现代水资源管理理念科学探究

随着用水资源矛盾的日益突出,水资源管理理念也产生了变化。本文通过对现代水资源管理新思想的剖析,从制度、技术、保障三个方面入手,阐述了今后水资源管理工作的理念。     

Strengthening Community Water Supply Management and Striving for Improved Sanitation in Sudan

Abstract

Although the amount of water on our planet is relatively fixed, it remains essential for all living things as well as hydropower generation, navigation, industrial use, etc. It is also becoming increasingly necessary for the growth and economic well being of industry. It is vital, therefore, that this scarce resource is well managed to meet the needs of a growing population as well as the demands of increased industrialisation throughout Sudan. Water and raw materials may be transported for long distances to reach domestic consumers and industries. Domestic and industrial wastes, however, must be dealt with where they are generated. In large cities, waste management has been difficult because of rapid urban growth. Environmental and water pollution is now a major concern throughout Sudan. An integrated approach to tackle water pollution issues should be adopted by industries, communities, local authorities, central governments, and professionals working in the sector. Most polluters give little or no attention to the control and proper management of the polluting effluents. This may be due to lack of enforceable legislation and/or the fear of spending money on the treatment of their effluent prior to discharge. Furthermore, the fines imposed on offenders are generally too low and therefore do not deter would be offenders.     

Participatory water management and adoption of micro-irrigation systems: smallholder farmers in arid north-western China

Abstract

This study investigates smallholder farmers’ participation in and knowledge of village-based water user associations in north-western China, and analyzes their interplay with membership in water associations and installation and application of micro-irrigation systems. Using farmer survey data, a multivariate probit model is built to analyze the effects of influential factors. Results show significant effects of farmers’ perceptions of water shortage and its causes, attitudes to water conservation, village-based information, and incentives on the membership in water user associations and installation and application of micro-irrigation. Policies promoting micro-irrigation adoption should target decentralized water management and facilitate farmers’ participation.     

参与式灌溉管理在疏勒河流域灌区的实践

随着农业种植结构的调整和水利工程管理体制的改革,甘肃省疏勒河流域灌区围绕改善农业生产基本条件、调整农业结构、减轻农民负担、增加农民收入的目标,进行了灌区管理机制的改革,积极推广农民用水户参与式灌溉管理.通过3年的实践,健全了协会的管理职能,明确了协会和用水户的责任、权利、义务,避免了搭车收费现象,促进了节约用水.     

基层水管单位水利工程管理现代化实践及探讨

以实证分析的方式,对淮委沂沭泗水利管理局所属的沂沭河水利局在水利工程管理现代化建设方面的实践进行全面分析,对基层水管单位的水利工程管理现代化现状、存在问题、建议对策进行阐述,并根据水利现代化宏观趋势,对基层水管单位如何进一步做好水利工程管理现代化工作进行探讨,在规划指导思想、具体工作措施方面提出建议,以供借鉴。     

Institutional Aspects of Water Management in Central Asia Water Users Associations

Abstract

The way water resources in the former Soviet Union (FSU) were managed in the second half of the past century had both positive and negative effects and contributed to the existing situation. On the one hand, extensive development of water resources led to the transformation of millions of hectares of virgin lands into agricultural production, providing millions of people with food and livelihoods. On the other hand, the over-exploitation of water resources led to drastic changes of the environment: many water bodies, such as lakes, small rivers, and delta wetlands dried up. The Aral Sea basin is one of the dramatic examples of the negative impacts of large-scale irrigation interventions. The state-controlled era of development in the Soviet period has a legacy of standardized procedures and rules formulated at the top. The shortcomings of such a water management included fragmentation, duplication, and a highly administrative approach without considering the needs of the environment and input of water users into planning, allocating, and managing of water resources. This paper presents an analytical view of the role and importance of water users organizations/associations (WUOs/WUAs) in the irrigated agriculture and under irrigation management transfer (IMT) in Central Asia region. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and the Scientific Information Center of Interstate Coordination Water Commission (SIC ICWC) conducted the “Best Practices.” Projects including activities covered Syr Darya and Amu Darya basins of Central Asia. During the first stage of the project (01.04.1002-31.03.2002), the monitoring objects were: 30 district water management organizations (DWMO), eight WUAs, 58 collective farms (CCF), and 61 private farms (PPF) from eight provinces Central Asia) project for conserving water resources by involving water users into water savings. The primary strategy was to propagate application of inexpensive technical and managerial methods and measures to save water by users themselves. The project is a joint project of IWMI and SIC ICWC aimed to monitor and disseminate the best practices of water conservation initiated by water users. The first year of the “Best Practices” project accomplished a broader involvement of water users into the water conserving methods, therefore continuing the beneficial good water management practices. It also continued to involve the water supplying organizations and various groups of water users (collective farms, farmers, and water users' associations). The major interest was to analyze the impacts of the different water conservation and management practices on productivity of water use.     

菏泽市水资源现状分析及水资源管理的措施研究

本文介绍了菏泽市水资源利用现状,通过分析缺水原因,菏泽市水行政主管部门实施了最严格的水资源管理措施,不断加强水利工程建设、水资源管理机构建设和水政执法监督,增强水资源利用率,严格落实水资源论证与取用水制度,实施最严格的水资源管理考核制度。     

跨流域调水水资源管理问题分析及建议

随着新《中华人民共和国水法》的出台以及《取水许可和水资源费征收管理条例》的颁布，我国对水资源管理日益重视，各地方及流域机构对取水许可和水资源有偿使用制度的实施也更加严格。文章从我国现状水管理体制出发，论述分析了跨流域调水水资源管理中存在的研究问题，并在跨流域调水的管理机制与体制、水资源论证、取水管理、用水管理等方面给出了一些建议。     

GEF海河流域水资源与水环境综合管理知识管理系统

GEF海河流域水资源与水环境综合管理知识管理系统是GEF海河项目的核心内容之一,是海河流域水资源和水环境管理信息的存储、管理和共享交换中心;利用先进的3S（GIS/RS/GPS）和IT技术,建设流域水资源与水环境知识共享平台,实现海河流域水利与环保部门之间的信息交流与共享;以遥感监测ET为管理措施、水功能区为管理单元、水权为管理核心、模型为支撑工具、取水许可与排污许可为控制手段,构建海河流域水资源与水环境综合业务管理系统;该系统的建设为加强海河流域水资源与水环境综合管理,促进各级水行政管理部门间的协调合作,改善海河流域水资源与水环境状况提供了重要的技术手段和成功经验。     

日本水资源开发利用与管理概况

日本水资源的管理和实施由多个政府部门和组织共同完成,"治水与用水分离,多龙管水"是日本水资源管理体制的最大特点。国土交通省负责制定水资源开发与管理政策、水供求计划、库区开发及与其他相关省厅局及机构间的综合政策协调;厚生劳动省负责居民生活用水供应管理;农林水产省负责农业用水供应;经济产业省负责工业供水和水力发电;环境省负责水质与环境保护。日本存在缺水、供水稳定性下降和饮用水安全等问题,其妥善应对水问题的策略包括促进健全水循环、中水回用、现有水利设施的高效利用、复兴与培养水文化、虚拟水战略等。今后日本将更加关注伴随气候变化、全球变暖而来的极端少雨、降雪减少及融雪提前等现象。     

韩国水资源与水环境管理总体计划

对韩国水资源与水环境管理总体计划情况做了介绍，对韩国的地形地貌和水文特性进行了简要说明，对5个水资源长期总体计划的要点进行了回顾，对洪水预报与径流，冲刷与淤积，供水与排水，生态水力学与河流恢复四类水问题的历史和发展趋势进行了描述，通过对韩国水资源协会会刊的分析，对水资源研究进行了分类，对通过改进水资源技术解决缺水问题的21世纪探索性研究计划，按照基本概念和研究课题进行了介绍。     

水足迹在河北省水资源管理中的实证研究

虚拟水和水足迹是当今水科学研究的新热点,被认为是解决粮食与水资源安全的重要策略,是衡量人类对水资源系统真实占有量的有效手段。首先介绍了虚拟水、水足迹的概念及其相关理论与计算方法,然后在可获取的实际资料的基础上,计算了2000-2007年河北省居民消费的虚拟水数量和水足迹总量。结果表明：全省8年间的虚拟水消费量在水足迹构成中所占比重最大,同时全省人均水足迹占有量逐年增加,但仍处于较低水平。研究结果可为河北省水资源的可持续管理决策提供相应的理论支持。     

Integrated Water Resources Management and the Hydrosocial Balance

Abstract

During the last seven years, the author has developed a new analytic framework for the understanding of out-stream flows in any catchment or region. This is termed the area's “hydrosocial balance” because the flows from which it is constructed are hydrosocial rather than hydrological. Until now this meta-theory has been limited to flow quantities. The present paper extends the scope of the hydrosocial balance to issues of water qualities. The conjoint framework is then applied to a case-study of an island in the English Channel—Jersey—well known for its agricultural outputs, its financial services sector, and its tourist industry. The paper shows how general lessons for integrated water resources management can be drawn from the Jersey fieldwork: a world in a grain of sand.     

实施水资源统一管理,保障山西省水资源可持续利用

山西省属资源型缺水省份，水资源短缺已经成为经济社会发展和人民生活水平提高的“瓶颈”，在此形势下，必须理顺水资源管理体制，实现水资源统一管理，从而为实现山西省水资源的可持续利用提供战略保障。     

水资源管理产生、范畴与变革

以自然界水文循环为基础,以水与人类社会的关系为主线,系统分析了水资源及水资源管理的内涵,揭示了水资源管理产生与发展历程,对我国目前存在的水资源管理深层次问题进行了分析与思考,在此基础上构建了相对完整的水资源管理模型。针对目前面临的水资源短缺状况,分析了水资源管理的模式与内容及其发展趋势。     

ET管理在农业用水规划中的应用

ET是水资源最主要的消耗量,基于ET的水资源管理实现了由传统的"供水管理"向"需水管理"的真正转变.阐述了ET分类及其实用的确定方法,针对ET管理在农业用水规划和管理中应用,详细介绍了其应用步骤,并以成安县的应用实例,说明ET管理在资源型缺水地区农田灌溉用水管理中成效显著.     

创建节水型社会加强节约用水管理措施

河北省是一个极度缺水的省份，要实现水资源的可持续利用，在进行水资源科学配置、适当开辟新水源和外流域调水的同时，必须坚持不懈地实行全社会节约用水。该文提出了在节水过程中应加强的管理措施。     

水利改革发展对水资源规划与管理需求分析

总结了国内外传统水利发展沿革,提出传统水利发展存在的问题,进而分析了新时期水利改革发展的趋势。在此基础上．总结分析了新时期水利改革发展大背景下水资源规划与管理的需求．为我国水利改革发展提供技术支撑和经验总结。     

美国的水土保持及小流域治理

在分析美国水土资源及开发情况的基础上，系统评述美国水土保持及小流域治理的管理经验及技术措施，对中、美两国的国情及治理模式的差异进行对比，分析并提出了在水土保持及小流域治理方面可以借鉴的经验。     

Sustainable Development and Management of Water Resources for Urban Water Supply in Hong Kong

Abstract

Hong Kong, now a Special Administrative Region of China, is a very special and unique place in the world. Although the territory is located in the humid subtropics, local water resources are very limited because of its geographical setting and physical environment. Hong Kong's urban water supply has its uniqueness and has gone through a history of developing local resources and transferring water from the East River (Dongjiang) basin in mainland China over the past half century. This paper aims to present the experience and challenges in developing water supplies and managing water resources in Hong Kong. First, the availability of local water resources is evaluated in the context of the territory's geographical setting. Second, the approaches adopted for developing urban water supply from local resources and more importantly, by making use of water imported from the Dongjiang, are presented and reviewed. Finally, a number of sustainability issues in Hong Kong's urban water supply are addressed with an emphasis on the problems and prospect of the Dongjiang water resources in the future