Network model for capacitively fed microstrip element

A network model is presented for the capacitively fed microstrip antenna element. This element consists of a ground plane, a radiating patch and a small patch located between the ground plane and radiating patch. The small patch is fed by a coaxial probe. The capacitive coupling between the patches allows the antenna to be matched. The network model is derived from a rigorous solution. The relationship between the lumped components of the network model and the physical working mechanism of the structure is described     

Active antenna array lumped ring configuration

Coupled active antenna oscillator arrays are used for power-combining at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. It is known that the relative phase determined by the element separation distance ultimately determines the array operational mode and, hence, far-field radiation characteristics. Separately, it is known that coupled oscillator modal stability is achieved by coupling oscillators through lumped capacitive elements. In this paper, an arrangement whereby lumped capacitive elements (placed across the oscillator loads) and radiative coupling are employed concurrently is investigated. The arrangement takes the form of a ring of coupled oscillators used to excite a 2×2 antenna array. The effect that these couplings have on array behavior are evaluated using time-domain analysis and analytically derived equations. Experimental results for far-field radiation patterns are discussed in relation to coupled oscillator dynamical behavior. These suggest that the theoretical predictions are valid, offering a robust design tool for studies of larger power-combining arrays     

Ultra‐small Marker Beacon Antenna with a Wide Frequency Tuneable Capacitive Plate

In this paper, an ultra‐small marker beacon antenna operated in the VHF‐band is proposed. This antenna has a modified linear IFA structure with a lumped capacitor and a capacitive plate for frequency tuning and impedance matching. The capacitive plate is directly connected to the end of a linear radiator and is separated from the antenna ground by 1 mm. The main operating frequency is mainly controlled by the size and dielectric constant of the capacitive plate. The lumped capacitor is useful for fine frequency tuning. Using the proposed structure, an ultra‐small marker beacon antenna can be realized with a length of 0.04 λ₀.     

60 GHz multi-chip-module receiver with substrate integrated waveguide antenna and filter

A compact 60 GHz MCM receiver has been demonstrated by integrating millimetre-wave substrate-integrated waveguides and GaAs MMICs for the first time. The module includes a waveguide antenna and filter, MMIC LNA and mixer, and lumped elements for IF filtering embedded into the multilayer photo-imageable thick-film substrate. Cavities for MMIC attachment are photo-imaged as part of the standard process.     

共面波导馈电蝶形开口振子缝隙天线

讨论了共面波导(CPW)馈电蝶形开口振子缝隙天线。在缝隙振子天线两端加入蝶形开口结构,形成振子蝶形组合结构天线。使用有限元仿真软件(Ansoft HFSS)分析了设计的天线,结果表明组合结构天线具有振子天线与蝶形天线的优点:蝶形天线的宽带特性与振子天线的高增益特性,整个天线的性能得到提高。使用了两种馈电方式:感性耦合和容性耦合,感性耦合时组合天线的带宽特性较好,从振子天线5.9%提高到10.32%;容性耦合时增益特性较好,从振子天线的3.19dB提高至6.27dB。分析了衬底厚度对天线的影响,衬底厚度的增加使谐振频率降低,但对天线带宽的影响不大。     

Ultracompact reflective-type phase shifter MMIC at C-band with360° phase-control range for smart antenna combining

An ultracompact reflective-type monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) phase shifter is presented, fabricated using a commercial 0.6-μm GaAs MESFET process. The circuit has been developed for low-cost smart antenna receivers, operating in accordance to the IEEE 802.11a and the high-performance radio local area network (HIPERLAN) wireless network standards at C-band. Capacitance control, required for phase control, is performed by usual MESFETs with capacitance control ratios (C_max/C_min) of less than four. The impact of the reflective terminations on the maximum phase-control range and the corresponding loss is discussed. This investigation comprises single capacitive terminations, single resonated terminations, and terminations with two resonated loads-in parallel (DRL). With the DRL terminations, phase-control ranges of over 360° have been reached even with such limited capacitance control ranges. A transformation network is proposed for the DRL termination to reduce loss and loss variations. In this configuration, maximum signal losses of 9 and 3 dB, and 1-dB input compression points of higher than 2 and 8 dBm were measured for the phase shifter at 5.2 GHz within phase-control ranges of 360° and 90°, respectively. The branch-line coupler of the phase shifter has been realized by using lumped elements, thereby minimizing the circuit size. The total chip area is only 0.9 mm², which to our knowledge is the smallest size for a passive reflective-type phase shifter with 360° phase-control range reported to date     

The Design of Evanescent Mode Waveguide Bandpass Filters for a Prescribed Insertion Loss Characteristic

A design theory for evanescent dominant mode waveguide filters is presented. The cutoff guide is represented by its equivalent /spl pi/-section network, the elements of which closely approximate lumped inductances. Resonators may be formed by introducing appropriate capacitive obstacles at suitable intervals along the guide. The filter that results is a microwave analog of lumped inductance filters with series inductance coupling, the magnitude of the series "inductance" being controlled by the separation between capacitive obstacles. The theory derives the equivalent ladder network from the low-pass prototype and is accurate up to at least 20 percent band-widths. Filters may be designed to couple into other cutoff waveguide components using the same basic principles, a propagating guide, and coaxial terminations. The filters are normally constructed in standard production waveguide and are simple and cheap to manufacture. A considerable size and weight reduction, compared with orthodox waveguide filters, is possible at the cost of a small increase in insertion loss.     

Some experimental results for a capacitively loaded V antenna

A V antenna with lumped capacitive loading is investigated experimentally. The loading is in the form of narrow transversal gaps along the antenna, which are progressively closer together towards the antenna ends. The antenna is found to exhibit remarkable broadband properties in admittance, and to have a more directive radiation pattern than a straight dipole with approximately similar loading.     

Optimal broadband cylindrical antenna with one and two lumped capacitive loadings

Results for the optimisation of the admittance broadband properties of cylindrical antennas with one and two lumped capacitive loadings are presented. The theoretical results for the antenna admittance are shown to be in very good agreement with the experimental results.     

基于集总电阻加载吸波器的紧耦合超宽带天线

基于集总型电阻频率选择表面吸波器,设计一款超宽带紧耦合天线阵列。在天线阵列与地板之间加入两层结构集总型电阻频率选择表面吸波器,改变天线与地板之间的传输特性,有效抑制天线短路零点出现,扩展天线带宽;同时利用天线间强耦合效应,减小天线单元结构尺寸。使用集总电阻和金属环构成的吸波器代替常规阻抗型频率选择表面结构,降低天线阵列设计与加工难度,同时可有效改善天线阻抗匹配。仿真实验表明,通过调节集总频率选择表面吸波器物理结构、加载电阻阻值和天线间耦合电容值等参数,当天线单元驻波比小于3 时,可实现带宽范围达12.6:1 (1.5～19 GHz)的超宽带性能;并在2.2～18.3 GHz 范围内具有驻波比小于2 的良好匹配性能。     

Small‐Size and High‐Isolation MIMO Antenna for WLAN

A small‐sized (15 mm×30 mm) planar monopole MIMO antenna that offers high‐isolation performance is presented in this letter. The antenna is miniaturized using inductive coupling within a meander‐line radiator and capacitive coupling between a radiator and an isolator. High isolation is achieved by a T‐shaped stub attached to the ground plane between two radiators, which also contributes to the small size using a folded structure and the capacitive coupling with radiators. The proposed antenna operates for the WLAN band within 2.4 GHz to 2.483 GHz. The measured isolation (S₂₁) is about –30 dB, and the envelope correlation coefficient is less than 0.1.     

基于新时域算法的集总加载线天线的耦合分析

在电磁工程应用中, 天线通过加载, 可以缩短天线尺寸, 实现小型化设计.文中提出了网格内置集总元件的时域有限差分(Finite Difference Time Domain, FDTD)处理新方法, 将细导线FDTD与集总元件FDTD结合起来, 模拟了强电磁脉冲对集总加载线天线的耦合, 能够快速计算得到天线上耦合的电流响应.通过与有限积分法软件的仿真结果进行对比, 验证了混合算法的正确性.在此基础上, 分析了入射电磁脉冲的类型以及脉冲宽度对天线上电流响应的影响, 为天线进行前门防护设计提供理论依据.     

Genetic algorithms based analyses of nonlinearly loaded antenna arrays including mutual coupling effects

Initially, the analysis of a single nonlinearly loaded antenna is transformed into a nonlinear microwave circuit with the circuit elements representing the antenna element and the lumped load. This equivalent circuit is then reformulated into an optimization problem which can be solved by genetic algorithms. The analyses can also be easily extended to finite and infinite nonlinearly loaded antenna arrays including mutual coupling effects. Numerical examples show that the results by genetic algorithms are consistent with those using harmonic balance techniques. With the use of genetic algorithms, our analyses do not require a suitable guess of an initial solution and there exists no gradient operations in the iteration procedures. Therefore, the analyses are suitable for problems of nonlinearly loaded antenna arrays with any types of lumped loads and the array mutual coupling effects are included.     

Loaded short-slot antenna with enhanced radiation or improved directivity

The circuit and radiation properties of a short-slot antenna doubly shunt loaded by lumped impedances are investigated experimentally. It is demonstrated that the electric-field distribution in the slot can be controlled by appropriate adjustment of the shunt impedances. Optimum capacitive loadings are determined to implement slot fields having either a nearly uniform distribution leading to enhanced radiation, or a reversed-phase distribution leading to improved directivity.     

On the design of coupling networks for coupled oscillator arrays

Arrays of voltage-controlled oscillators can be coupled by means of a network so as to be mutually injection locked and thus oscillate as an ensemble. This ensemble may be used to excite the elements of a phased array antenna in such a manner as to radiate an agile beam. Design of the coupling network requires attention to three key parameters: the inter-oscillator coupling strength, the network bandwidth, and the oscillator loading. These parameters can be related to the network admittance matrix elements, which, in turn, are related to the lumped element values. This provides convenient formulas for use in designing networks, which provide the necessary values of the above three key design parameters.     

Theory on small radiating apertures in the outer sheath of a coaxial cable

An analytical expression for the aperture field is obtained from an integral equation formulation and a subsequent use of a quasistatic approach in which the dominant part of the solution can be extracted from canonical problems. Unlike the conventional approach of replacing the aperture field by equivalent dipoles, our method retains the basic features of the propagating mode in the coaxial region, and the radiation characteristic of the coaxial cylinder. An equivalent network representation of a small aperture is then derived. The network equivalence of a symmetrical aperture with its axes oriented in the direction of the incident field is shown to consist of a lumped shunt capacitanceC_{b}and a series impedanceZcomposed of an inductive elementL_{b}, a capacitive elementC_{T}and the input admittanceY_{binfty}of the external antenna, all in parallel.     

Essential-coupling-path models for non-contact EMI in switching power converters using lumped circuit elements

This paper proposes a simple lumped circuit modeling approach for describing noncontact EMI coupling mechanisms in switching power converters. The resulting model assumes a minimum number of noise sources and contains essential coupling paths that allow easy physical interpretations. Essentially, all capacitive couplings are represented by an equivalent noise voltage source and six coupling impedances, whereas all inductive couplings are represented by an equivalent noise current source and three coupling impedances. The resulting coupled noise appears as currents flowing into the terminals of the line-impedance-stabilization-network (LISN). The equivalent voltage source can be conveniently approximated as the switching-node-to-zero voltage, which is typically a rectangular pulse of a few hundred volts. The equivalent current source can be modeled as the current flowing around a loop containing the equivalent voltage source and parasitics such as winding capacitance of the power transformer, the snubber capacitance and connection inductances. Also, the coupling impedances can be estimated by making simplifying assumptions about the geometry of the components and tracks, or by direct measurements. Simulations and experiments verify how inductive and capacitive couplings through each path may produce substantial EMI measured by the LISN. Being based on a lumped circuit approach, the proposed model is easy to apply in practice for understanding, diagnosing and approximating EMI behaviors.     

Improved planar spiral transformer theory applied to a miniaturelumped element quadrature hybrid

In this paper, an improved method of determining the primary-to-secondary coupling capacitance for planar spiral transformers (PST's) is presented, which enhances previous work. A more general monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) compatible lumped element multisection model is also presented based on symmetric-width uniformly coupled transmission lines. These techniques were developed to design a 90° hybrid as a MMIC with a center frequency of 2.5 GHz. The design was frequency scaled to 0.5 GHz and fabricated in the microwave integrated circuit (MIC) for verification. Producibility is enhanced and coupling is effectively increased with the novel use of series capacitors which cancel some of the self-inductance of the transformers. Measured results are presented for both a quadrature hybrid and the individual PST used in the quadrature hybrid. The measured results show excellent agreement with the computer models     

振荡型有源集成天线

研制中心频率为18 GHz的振荡型有源集成天线,包括微带天线设计、单片压控振荡器(MMIC VCO)的设计及微带天线与单片压控振荡器二者的集成。微带天线的芯片面积为4.5 mm×3.5 mm,增益为3.67 dB,中心频率为18.032 GHz,最小输入驻波系数为1.098;单片压控振荡器芯片面积1.1 mm×1.0 mm,调谐范围为15.978～18.247 GHz,输出功率大于6 dBm。振荡型有源集成天线的方向图测试结果与微带天线的特性符合,该振荡型有源集成天线能够正常工作。     

Computer-Aided Synthesis of Lumped Lossy Matching Networks for Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits ( MMIC's)

A systematic computer-aided synthesis (CAS) technique of lumped Iossy matching networks is presented in this paper. This exact synthesis procedure can take arbitrary finite quality factor Q for each lumped element in the matching network and therefore facilitate the circuit design for monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC's) where the loss of the passive elements is too large to be neglected. The gain-band-width limitations of some useful lumped Iossy matching networks are discussed in detail and are summarized in a set of gain-bandwidth constraint plots. An interactive computer program LUMSYN is developed to solve this lumped Iossy synthesis problem. LUMSYN is a general-purpose CAS program which can be used by microwave circuit designers with limited background in network synthesis to carry out Iow-noise and power amplifier designs in MMIC's. Finally, a design example of broad-band monolithic microwave low-noise amplifier using a state-of-the-art low-noise submicron gate-length GaAs MESFET is presented to illustrate the computer-aided synthesis of MMIC amplifiers.