Cr—Mo—V钢蠕变裂纹开裂和扩展研究

研究了低合金Cr-Mo-V 钢在脆性和韧性状态时蠕变裂纹开裂和扩展速度。试验证明:随着蠕变断裂韧性提高,Cr-Mo-V钢蠕变裂纹扩展速度明显地降低。适当降低钢的强度,而提高其蠕变断裂韧性δ_(ce),则25 Cr 2 Mo1 V 钢的螺栓断裂寿命显著改善。文内提出了蠕变裂纹开裂准则和蠕变裂纹扩展速度与力学参量及蠕变断裂韧性δ_(ce)间关系式。     

3Cr—1Mo—0.25V—Ti—B钢锻件的工艺试验

1前言在重油裂解及煤炭液化等合成燃料的生产工艺中，设备需要在高温高压加氢反应条件下运转，原来的2．25Cr－1Mo钢在环境强度以及经济性等方面就显得不太适用。因此从80年代初开始国际上相继开发新型Cr－Mo钢，日本制钢所首先开发出了3Cr－1Mo－0．25V－Ti－B钢，1988年被纳入ASME规范，牌号为SA336－F3V。目前已有几十台SA336－F3V钢制加氢反应器投产使用，我公司自1994年开始进行3Cr．1Mo．0．25V－Ti－B钢材料的开发研究，并完成了工业性中间试验的基本工作。2材料的技术指标3Cr－1Mo－0．25V－Ti－B钢对应于ASME规范中…     

三种压力容器用钢的抗氢蚀能力及其服役寿命估算

研究了三种常用压力容器用钢20G、1．25Cr—0．5Mo和2．25Cr-1Mo的抗氢蚀能力。充氢试验后，20G钢发生了严重的氢腐蚀，出现整体脱碳，并导致抗拉和屈服强度以及伸长率的严重下降；1．25Cr-0．5Mo钢在原奥氏体晶界上出现少量氢蚀孔洞，抗拉和屈服强度有少量下降，但伸长率没有明显变化；而2．25Cr-1Mo钢则没有任何氢蚀迹象。同时，通过对这三种钢的临氢服役寿命的估算也表明，2．25Cr-1Mo钢的抗氢蚀能力远高于1．25Cr-0．5Mo钢，而20G钢只有极低的抗氢蚀能力，与试验结论完全符合。该估算方法可以替代经验Nelson曲线并补充其应用的不足。     

2．25 Cr－1 Mo和2．25 Cr－1 Mo－0．25 V钢加氢反应器材料和制造经验

介绍了ASME规范和API标准对2．25Cr－1Mo钢和2．25Cr－1Mo－0．25V钢材料和制造方面的规定,梳理总结了国内外专利商技术文件对2．25Cr－1Mo钢和2．25Cr－1Mo－0．25V钢焊材和母材在回火脆性、力学性能、再热裂纹等方面的要求。     

小冲杆试验评价材料的断裂韧度

为了评价材料断裂韧度，通过小冲杆试验对2．25Cr1Mo的回火脆态、脱脆态、焊缝区以及1．25Cr0．5Mo钢进行了试验研究，并对所得的小冲杆试验数据进行了分析。结果表明小冲杆等效断裂应变εe与小冲杆能量Esp之间存在重要的线性关系；同时发现断裂点的小冲杆能量值与材料的断裂韧度值线性相关。该方法为无法获取标准试样进行材料抗断裂性能评价场合提供了一种可行的测试技术。     

模拟焊后热处理对12Cr2Mo1锻件力学性能的影响

12Cr2Mo1钢锻件做为承压设备常用材料,模拟焊后热处理对其力学性能有着重要的影响,通过热处理试验、拉伸试验、冲击试验和金相检验等手段分析了模拟焊后热处理温度对12Cr2Mo1钢锻件力学性能影响.结果表明,12Cr2Mo1钢锻件的模拟焊后热处理温度宜选择在670～690℃左右;模拟焊后热处理温度过低,得不到最优的冲击...     

三种汽轮机转子钢的高周疲劳性能

针对符合转子制造技术规范的25Cr2MoVA钢、25Cr2Mo1VA钢和40Cr钢进行了高周疲劳试验,基于无疲劳极限半对数曲线模型拟合得到了三种钢的P-S-N曲线,并分析了疲劳断口形貌。结果表明:疲劳循环108周次时,25Cr2MoVA钢、25Cr2Mo1VA钢和40Cr钢疲劳极限分别为465,455,460MPa;随着应力降低,三种钢的疲劳寿命均持续增加,P-S-N曲线下降的趋势变缓,但未出现显著的水平平台;三种钢的疲劳裂纹均萌生于材料表面,裂纹扩展呈放射状,25Cr2MoVA钢和25Cr2Mo1VA钢瞬断区具有韧窝特征,它们的韧性优于40Cr钢的;在遭受次同步振荡时,25Cr2MoVA钢转子的安全可靠性最高。     

25Cr2MoVA和B16螺栓在法兰接头中的抗蠕变性能

利用CSS-3910型电子高温持久蠕变试验机,获得常见螺栓材料B16、25Cr2Mo VA在高温550℃的长时间的单轴拉伸蠕变试验曲线,利用诺顿方程拟合得到材料的蠕变方程。利用有限元软件ANSYS建立金属与金属接触型(MMC)法兰接头三维有限元模型,分析2种不同螺栓材料蠕变对MMC型法兰接头密封性能的影响。结果表明,对于550℃操作温度下的MMC型螺栓法兰接头,B16螺栓抗蠕变性能显著优于25Cr2Mo VA螺栓,在整个服役期内MMC均未发生脱离,密封可靠。因此,当螺栓法兰接头温度高于500℃时,选择B16螺栓来代替25Cr2Mo VA螺栓可获得更可靠的密封效果。     

蠕变局部损伤理论在裂纹扩展研究中的应用

根据局部损伤理论和相似原理,给出了蠕变裂纹启裂前的孕育上下限时间并了蠕变裂纹扩展率方程。在常载荷下用2．25Cr-1Mo钢作了蠕变裂纹扩展试验,高拘束使早期局部损失发展迅速,试验结果与孕育结果下限接近。稳诚预测值由于忽略未开裂部分材质劣化而略低于试验结果值。     

小冲杆试验方法评价1.25Cr0.5Mo珠光体钢的蠕变性能

对1．25Cr0．5Mo珠光体钢的小冲杆蠕变试验结果和传统蠕变试验结果进行比较。试验结果表明小冲杆蠕变试验所获得的中心挠度变形曲线与传统蠕变试验的应变变形曲线是相似的。同时也发现在相同的断裂时间下,小冲杆蠕变试验中所施加的载荷值与传统蠕变试验的应力值的比值在一定载荷范围内为一恒量。在本次研究中,一些在传统蠕变试验中常用的经验公式如Larson—Miller法则、Dorn方程、Monkman-Grant关系式等被用束分析小冲杆蠕变试验。所得结论与传统蠕变试验的结论是相近的。综上所述,小冲杆试验方法可以用于高温下服役材料蠕变性能的评价。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.