ZrO_2添加量对镍–钴–二氧化锆复合镀层微观结构和性能的影响

在由80 g/L Ni(NH_2SO_3)_2·4H_2O、12 g/L Co(NH_2SO_3)_2·4H_2O和40 g/L H_3BO_3组成的基础镀液中加入ZrO_2纳米粒子(平均直径50 nm),通过超声辅助电沉积法制备了Ni–Co–ZrO_2复合镀层,工艺条件为:pH 4.0,电流密度5 A/dm~2,温度50℃,超声功率240 W,极间距40 mm。研究了ZrO_2添加量对Ni–Co–ZrO_2复合镀层的微观结构、显微硬度、耐磨性和热稳定性的影响。ZrO_2纳米粒子的引入使所得复合镀层的表面更加平整、致密,镀层中Ni–Co合金的固溶体结构未发生变化,只是晶粒的择优取向和生长改变。当镀液中ZrO_2添加量为10 g/L时,所得Ni–Co–ZrO_2复合镀层具有较高的显微硬度以及较好的耐磨性和热稳定性。     

电流密度对喷射电沉积钴–镍合金镀层组织及性能的影响

采用NiSO_4·6H_2O与CoSO_4·7H_2O的质量浓度比不同的镀液在黄铜上喷射电沉积Co–Ni合金,研究了电流密度对Co–Ni合金镀层表面形貌、元素组成、晶体结构、显微硬度和耐磨性的影响。结果表明:随着电流密度的增大,Co–Ni合金镀层的晶粒先细化后粗化,Co含量减小。镀层在Co含量高于85%时基本为密排六方(hcp)相,低于85%时为hcp和面心立方(fcc)两相共存。镀层的晶粒越细,则显微硬度越高,耐磨性越好。在CoSO_4·7H_2O和NiSO_4·7H_2O的质量浓度分别为200 g/L和100 g/L的条件下,镀层受电流密度的影响较小,Co含量稳定在96%左右,表面均匀致密,显微硬度高达425 HV,耐磨性较好。     

Ni-P-纳米Al2O3复合镀层耐磨性能研究

本文通过在Ni-P合金化学镀液中加入纳米α-Al2O3颗粒,获得Ni–P–纳米Al2O3复合镀层。采用SEM对Ni–P–Al2O3复合镀层的表面形貌进行分析;采用EDX对复合镀层中的元素进行分析;用显微硬度计测量了不同Al2O3质量分数下镀层的硬度值;通过MM-W1立式万能摩擦磨损试验机对复合镀层的磨损性能进行了评价,并分析了复合镀层的磨损机理。结果表明:纳米Al2O3的加入可以增加镀层的硬度,并能有效地降低摩擦副之间的犁沟效应及摩擦表面发生粘着的面积,从而减少镀层的磨损。     

镍基纳米SiC-Al2O3复合电刷镀层的组织及性能

在45#钢基体上制备了n-Al2O3/Ni和n-SiC–Al2O3/Ni复合刷镀层,采用能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和T-11球盘式磨损试验机等设备对比研究了2种复合刷镀层的组织及性能。EDS分析结果表明,n–Al2O3/Ni复合刷镀层中纳米颗粒特征元素Al的质量分数为5.65%,n-SiC–Al2O3/Ni复合刷镀层中纳米颗粒特征元素Al的质量分数为5.63%,Si元素的质量分数为4.86%。SEM分析结果表明,与n-Al2O3/Ni复合刷镀层相比,n-SiC–Al2O3/Ni复合刷镀层的表面更加平整,组织更加细化。n-SiC–Al2O3/Ni和n-Al2O3/Ni复合刷镀层的显微硬度分别为587HV和555HV,n-SiC–Al2O3/Ni复合刷镀层的耐磨性是n-Al2O3/Ni复合刷镀层的1.7倍。     

高频脉冲电镀制备镍–钴/碳化硅复合镀层

采用高频脉冲电沉积法在不锈钢板上制备Ni–Co/SiC复合镀层。研究了镀液中SiC含量、脉冲频率、占空比以及平均电流密度对复合镀层中Si含量的影响,得到的较佳工艺参数为:纳米SiC 8 g/L,脉冲频率60 kHz,平均电流密度3～4 A/dm2,占空比0.32,温度40°C,pH 4.0～5.0,时间60 min。对比研究了较佳工艺下制备的Ni–Co/SiC和Ni–Co镀层的表面形貌和相结构。结果表明,Ni–Co/SiC复合镀层的表面比Ni–Co合金镀层更细致均匀,SiC具有细化镀层晶粒的作用。     

正向脉冲占空比对Ni–W–P–CeO_2–SiO_2纳米复合镀层性能的影响

通过Ni、W、P与CeO2、SiO2纳米颗粒的脉冲共沉积,在普通碳钢表面制备了Ni–W–P–CeO2–SiO2纳米复合镀层。在一定的脉冲频率和平均电流密度下,研究了正向脉冲占空比对纳米复合镀层的化学组成、沉积速率、显微硬度和显微组织的影响。结果表明:增大正向脉冲占空比时,纳米复合镀层的晶粒尺寸增大,沉积速率和显微硬度降低。当正向脉冲占空比控制在10%时,沉积速率最快(为48.6μm/h),显微硬度最高(为696HV)。纳米复合镀层中的P含量随着正向脉冲占空比的增大而增加,但CeO2、SiO2纳米颗粒及W的含量不断降低,正向脉冲占空比对W的沉积量影响最明显。     

纳米化学复合镀镍–磷–氧化铝工艺

通过正交试验对45钢上复合化学镀Ni–P–Al2O3的工艺条件进行优化,得到的最佳工艺条件为:NiSO4·7H2O 25 g/L,NaH2PO2·H2O 30 g/L,CH3COONa 15 g/L,NaF 0.4 g/L,乳酸20 mL/L,硫脲20 mg/L,十二烷基磺酸钠0.1 g/L,纳米α-Al2O35 g/L,温度90°C,pH 4.8,时间2 h,转速300 r/min。分别采用扫描电镜、能谱仪、维氏硬度仪和电化学工作站对镀层的微观形貌、组成、显微硬度以及耐蚀性进行表征。在最优工艺下制备的Ni–P–Al2O3复合镀层,Al2O3微粒分布均匀,结构致密,显微硬度为204 HV,耐蚀性均优于Ni–P镀层。     

电沉积铜–镍–锡–聚四氟乙烯复合镀层及其性能

针对Cu–Ni–Sn合金自润滑性能差的问题,向Cu–Ni–Sn合金镀液中加入聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)乳液,采用电沉积法在45钢表面制备了Cu–Ni–Sn–PTFE复合镀层。镀液组成和工艺条件为:氰化亚铜35 g/L,游离氰化钠10 g/L,锡酸钠10 g/L,氯化镍15 g/L,蛋氨酸20 g/L,甲基磺酸18 g/L,60%PTFE乳液5~15 m L/L,电流密度1 A/dm~2,温度50~60°C,pH 10,时间2 h。考察了镀液PTFE含量对镀层的耐磨性、显微硬度、结合力、PTFE含量以及外观的影响,表征了Cu–Ni–Sn–PTFE复合镀层的形貌、结构和成分。随着镀液PTFE含量的升高,镀层的耐磨性改善,但显微硬度和结合力下降,厚度和PTFE含量则先升后降。镀液中PTFE的最佳添加量为10 m L/L,此添加量下所得Cu–Ni–Sn–PTFE复合镀层的综合性能最佳。     

电刷镀镍–钨–二硫化钼复合镀层的组织和耐摩擦磨损性能

采用复合电刷镀工艺在2Cr13不锈钢基材上制备了Ni–W–纳米MoS_2复合镀层。采用扫描电镜、显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机对镀层微观形貌、显微硬度和耐摩擦磨损性能进行分析。结果表明:与Ni–W合金镀层相比,Ni–W–纳米MoS_2复合镀层的表面更加平整、致密,显微硬度较低,耐摩擦磨损性能较优。随镀液中Mo S2纳米颗粒质量浓度的增大,复合镀层的摩擦因数小幅下降,磨损量先降后升。当镀液含20 g/L MoS_2时,所得Ni–W–纳米MoS_2复合镀层的综合性能最优。     

氨基磺酸盐体系复合电沉积镍-钴-氧化钇工艺的正交优化

通过正交试验对超声波辅助复合电沉积Ni–Co–Y2O3工艺进行优化,得到最佳镀液组成和工艺参数为:Ni(NH2SO3)2·4H2O100 g/L,Co(SO3NH2)2·4H2O 20 g/L,H3BO3 40 g/L,纳米Y2O3 3.0 g/L,p H 4.2,温度40°C,电流密度5 A/dm2,超声波功率300 W,时间1.25 h。在最优工艺下所得Ni–Co–Y2O3复合镀层细致、平整,含0.98%(质量分数)的Y2O3颗粒,显微硬度为538.85 HV,耐磨性较优。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。