微波在纳米和亚纳米ZnO材料制备中的应用

综述了近年来微波在纳米和亚纳米ZnO材料制备中的应用和研究进展,并展望了其发展趋势和前景。微波不仅在制备时间和能源利用效率等方面明显优于常规方法,还可以得到特殊形态和性能的ZnO材料。     

纳米ZnO改性聚酯抗凝血性能研究

采用原位聚合方法制备了纳米ZnO/聚酯复合物,采用热压成膜和溶液法成膜两种方法将其制膜,利用动态凝血实验研究了纳米ZnO添加量及成膜方法对聚酯抗凝血性能的影响。结果表明,溶液法成膜的薄膜抗凝血性能优于热压法成膜。含有纳米ZnO的聚酯薄膜的抗凝血性能优于纯聚酯薄膜。随着纳米ZnO的加入量不断增加,聚酯薄膜的抗凝血性能先增加后减少。     

三聚磷酸钠辅助沉淀法制备纳米氧化锌及其抗菌性能研究

探讨了纳米氧化锌制备过程中的团聚问题及其抗菌性能。以三聚磷酸钠为表面活性剂,辅助沉淀法制备了纳米氧化锌粉体,用XRD,TEM,TG-DTA,BET等方法对产物进行了表征。结果表明:所得纳米氧化锌为高分散的球形颗粒,属于六方纤维矿的单晶结构,平均粒径为20 nm,比表面积可达70.478 1 m2/g。线性三聚磷酸钠与锌离子的络合作用,可以使前躯体均匀成核,并通过空间位阻抑制颗粒间的聚集,避免团聚的发生。采用杯碟法测试纳米氧化锌的抑菌活性。结果显示,纳米氧化锌对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌和沙门氏菌具有很好的抑菌活性,纳米氧化锌比表面积大小决定其抑菌活性。     

超临界水连续合成纳米氧化锌及其光催化性能

采用超临界水连续合成法制备了纳米氧化锌颗粒并对其光催化性能进行了研究。当反应温度为 385 ℃, 反应压力为25 MPa, 反应时间为40 s, 反应物Zn₂⁺和OH^-的浓度分别为0.075、0.3 mol/L时, 获得了粒径为30 nm的球形纳米氧化锌。以甲基橙溶液为光催化模型物,在紫外光照射下,所制备的纳米氧化锌对甲基橙的降解率可达到100%,并且纳米氧化锌的浓度和分散性对光催化效率有显著影响。     

Removal of malachite green from aqueous solution by zinc oxide nanoparticle loaded on activated carbon: Kinetics and isotherm study

In this research, a novel adsorbent, zinc oxide nanoparticle loaded on activated carbon (ZnO-NP-AC) was synthesized by a simple, low cost and efficient procedure. Subsequently, this novel material was characterizated and identified by different techniques such as Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Unique properties such as high surface area (>603 m²/g) and low pore size (<61 Å) and average particle size lower than 100 Å in addition to high reactive atom and presence of various functional groups make it possible for efficient removal of malachite green (MG). In batch experimental set-up, optimum conditions for quantitative removal of MG by ZnO-NP-AC was attained following searching effect of variables such as adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and pH. Optimum values were set as pH of 7.0, 0.015 g of ZnO-NP-AC at removal time of 15 min. Kinetic studies at various adsorbent dosage and initial MG concentration show that maximum MG removal was achieved within 15 min of the start of every experiment at most conditions. The adsorption of MG follows the pseudo-second-order rate equation in addition to interparticle diffusion model (with removal more than 95%) at all conditions. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model at all amount of adsorbent, while maximum adsorption capacity was 322.58 mg g⁻¹ for 0.005 g of ZnO-NP-AC.     

Effect of annealing in argon atmosphere on the properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with Mn(II) and Co(II) ions prepared in solvothermal synthesis

Methods of preparation and application of zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with Mn(II) and Co(II) ions are presented and discussed in the paper. Part one shows the results of the solvothermal synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with Mn(II) and Co(II) ions. The effect of process parameters on the properties of doped nano zinc oxide has been identified. We also examined the impact of annealing in argon atmosphere of doped zinc oxide nanoparticles on physicochemical properties. Morphology analysis was performed using scanning microscopy and molecular analysis was performed using by inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry. The zeta potential was measured for samples annealed in argon atmosphere and for samples not annealed. Phase analysis was performed by x-ray diffraction. Based on this analysis, the lattice parameters were determined.     

不同粒径氧化锌填充丁腈橡胶的摩擦磨损机制

采用机械共混与热模压工艺制备普通氧化锌(c-ZnO)与纳米氧化锌(n-ZnO)填充丁腈橡胶(NBR)复合材料,并对复合材料的硫化特性、力学性能及摩擦磨损性能进行了对比研究。结果表明,用量相同时,与c-ZnO相比,n-ZnO在硬脂酸与硫黄作用下形成较强硫化剂,可延长胶料的硫化时间,有利于提高胶料的加工安全性与流动性。与加入c-ZnO的胶料相比,n-ZnO/NBR复合材料的撕裂强度提高了11.0%,压缩永久变形减小17.3%,邵尔A硬度略微提高,且在干摩擦、油润滑条件下均表现出优异的耐摩擦磨损性能。c-ZnO/NBR复合材料的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和严重的黏着磨损,n-ZnO/NBR复合材料的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和少量的黏着磨损。     

Kinetics of fluid–solid reaction with an insoluble product: zinc borate by the reaction of boric acid and zinc oxide

Mixing parameters influencing the final particle size and conversion of zinc oxide were studied for the formation of zinc borate. Formation of zinc borate was via a fluid–solid reaction. The process was kinetically controlled above the minimum speed for particle suspension, N_s. The reaction kinetics was developed and the rate constant was estimated. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis of zinc oxide nanostructures on graphene/glass substrate by electrochemical deposition: effects of current density and temperature

The electrochemical growth of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures on graphene on glass using zinc nitrate hexahydrate was studied. The effects of current densities and temperatures on the morphological, structural, and optical properties of the ZnO structures were studied. Vertically aligned nanorods were obtained at a low temperature of 75°C, and the diameters increased with current density. Growth temperature seems to have a strong effect in generating well-defined hexagonal-shape nanorods with a smooth top edge surface. A film-like structure was observed for high current densities above -1.0 mA/cm² and temperatures above 80°C due to the coalescence between the neighboring nanorods with large diameter. The nanorods grown at a temperature of 75°C with a low current density of -0.1 mA/cm² exhibited the highest density of 1.45 × 10⁹ cm^-2. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that the grown ZnO crystallites were highly oriented along the c-axis. The intensity ratio of the ultraviolet (UV) region emission to the visible region emission, I_UV/I_VIS, showed a decrement with the current densities for all grown samples. The samples grown at the current density below -0.5 mA/cm² showed high I_UV/I_VIS values closer to or higher than 1.0, suggesting their fewer structural defects. For all the ZnO/graphene structures, the high transmittance up to 65% was obtained at the light wavelength of 550 nm. Structural and optical properties of the grown ZnO structures seem to be effectively controlled by the current density rather than the growth temperature. ZnO nanorod/graphene hybrid structure on glass is expected to be a promising structure for solar cell which is a conceivable candidate to address the global need for an inexpensive alternative energy source.     

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by reduced graphene oxide nanosheets supported cobalt catalysts: role of support and metal nanoparticle size on catalyst activity and products selectivity

In this paper,a series of cobalt catalysts supported on reduced graphene oxide(rGO)nanosheets with the loading of 5,15 and 30 wt-%were provided by the impregnation method.The activity of the prepared catalysts is evaluated in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS).The prepared catalysts were carefully characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption,hydrogen chemisorption,X-ray diffraction,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,temperature programmed reduction,transmission electron microscopy,and field emission scanning electron microscopy techniques to confirm that cobalt particles were greatly dispersed on the rGO nanosheets.The results showed that with increasing the cobalt loading on the rGO support,the carbon defects are increased and as a consequence,the reduction of cobalt is decreased.The FTS activity results showed that the cobalt-time yield and turnover frequency passed from a maximum for catalyst with the Co0 average particle size of 15 nm due to the synergetic effect of cobalt reducibility and particle size.The products selectivity results indicated that the methane selectivity decreases,whereas the C5+selectivity raises with the increasing of the cobalt particle size,which can be explained by chain propagation in the primary chain growth reactions.     

Evaluation of the phenolic antioxidants of olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract obtained by a green approach: Use of reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical analysis

Abstract

Deep Eutectic Liquids (DELs) have been specially designed, and used for the extraction of bioactive natural products from a bio-waste, since they have attracted much attention from economic and ecological aspects. In this study, an easy, accurate and sensitive detection method has been developed towards a trace amount of oleuropein which is one of the most significant components of the olive leaf extract. TiO_x-modified reduced graphene oxide electrode (TiO_x-RGO@GCE) has been used as the sensing electrode for the quantitative detection of oleuropein. The structural characterization of TiO_x-RGO@GCE has been performed using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques have been implemented to investigate the electrochemical behavior of oleuropein. The electrochemical experiments revealed that the quasi-reversible reaction is the dominant mechanism on the electrode/electrolyte interface. The linear concentration range of 1–12?µM was obtained with the detection limit of 18.7?nM for oleuropein.     

Evidence of ionic components in vulcanization mixtures by means of electric current measurements: Investigations with natural rubber/sulfur/zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) and comparison mixtures

Continuous low‐level current (CLLC) measurements for detecting ionic species in the course of vulcanization reactions were applied to investigate the vulcanization of a mixture of natural rubber (NR), sulfur (S), and zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) (ZnDMTC). A dc voltage was applied to the reaction mixture in a special vulcanization mold and the current (e.g., in the range of 10⁻⁹ A) was measured. Temperature‐dependent current maxima were found after reaction times t_max. The simplest explanation is that transitory ionic species occur during vulcanization. An activation energy (E_a ) = 116.4 kJ/mol, similar to that obtained in previous chemical investigations, was determined from the decrease of t_max with increasing temperature. The maxima corresponded to reaction times where a strong increase of polymer crosslinking was observed, as measured using vulcametry. For comparison, dc measurements were carried out with the corresponding mixture without elemental sulfur (NR/ZnDMTC) and mixtures containing zinc stearate (ZnST) instead of zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) (NR/S/ZnST and NR/ZnST). © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 2206–2212, 2000     

Probing the structure of polymer blends by vibrational spectroscopy: the case of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl methacrylate) blends

The blends of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) are prepared in the form of thin films from solution casting. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of the blends are recorded in the spectral range 400–4000 cm^?1. The spectra are analysed using various recent techniques of vibrational spectroscopy. It is concluded that upon blending PEO takes preferentially a planar zig-zag structure. Furthermore the intermolecular interactions between the molecules of PEO and PMMA in blends are very weak and their compatibility as blends is more ‘physical’ than ‘chemical’. Further, on the basis of the atomic charges transferred from model molecules it is seen that the blending is preferred with isotactic PMMA when compared to syndiotactic PMMA.     

Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials for advanced polymer nanocomposites: A comparison study between CNT and graphene

The allotropes of carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene) are the most unique and promising substances of the last decade. Due to their nanoscale diameter and high aspect ratio, a small amount of these nanomaterials can produce a dramatic improvement in the properties of their composite materials. Although carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene exhibit numerous extraordinary properties, their reported commercialization is still limited due to their bundle and layer forming behavior. Functionalization of CNTs and graphene is essential for achieving their outstanding mechanical, electrical and biological functions and enhancing their dispersion in polymer matrices. A considerable portion of the recent publications on CNTs and graphene have focused on enhancing their dispersion and solubilization using covalent and non-covalent functionalization methods. This review article collectively introduces a variety of reactions (e.g. click chemistry, radical polymerization, electrochemical polymerization, dendritic polymers, block copolymers, etc.) for functionalization of CNTs and graphene and fabrication of their polymer nanocomposites. A critical comparison between CNTs and graphene has focused on the significance of different functionalization approaches on their composite properties. In particular, the mechanical, electrical, and thermal behaviors of functionalized nanomaterials as well as their importance in the preparation of advanced hybrid materials for structures, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, drug delivery, etc. have been discussed thoroughly.