for solid-phase extraction of estriol from aqueous solution

Nowadays, efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly materials for the removal of emerging contaminants from the aquatic environment have been sought. Electrospun nanofibrous membranes contain fibers with diameters of submicron or nanometer scale, making them very promising adsorbent materials for use in several areas. In this context, the present study aims to synthesize and apply polymeric nanofiber membranes for solid-phase extraction of estriol from aqueous solution. Nanofiber membranes of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and polyamide-6 (PA-6) were tested as adsorbent materials and characterized by different techniques. The electrospinning time was evaluated, and the highest removal obtained for the PA-6 nanofiber was 76.5%, spun for 100 min, whereas for the PCL nanofiber, 80% time-independent removal was obtained. The thinner nanofibers had a larger contact area, therefore higher removals, except for the PCL nanofiber, which presented exposed beads on smaller thicknesses that impaired their efficiency. Furthermore, the nanofiber membranes have been applied for the determination of 1.0 mg L⁻¹ of E3 in superficial water sample with satisfactory results. These aspects demonstrate that the synthesized nanofibers present an efficient material for the extraction of estriol: of high simplicity, low cost, and using green chemistry. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47189.     

The effect of MWNTs concentration and nanofiber orientation on mechanical properties of PAA nanocomposite nanofibrous web

In this research, nanocomposite nanofibrous webs of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were obtained via electrospinning. The effect of MWNTs concentration on the morphology and mechanical properties of PAA/MWNTs nanofibers was investigated by changing the MWNTs content from 0 to 5 wt%. The results showed that average diameter of nanofibers increased with increasing the MWNTs concentration and presence of MWNTs led to the enhancement of mechanical properties. Also, the results revealed that the strength, modulus, and elongation at break of samples increased 3.22, 2.70, and 4.27 fold, respectively, after adding 3 wt% of MWNTs. In addition, the effect of rotating speed of collector on the orientation of PAA nanofibers and its effect on mechanical properties was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the degree of nanofibers orientation increased with the augmentation of drum speed to 25 rps. Moreover, the average nanofibers diameter decreased with the increase of drum speed. Improvement of nanofiber orientation resulted in superior mechanical properties that is, higher strength and modulus of aligned nanofiber layers were obtained in comparison to nonaligned layers (12.6 and 26.6 fold, respectively). POLYM. COMPOS., 37:3149–3159, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Nanofibrous scaffold prepared by electrospinning of poly(vinyl alcohol)/gelatin aqueous solutions

A series of nanofibrous scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/gelatin aqueous solution. PVA and gelatin was dissolved in pure water and blended in full range, then being electrospun to prepared nanofibers, followed by being crosslinked with glutaraldehyde vapor and heat treatment to form nanofibrous scaffold. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images of the nanofibers manifested that the fiber average diameters decreased from 290 to 90 nm with the increasing of gelatin. In vitro degradation rates of the nanofibers were also correlated with the composition and physical properties of electrospinning solutions. Cytocompatibility of the scaffolds was evaluated by cells morphology and MTT assay. The FESEM images revealed that NIH 3T3 fibroblasts spread and elongated actively on the scaffolds with spindle‐like and star‐type shape. The results of cell attachment and proliferation on the nanofibrous scaffolds suggested that the cytotoxicity of all samples are grade 1 or grade 0, indicating that the material had sound biosafety as biomaterials. Compared with pure PVA and gelatin scaffolds, the hybrid ones possess improved biocompatibility and controllability. These results indicate that the PVA/gelatin nanofibrous have potential as skin scaffolds or wound dressing. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Electrospun soy‐protein‐based nanofibrous membranes for effective antimicrobial air filtration

Soy proteins are gaining more and more attention because of its multifunction and biodegradability. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are introduced into the nanofibers to prevent growth of microorganisms over the filter media. In the present study, the multifunctional and antimicrobial nanofibrous membranes were prepared by electrospinning the soy protein isolate (SPI)/polymide‐6 (PA6)‐silver nitrate system followed by ultraviolet reduction. The morphology of SPI/PA6 nanofibrous membranes was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Antibacterial property of nanofibrous membranes were investigated against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The optimized fiber membrane exhibited over 95% filtration efficiency of PM_0.3 (particulate matter size less than 0.3 μm). The successful synthesis of SPI/PA6‐AgNPs nanofibrous membranes would make it to be the potential candidate for novel antibacterial and high‐performance air filter. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45766.     

Effects of hard and soft components on the structure formation,crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of electrospun poly(l-lactic acid) nanofibers

The effects of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) on the structure formation, morphology, crystallization behavior and mechanical property of electrospun poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofiber mats were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and mechanical test. If incorporate hard filler, MWCNTs into electrospun PLLA nanofiber, the crystallinity, chain orientation, and crystallization behaviors were almost not influenced by the MWCNTs content owing to the MWCNTs mainly acted as impeding the crystal growth and chain diffusion. If incorporate small content of soft and miscible component, PEO (10 wt%) into the electrospun PLLA and PLLA/MWCNTs nanofibers, the crystallinity and crystallization rate of PLLA in nanofibers were obviously enhanced. The synergistic effect of PEO and MWCNTs in PLLA nanofibers was observed during melt-crystallization behaviors of PLLA/MWCNTs fibers. Based on those results, we found that the chain mobility is an important factor to influence the structure formation and crystallization behaviors in the electrospun nanofibers. Our results indicated that the structure and properties of electrospun nanofibers could be optimized by compounding with hard inorganic filler and soft polymer components.     

Biocompatibility of braided poly(L‐lactic acid) nanofiber wires applied as tissue sutures

Almost all sutures in current usage only play one role, i.e. to mechanically tie wound tissues together. Drug‐loaded composite nanofibers obtained through coaxial electrospinning can initiate the development of a new type of biodegradable sutures with drug release. In this work, electrospun poly(L ‐lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofibers with uniaxial alignment were made into braided wires and were coated with chitosan and applied as tissue sutures. Toxicity evaluation on cells for the chitosan‐coated PLLA braided wires was carried out using the MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium) test, and an in vivo study was conducted by implanting the braided wires into muscle tissues of rats. The inflammation responses were examined at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after implanting. Experimental results indicated that the braided PLLA nanofiber wires coated with chitosan exhibited comparable tensile and knot strengths to those of a commercial suture, could tie wounded tissues for a complete healing without any breakage, had no cellular toxicity and could promote cell growth well. The chitosan‐coated PLLA sutures showed better histological compatibility than a silk suture in the in vivo study. Braided PLLA nanofiber wires fabricated using an electrospinning process followed by a braiding technique and coated with chitosan are applicable for uses within the body. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Aligned electrospun sulfonated polyetheretherketone nanofiber based proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications

In this study, electrospinning of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) at different degrees of sulfonation (DS) was investigated. The polymer solution concentration of 22 wt% was obtained to collect smooth fiber in nanoscale range of 112 to 131 nm at various conditions. SEM observations of SPEEK nanofibers showed the decrease of diameter with increasing DS from 74% to 81%, mainly due to the increase of electrical conductivity of polymer solution at higher DS. The increase of collecting speed from 20 to 305 m/min decreased the diameter of nanofibers slightly and improved their alignment. The presence of SO₃H groups in collected nanofibers was demonstrated with FT‐IR analysis. WAXD patterns of SPEEK nanofibers indicated featureless amorphous peak with no crystalline regions that was broaden at higher DS and aligned nanofibers. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of SPEEK nanofibers showed the through‐plane proton conductivity of fully hydrated nanofibrous membranes measured at room temperature were improved with DS. The proton conductivity of randomly oriented and aligned nanofibers were measured from 0.0098 to 0.0722 S/cm and from 0.0592 to 0.0907 S/cm, respectively. Aligned nanofibers exhibited more proton conductivity than randomly collected nanofibers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:789–796, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Study on the properties of the electrospun silk fibroin/gelatin blend nanofibers for scaffolds

Silk fibroin (SF)/gelatin blend nanofibers membranes as scaffolds were fabricated successfully via electrospinning with different composition ratios in formic acid. The formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the conformational transition of SF provided scaffolds with excellent mechanical properties. FTIR and DTA analysis showed the SF/gelatin nanofibers had more β‐sheet structures than the pure SF nanofibers. The former's breaking tenacity increased from 0.95 up to 1.60 MPa, strain at break was 7.6%, average fiber diameter was 89.2 nm, porosity was 87%, and pore diameter was 142 nm. MTT, H&E stain, and SEM results showed that the adhesion, spreading, and proliferation of human umbilic vein endothelium cells (HUVECs) and mouse fibroblasts on the SF/gelatin nanofibers scaffolds were definitely better than that on the SF nanofibers scaffolds. The scaffolds could replace the natural ECM proteins, support long‐term cell growth, form three‐dimensional networks of the nanofibrous structure, and grow in the direction of fiber orientation. Our results prove that the addition of gelatin improved the mechanical and biological properties of the pure SF nanofibers, these SF/gelatin blend nanofiber membranes are desirable for the scaffolds and may be a good candidate for blood vessel engineering scaffolds. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Fabrication of PMMA/zeolite nanofibrous membrane through electrospinning and its adsorption behavior

The present work investigates the effect of various solution parameters and electrospinning parameters on the characteristics of electrospun nanofibrous membranes. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the surface morphology of the nanofibrous membrane. Adsorption test on methyl orange was also carried out and analyzed using the UV–vis. Results showed that increasing voltage decreased mean nanofiber diameter. Meanwhile, increasing PMMA concentration, feed rate, distance between collector‐and‐needle tip increased mean nanofiber diameter. Zeolite concentration and needle size did not affect the surface morphology significantly. The UV–vis spectra of the adsorption test showed that ～93%, 85.5%, and 78% of methyl orange were adsorbed for 30, 50, and 100 mg L^?1 initial dye concentration, respectively, within 11 min. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 95.33 mg g^?1. Therefore, PMMA/zeolite nanofibrous membranes possess the adsorption capability toward effective dye removal. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134 , 44450.     

Sea‐island polyurethane/polycarbonate composite nanofiber fabricated through electrospinning

Sea‐island polyurethane (PU)/polycarbonate (PC) composite nanofibers were obtained through electrospinning of partially miscible PU and PC in 3 : 7 (v/v) N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) mixture solvent. Their structures, mechanical, and thermal properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The structures and morphologies of the nanofibers were influenced by composition ratio in the binary mixtures. The pure PC nanofiber was brittle and easy to break. With increasing the PU content in the PU/PC composite nanofibers, PU component not only facilitated the electrospinning of PC but improved the mechanical properties of PU/PC nanofibrous mats. In a series of nanofibrous mats with varied PU/PC composition ratios, PU/PC 70/30 showed excellent tensile strength of 9.60 Mpa and Young's modulus of 55 Mpa. After selective removal of PC component in PU/PC composite nanofibers by washing with acetone, the residual PU maintained fiber morphology. However, the residual PU nanofiber became irregular and contained elongated indents and ridges along the fiber surface. PU/PC composite fibers showed sea‐island nanofiber structure due to phase separation in the spinning solution and in the course of electrospinning. At PC content below 30%, the PC domains were small and evenly dispersed in the composite nanofibers. As PC content was over 50%, the PC phases became large elongated aggregates dispersed in the composite nanofibers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Magnetic‐field‐assisted electrospinning highly aligned composite nanofibers containing well‐aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Composite nanofiber meshes of well‐aligned polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibers containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were successfully fabricated by a magnetic‐field‐assisted electrospinning (MFAES) technology, which was confirmed to be a favorable method for preparation of aligned composite nanofibers in this article. The MFAES experiments showed that the diameters of composite nanofibers decreased first and then increased with the increase of voltage and MWCNTs content. With the increase of voltage, the degree of alignment of the composite nanofibers decreased, whereas it increased with increasing MWCNTs concentration. Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that MWCNTs were parallel and oriented along the axes of the nanofibers under the low concentration. A maximum enhancement of 178% in tensile strength was manifested by adding 2 wt % MWCNTs in well‐aligned composite nanofibers. In addition, the storage modulus of PAN/PVP/MWCNTs composite nanofibers was significantly higher than that of the PAN/PVP nanofibers. Besides, due to the highly ordered alignment structure, the composite nanofiber meshes showed large anisotropic surface resistance, that is, the surface resistance of the composite nanofiber films along the fiber axis was about 10 times smaller than that perpendicular to the axis direction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41995.     

Biocompatible polymeric electrospun matrices: Micro–nanotopography effect on cell behavior

This work reports a preliminary biological study performed on nanofibrous biocompatible polylactidecopolycaprolactone (PLA-PCL) scaffolds intended for tissue regeneration. The aim was to evaluate how matrix surface topography affects cell adhesion and proliferation. Scaffolds prepared by electrospinning either equipped with plane or rotating mandrel collectors, were characterized for their surface topography and nanofiber size. Cell culture studies were carried out using mouse embryonic fibroblast cells lines (NIH-3T3), as model for skin, murine neuroblastoma neuro-2α cell line, as model for neuronal tissue, and mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), because of their differentiation ability. Imaging analysis by scanning electron microscope and laser scanning confocal microscopy together with cell viability (MTT, L 3-(4,5-dymethiltiazol-2-y)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test, were performed on cell cultures at fixed time laps. The results showed that electrospun nanofibers supported growth and proliferation of the tested cell lines, but electrospun matrices obtained with rotating mandrel showed significantly higher cell viability that follows the orientation of electrospun nanofibers.