非理想炸药爆炸试验及威力评估（英文）

对HMX基含铝炸药进行了自由场爆炸试验,通过理论计算和仪器测量获得了爆炸冲击波参数和火球热效应数据。依据爆炸效应,提出了一种针对含铝炸药爆炸威力的评价方法。结果显示,在试验范围内,相比TNT炸药,该含铝炸药的冲击波超压(Δp)和冲量(I)在最大处分别提高了33.1%和28.9%;火球的温度、尺寸也更高、更大,在高温区域(温度大于2000℃),该含铝炸药的温度持续时间是TNT的7倍;提出的对含铝炸药爆炸威力评价的方法更能精确揭示含铝炸药的综合爆炸性能,该方法也可以应用到其他相似含铝炸药爆炸威力的评价上。     

CL-20基含铝炸药组分微结构对其爆炸释能特性的影响

为了改善铝粉在CL-20基含铝炸药中的反应动力学特性,利用溶剂-非溶剂法制备了CL-20/Al复合颗粒,实现了CL-20与Al在微结构上的紧密结合,通过直接法制备了由CL-20/Al复合颗粒构成的组分质量分数为85%CL-20/10%Al/5%黏结剂的含铝炸药,并与常规法制备的相同组成的CL-20基含铝炸药进行了机械感度、爆热、爆炸罐试验和圆筒试验等结果的对比。结果表明,CL-20/Al复合颗粒会使含铝炸药的撞击感度略有提高,而摩擦感度不变,但总体上对机械感度影响不大;通过CL-20/Al在微结构上的复合,缩短了Al粉与爆轰产物之间的扩散距离,可以显著改善Al粉的反应动力学性能,提高Al粉在含铝炸药爆炸过程中的反应完全性,促使部分Al粉在爆轰区内参与反应,相比于常规法制备的相同组成的含铝炸药,可使含铝炸药的爆热从6787J/g提高至6930J/g,爆炸罐内爆炸场最高温度从544.3℃提高至661.2℃,格尼系数由2.88mm/μs提高至3.10mm/μs。     

铝粉含量对梯铝炸药爆压和冲击波参数的影响

测试了以TNT为基不同含量含铝炸药的爆压和空中爆炸冲击波参数,通过分析铝粉对炸药爆压、空中爆炸参数和爆炸冲击波超压的影响,建立了爆压与铝氧比的关系曲线、5种TNT基含铝炸药的冲击波相似律方程和TNT/Al炸药的爆压与空中爆炸冲击波超压的关系式.结果表明,随着铝粉含量的增加,炸药的爆压呈指数衰减,近距离的冲击波超压也快速减小,但爆炸场温度和爆炸火球的直径及持续时间会增大.     

RDX基铝纤维炸药水下爆炸的能量分析

将RDX基铝纤维炸药和RDX基含铝炸药进行水下爆炸实验,得到两种炸药在不同位置的压力-时程曲线,经过计算得到两种炸药水下爆炸的能量,并以含铝炸药的能量为铝纤维炸药的参考能量,分析两者的差异及造成差异的原因。结果表明,与含铝炸药相比,铝纤维炸药的压力峰值与冲量降低,铝纤维炸药的比冲击波能降低11%～22%,比气泡能降低11%～15%,比爆炸能降低11%～18%。铝纤维炸药的比爆炸能占爆热的73%～82%,低于含铝粉炸药比爆炸能与爆热的比值(89%～94%)。铝纤维炸药能量未达到其参考能量的主要原因是铝纤维直径较大导致反应不充分以及熔喷法制成的铝纤维中Al2O3含量较高。     

环境氧含量对含铝炸药爆热的影响

利用恒温式量热计测定了3种含铝炸药在不同环境中的爆热,研究了其能量释放规律。结果表明,含铝炸药在真空、空气和纯氧环境中的爆热逐渐增高,固体爆轰产物存在一定差异。3种含铝炸药在纯氧中的爆热基本相当,说明发生了完全燃烧反应。在真空和空气环境中,含细铝粉(中位径12.43μm)的含铝炸药爆热均低于含粗铝粉(中位径74.14μm)的炸药。两种粒度铝粉级配后的含铝炸药,在真空和空气环境中的爆热处于铝粉未级配的炸药爆热之间,原因是没有达到细铝粉先反应、粗铝粉后反应的理想状态。     

RDX基含铝炸药的热爆发活化能及动力学补偿效应

采用5s爆发点试验获得了12种RDX和铝粉含量不同的RDX基含铝炸药的热爆发动力学参数(lnA和Eb).结果表明,随着RDX含量的增加,Eb先下降后升高,发现该炸药体系的热爆发动力学参数lnA和Eb之间存在补偿效应.根据热爆发温度Tb与RDX和铝粉含量的关系以及动力学补偿效应,从理论上导出了热爆发活化能Eb与RDX和铝...     

DNTF基含硼和含铝炸药的水下能量

理论计算了DNTF基含硼和含铝炸药的爆炸性能参数,通过水下能量及爆热测试研究了它们的能量特性.结果表明,含硼质量分数15%的DNTF基炸药水下能量可达到2.1倍TNT当量,并出现最大值.含铝质量分数10%～50%的DNTF基炸药的水下能量随铝含量的增加呈上升趋势,其最大值可达到2.67倍TNT当量.当铅或硼的质量分数低于18%时,含硼DNTF炸药的能量高于含铝炸药.硼铝联用,也可获得较好的能量特性.     

AP对炸药空中爆炸参数的影响

为研究AP对炸药空中爆炸性能的影响,在RDX和HMX基混合炸药和含铝炸药中添加AP,并进行了空中爆炸性能试验.从冲击波超压、爆炸火球的最大半径及火球持续时间、爆炸场温度等方面分析了AP对炸药空中爆炸性能的影响.结果表明,AP对空中爆炸冲击波超压的影响与主炸药的种类有关,加入AP后,混合炸药的冲击波超压降低,含铝炸药的冲击波超压增大;随着AP含量的增加,最大火球半径和火球持续时间及爆炸场温度都减小.     

真空环境下铝含量对HMX基炸药爆炸场压力和温度的影响

为研究真空环境下铝粉含量对HMX基含铝炸药爆炸反应机制的影响,利用密闭爆炸罐测量了铝质量分数为15%(OA1)、20%(OA2)、25%(OA3)和30%(OA4)4种含铝炸药的爆炸场压力与温度,并采集分析了炸药爆炸气体产物。结果表明,4种含铝炸药的准静态压力大小依次为OA2OA1OA3OA4,炸药OA2爆炸威力最大;爆炸场平衡温度高低依次为OA4OA3OA2OA1,表明平衡温度随炸药中铝粉含量的增大而升高;首次峰值温度高低依次为OA1OA2OA3OA4,炸药OA1和OA2到达首峰温度值的时间远快于炸药OA3和OA4,除炸药OA1外其余3种炸药均有二次峰值出现,说明含铝质量分数15%和20%的炸药中部分铝粉提前反应;铝粉反应率大小依次为OA1OA2OA3OA4,表明随铝粉含量的增加,铝粉反应完全性降低。     

含铝炸药爆炸光辐射能量输出特性研究

通过爆炸光辐射特性试验研究,获取了含铝炸药装药在不同反应阶段的可见光、红外光时程曲线,计算了不同波段光辐射的能量利用率;基于含铝炸药的爆炸能量输出结构,分析了含铝炸药爆炸光辐射能量输出特性和激发特性规律。结果表明,可见光、中波红外和长波红外3个频段的光辐射强度分别在含铝炸药爆炸爆轰反应阶段、无氧燃烧反应阶段和有氧燃烧反应阶段达到最大峰值,与不同阶段的反应机制和释能特性吻合;含铝炸药常规爆炸的光辐射在试验工况测量波段的能量利用率为5.91%,与核爆炸模式的光辐射转化率存在数量级上的差异,但通过优化炸药配方设计和复合装药结构等技术途径仍可能有较大的提升空间,可为光电对抗提供新型技术途径。     

用C80量热仪研究重铵油炸药的热分解特性

借助C80微量量热仪研究了多孔粒状铵油炸药、3种常用的重铵油炸药（乳化炸药/多孔粒状铵油炸药质量百分比分别为25/75、50/50、75/25）、乳化炸药的热分解特性,以升温速率0.2 K·min^-1时的C80热流速曲线数据为基础,求解了5种炸药试样热分解反应的反应热（ΔH）、表观活化能（E_a）、指前因子（lnA）等热力学和动力学参数。结果表明：乳化炸药的存在抑制了多孔粒状铵油炸药的热分解反应,使其开始发生热分解反应的温度被明显提高。重铵油炸药的表观活化能和放热反应开始温度均高于多孔粒状铵油炸药和乳化炸药,由此得出重铵油炸药的热稳定性高于多孔粒状铵油炸药和乳化炸药的热稳定性。     

Thermal and Sensitivity Study of Dihydroxyl Ammonium 5,5′‐Bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate (TKX‐50)‐based Melt Cast Explosive Formulations

Dihydroxyl ammonium 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate (TKX‐50) is a promising energetic material with predicted performance similar to RDX as well as to CL‐20. In the present study, TKX‐50 was evaluated as a possible replacement for RDX in TNT‐based, aluminized as well as non‐aluminized melt cast formulations. Thermal analysis reveals the compatibility of TKX‐50 with benchmark explosives like RDX and TNT in explosive formulations. This paper describes the thermal and sensitivity study of TKX‐50 with RDX and TNT‐based melt cast explosives. The result indicated that TKX‐50 can be effectively used as a RDX replacement in melt cast explosive formulations. TKX‐50/TNT‐based aluminized composition shows more thermal stability than RDX/TNT based composition, which clearly indicated the usefulness of TKX‐50 in melt cast explosive formulations.     

Comparison of underwater shock wave attenuation of a new insensitive high explosive with different explosives

A series of experiments is performed to compare underwater shock wave attenuation of a new insensitive and aluminized high explosive RS with TNT, JH14, and PBXN-111 explosives. A new model with a uniform expression is proposed to characterize the pressure-time histories of the explosives. Numerical results show that the new model is applicable for both aluminized explosives and ideal explosives. The correlation coefficients for fitted curves are verified by thousands of test data for different explosives, and the accuracy is above 0.99. The energy of the underwater shock wave generated by PBXN-111 and TNT characterized by the new model agrees well with available experimental results. In addition, the shock energy of the new insensitive and aluminized high explosive RS is higher than that of PBXN-11 by 13.4%. The general performance of underwater shock wave attenuation of the insensitive and aluminized high explosive RS is found to be better than that of TNT, JH14, and PBXN-111 explosives.     

炸药爆炸能量的水中测试与分析

介绍了炸药爆炸能量的水中测试方法,对TNT和3种新设计的含铝炸药进行了水中爆炸的实验研究,比较了各炸药的爆炸性能.结果表明,发现冲击波峰值超压、冲量和冲击波能流密度等参数较好地符合爆炸相似律,得到了新配方各参数的爆炸相似律系数.计算了炸药的冲击波能和气泡能,并提出了计算爆炸总能量的方法.把实验测得的炸药的总能量与KHTR程序计算的爆热进行对比,二者符合得较好,说明了KHTR程序可用.     

Highly Thermal Stable TATB‐based Aluminized Explosives Realizing Optimized Balance between Thermal Stability and Detonation Performance

In this work, a series of TATB‐based aluminized explosives were formulated from 1, 3, 5‐triamino‐2, 4, 6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB), aluminum powders and polymeric binders. The thermal stability, heat of detonation, detonation velocity and pressure of the TATB based aluminized (TATB/Al) explosives were systematically investigated by cook‐off, constant temperature calorimeter, electrometric method and manganin piezo resistance gauge, respectively. The selected PBX‐3 (70 wt% TATB/25 wt% Al/5 wt% fluorine resin) achieved optimized balance between thermal stability and detonation performance, with the thermal runaway temperature around 583 K. The thermal ignition of TATB‐based aluminized explosive occurred at the edge of the cylinder according to the experimental and numerical simulations. Moreover, the critical thermal runaway temperature for PBX‐3 was calculated based on the Semenov's thermal explosion theory and the thermal decomposition kinetic parameters of the explosive, which was consistent with the experimental value.     

Effects of Aluminum Content on TNT Detonation and Aluminum Combustion using Electrical Conductivity Measurements

To improve the understanding how aluminum contributes in non‐ideal explosive mixtures, cast‐cured formulations were analyzed in a series of electrical conductivity experiments. Five types of TNT‐based aluminized explosives, with aluminum mass fractions from 0 % to 20 % were considered in this study. The electrical conductivity of the detonation products in aluminized explosives was measured using an improved conductivity measurement method. The conductivity measurement results show that the detonation process of TNT‐based aluminized explosives can be divided into two stages: the first stage is the detonation reaction of TNT, and the second stage is the combustion reaction of aluminum with the detonation products. In the first stage, the duration of the TNT detonation increases with increased aluminum content; examination of the peak conductivities of the explosives with various aluminum contents indicated that a higher aluminum content is associated with a lower peak conductivity. Additionally, the ignition time of Al in the second stage is also determined. This work not only presents a means for studying the detonation process of aluminized explosives at 0–2.21 μs, but it also verified the relationship between the aluminum content and electrical conductivity in detonation products.     

Analysis of Post Detonation Products of Different Explosive Charges

High explosive charges containing TNT, Comp. B, PBXN-106, TNT/TATB and the aluminium containing charges TNT/AN/Al, Comp. B/Al and a PBX high explosive with polyurethane binder, RDX, AP and Al have been initiated in a containment of 1.5 m³ in argon atmosphere. The gaseous and solid products were analyzed by mass spectrometry and other techniques. From the reaction products, the completeness of the Al reaction under different conditions was evaluated. The heat of detonation was calculated from the heat of formation of the products and the components of the explosive charges. The method described is suitable for studying the reaction behavior of components in composite explosives, especially of less sensitive high explosives.     

Energetic Characteristics of HMX‐Based Explosives Containing LiH

The high energy density compound octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) and the strong exothermic compound LiH represent an excellent principal explosive and an active fuel, respectively. Herein, the energetic characteristics of HMX‐based explosives are explored by adding LiH as fuel additive. The detonation parameters of HMX‐based explosives containing LiH were tested with free‐field explosion experiments and compared with those of traditional TNT, HMX, and aluminized explosives. The results show that the explosives exhibit higher energy and present preferable explosion effect when LiH is added as an explosive ingredient. The improvement of impulse is more than 32.8 % at 2 m. The shock wave peak overpressure increases by almost 40 % at a distance of 3 m from detonation center specially for the explosive containing both LiH and Al additives. Elemental H and Li are expected to release tremendous energy to effectively improve the explosives instant damage power, but the detonation duration is shorter than that of Al‐containing mixed explosives, which may limit the advantage over Al in the impulse. Li₂CO₃ powder is the solid product of HMX/LiH, which explains the LiH oxidation during the explosion. The exothermic processes in the formation are the reason for the increased energy of HMX/LiH explosives. These results can provide guidance to a potential energetic system formed by HMX and LiH.     

Evaluation of Plastic Bonded Explosive (PBX) Formulations Based on RDX,Aluminum, and HTPB for Underwater Applications

Aluminized high explosives are known to give better underwater performance. All explosive formulations for underwater targets are filled into warheads and shells by casting method. TNT, a high explosive is used as casting medium due to its lower melting point. Plastic bonded explosives are fast replacing TNT‐based high explosive formulations for the reasons that they are more insensitive and low vulnerable explosives with better shelf life. Few aluminized plastic bonded explosive formulations based on RDX, aluminum, and HTPB have been processed, varying the aluminum content from 0 to 35% and evaluated underwater. The present paper discusses the experimental methodology adopted to evaluate the above formulations for their ballistic parameters, viz., peak over pressure and impulse. Explosion bulge tests have been conducted with each explosive formulation and extent of bulge in test plates is presented and compared with a standard underwater explosive, viz., HBX‐3.     

Modification of W/O Emulsions by Demilitarized Composition B

A series of W/O emulsion explosives containing 30–50 wt‐% of the demilitarized mixture RDX/TNT (Composition B 50/50) was prepared. Detonation velocities and relative explosive strengths of these mixtures were determined and their detonation characteristics were calculated according to the EU standard methods for commercial explosives. Thermal reactivities of the most reactive components of these W/O mixtures were examined by means of differential thermal analysis and outputs were analyzed according to the Kissinger method. The reactivities, expressed as the E_a ⋅ R⁻¹ slopes of the Kissinger relationship, correlate with the squares of the detonation velocities of the corresponding explosive mixtures. It was found that fortification of the W/O emulsions by the demilitarized mixture RDX/TNT allows modification of detonation velocities of the resulting emulsion explosives within relatively broad limits. However, the effect of this admixture on the relative explosive strength is not well defined. Nevertheless, fortification in this sense can give rock‐blasting explosives with a performance on the level of industrial powdered amatols.