Performance analysis and optimization for impulse radio and direct-sequence impulse radio in multiuser interference

The performance of two ultra wideband communication systems is investigated. The first system is the classical impulse radio (IR). The second is obtained by adding a direct-sequence (DS) code to the IR system, and is termed direct-sequence impulse radio (DS-IR). For both systems, binary pulse amplitude modulation is considered. The performance of IR and DS-IR is analyzed in a multiuser scenario, assuming an ideal channel and a correlation receiver. The performance analysis is original and general. It yields simple and exact formulas relating the performance to the system parameters. The analysis shows that IR suffers a performance degradation with respect to DS-IR unless the system parameters are chosen carefully. An optimum shape for the monocycle is identified, yielding an upper bound to the performance. The optimum system achieving this upper bound is shown to be, in principle, feasible for both DS-IR and IR. The degradation experienced by real systems with respect to the optimum system is also evaluated. Furthermore, it is shown that DS-IR has practical advantages with respect to IR. Simulations are included to validate the theoretical findings.     

Narrowband interference suppression in time-hopping impulse radio ultra-wideband communications

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology has been considered an innovative solution for future short-range high-speed wireless communications. Interference suppression is important for the UWB devices to operate over spectrum occupied by narrowband systems. In this paper, the use of a notch filter in time-hopping impulse radio (TH-IR) for UWB communication is considered, where a Gaussian monopulse is employed with pulse position modulation. Lognormal channel fading is assumed, and a complete analytical framework is provided for the performance evaluation of using a transversal-type notch filter to reject narrowband interference (NBI). A closed-form expression of bit-error probability is derived, and the numerical results show that the use of a notch filter can improve the system performance significantly. Furthermore, a performance comparison between TH-IR and multicarrier code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) UWB systems is made under the conditions of the same transmit power, the same data rate, and the same bandwidth. It is shown that in the presence of NBI, the TH-IR system and MC-CDMA system achieve similar performance when both use a notch filter.     

Multistage block-spreading for impulse radio multiple access through ISI channels

Transmitting digital information using ultra-short pulses, impulse radio (IR) has received increasing interest for multiple access (MA). When IRMA systems have to operate in dense multipath environments, the multiple user interference (MUI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) induced, adversely affect system capacity and performance. Analog IRMA utilizes pulse position modulation (PPM) and random time-hopping codes to mitigate ISI and suppress MUI statistically. We develop an all-digital IRMA scheme that relies on multistage block-spreading (MS-BS), and judiciously designed transceiver pairs to eliminate MUI deterministically, and regardless of ISI multipath effects. Our proposed MS-BS-IRMA system can accommodate a large number of users and is capable of providing different users with variable transmission rates, which is important for multimedia applications. Unlike conventional IRMA systems, MS-BS-IRMA exhibits no degradation in bit-error rate performance, as the number of users increases.     

Narrowband Interference Mitigation in Impulse Radio

Impulse radio (IR) systems have drawn attention during the last few years. These systems are planned to coexist with narrowband systems without interfering them. Nevertheless, the narrowband systems can cause interference which may jam the IR receiver. This letter analyzes a low-complexity narrowband interference (NBI)-mitigation algorithm for IR systems, based on minimal mean-square error combining. Theoretical analysis reveals that these algorithms nearly eliminate the NBI. The concept is also extended to the case where the receiver has more correlators than channel taps.     

不同频率位置的窄带干扰对DSSS通信性能的影响分析

衡量窄带干扰抑制算法性能高低的一个主要标准是评估干扰处于最恶劣频率位置时的干扰输出平均功率的大小。在扩频序列周期很长且严格平衡的理想条件下,最恶劣干扰的频率位置为DSSS信号载波频率。基于典型的m序列DSSS系统,分析了处在不同频率位置的窄带干扰对DSSS系统的影响,所得结果与理想条件有所不同,这对于扩频系统的设计与应用具有指导意义。     

Training Sequence Design for NBI Mitigation in Compressive Sensing UWB Systems

Ultra wideband (UWB) is a promising technology in delivering high data rate for short range wireless communication systems. Because of their large bandwidth, UWB signals may encounter some problems especially with high sampling rate requirements. Moreover, coherence existence with other narrowband systems is a major concern which needs to be addressed through proper mechanisms. The problem becomes so complex if multiple users exist. Since narrowband interference (NBI) signals have sparse representation in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain, they can be estimated and suppressed using Compressive Sensing (CS). CS also has the ability to reduce the high sampling rate requirements. For training based NBI mitigation with CS, three groups of pilot symbols are used to estimate the NBI signal subspace, the UWB signal subspace, and to provide information about the channel. In this paper, the distribution of pilot symbols among the three groups is investigated in the presence of strong NBI. The investigation is based on the bit error rate performance and throughput. The influence of each pilot symbols group is studied. The performance is also evaluated in the presence of multiuser interference in addition to the NBI. Simulation results show that the size of the third group of pilot symbols which is used to estimate the channel is the most dominant one.     

Frequency shift keyed narrowband interference rejection: optimal exponential weighting factor for the RLS algorithm

Cochannel narrowband interference can limit the performance of direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and high frequency (HF) systems. Narrowband interference (NBI) can be single tone, chirped or frequency shift keyed (FSK) in nature and numerous techniques for its removal have been proposed. Linear adaptive prediction filters based on autoregressive modelling have been suggested owing to their ability to perform in a non-stationary environment. In the FSK narrowband interference case, adaptive filters are susceptible to excess residual errors owing to instantaneous frequency step changes and the finite convergence time required for the filter to adapt to a new interference frequency. The signal degradation owing to this type of interference becomes greater in high SNR regimes and has been found to be a function of the frequency parameters of the FSK interference signal. The paper discusses the convergence and frequency tracking properties of the recursive least squares (RLS) adaptive lattice filter using a posteriori estimation errors in the presence of FSK narrowband interference. An optimal exponential weighting factor that balances convergence time and steady state error is derived for this case of NBI. Results are compared to those of a previously proposed fast converging minimum frequency error (FCMFE) RLS lattice filter.     

基于CEEMD和排列熵的SAR窄带干扰抑制方法

为了有效抑制合成孔径雷达（SAR）系统中常见的窄带干扰（NBI）,本文提出一种基于互补集合经验模态分解（CEEMD）和排列熵（PE）的NBI抑制方法。矩峰度系数法用于检测原始回波中是否存在NBI,对包含NBI的回波使用CEEMD将其分解为一系列本征模态函数（IMF）。计算所有IMF排列熵得到全局阈值以区分NBI和有用信号,并使用去除NBI后的IMF分量重建信号以获得良好聚焦的SAR图像。结果表明：所提方法能有效克服经验模态分解（EMD）带来的模态混叠问题,且干扰抑制性能优于传统频域陷波法及基于EMD的NBI抑制方法。     

Linear unbiased data estimation in mobile radio systems applyingCDMA

Data estimation in the uplink of a synchronous mobile radio system applying code-division multiple access (CDMA) is considered. In mobile radio systems applying CDMA, multipath propagation leads to intersymbol interference (ISI) and together with time variance, to cross interference between the signals of different users regardless of whether the user codes are chosen orthogonal or not. A linear unbiased data estimation algorithm is presented that eliminates both ISI and cross interference perfectly by jointly detecting the different user signals, leading to unbiased estimates of the transmitted data symbols. By theoretical analysis and simulation, the performance of the linear unbiased data estimation algorithm is examined under the assumption that the radio channel impulse responses are known at the receiver. The price to be paid for the interference elimination are SNR degradations, which are calculated for typical mobile radio situations in urban areas. The resulting average uncoded bit error probabilities lead to the conclusion that systems applying the linear unbiased data estimation algorithm are well suited for mobile radio applications     

基于子空间跟踪的宽带短波探测低失真窄带干扰抑制算法

短波信道中窄带干扰分布密集,导致宽带短波探测系统接收信噪比恶化。针对传统子空间跟踪干扰抑制后信号失真较大而严重影响电离层信道参数精确提取的问题,论文基于自适应子空间跟踪提出了一种新颖的双子空间频谱标识算法,在抑制干扰的同时有效减小了信号失真。该算法利用基带探测信号频谱对称特性,通过干扰子空间标识得到非对称干扰频带内的有用信号;且使用信号子空间标识将干扰频带与信号频带有效分离实现干扰抑制。仿真分析与实测数据处理效果表明,双子空间频谱标识算法较大程度地保持了接收信号的原始状态,处理后数据较传统算法可以获得更高的相关后信噪比,大增加了探测信号的捕获概率,对于短波电离层信道探测具有特殊的重要意义。      

基于变换域通信的OFDM系统窄带干扰抑制方法

为解决宽带OFDM系统易受传统窄带信号干扰的问题,采用基于变换域通信(TDC)的OFDM系统,通过在变换域中的电磁环境采样结果,对OFDM信号进行设计,避免使用受干扰频谱传送信息。该方法在强窄带干扰得到抑制的同时,信噪比也不容易受到变换域滤波的影响。在加性高斯白噪声信道中的仿真结果表明,基于TDC的干扰抑制方法能够有效地抑制宽带OFDM系统的窄带干扰。     

具有窄带干扰抑制能力的新型修正非线性chirp超宽带脉冲研究

超宽带（UWB）信号极宽的带宽使超宽带系统不可避免地与其频带内已有的窄带系统产生干扰。本文针对超宽带系统提出了两种新型的具有窄带干扰（NBI）抑制能力的修正非线性chirp超宽带波形。这两种波形基于窄脉冲超宽带的通信方式设计,其能量可以在时间上均匀分布,从而避免了高峰值功率的问题。此外这两种设计方法对有用信号没有损失,只需要对波形进行时域处理即可改变相应的频域特性。仿真结果和理论分析显示,基于这两种超宽带波形的直接序列扩频二进制相移键控超宽带（DS-BPSK UWB）系统,在抑制窄带干扰方面极大优于采用传统线性chirp波形的超宽带系统。      

基于自适应IIR陷波滤波器的窄带干扰抑制技术

在存在窄带干扰时，扩频通信系统的性能可以通过使用各种不同的抗干扰滤波器来进一步提高。文中研究了二阶自适应格型IIR陷波滤波器在直扩通信中抗窄带干扰的应用，推导了系统信噪比改善因子和误比特率的闭合表达式。计算机仿真表明了该分析结果的正确性。     

基于WD和时频滑窗掩膜的SAR干扰抑制算法

窄带干扰(NarrowBand Interference,NBI)和宽带干扰(WideBand Interference,WBI)的存在将会大幅度地降低合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像的质量.本文在对NBI和WBI的时频分析基础上,提出了一种基于Wigner分布(Wigner Distribution,WD)和时频面滑窗掩膜技术的干扰抑制算法.该算法首先利用瞬时时刻重构序列与原序列之间的联系,提出了一种基于WD的高效信号重构算法.然后采用平滑伪WD分布(Smoothed Pseudo Wigner Distribution,SPWD)作为时频掩膜抑制WD的交叉项,并结合WD信号重构算法和时频平面滑窗掩膜技术提取并重构干扰信号,最后将重构的干扰信号在原始回波中对消实现干扰抑制.该算法能有效抑制SAR图像中的时变NBI和WBI,同时能够尽可能保留有用信号.仿真数据和实测数据结果分析验证了本文方法的有效性.     

Interference mitigation in spread spectrum communication systemsusing time-frequency distributions

The capability of the time-frequency distributions (TFDs) to properly represent a single as well as multiple component signals in time and frequency permits the application of a new approach for interference excision in spread spectrum communication systems. The instantaneous frequency (IF) estimate from the TFD is used to construct a finite impulse response filter that reduces the interference power with a minimum possible distortion of the desired signal. The proposed technique is therefore a case of open-loop adaptive filtering. Three- and five-coefficient zero-phase excision filters are considered. Closed-form expressions of the improvement of SNR at the receiver correlator output using the TFD-based adaptive filtering are derived for two extreme cases of time-varying interferers, namely, those of fixed frequency sinusoids and randomly changing instantaneous frequencies. Simulation results including the bit error rates are presented for both swept and frequency hopping jammers     

一种新的基于脉冲超宽带系统的发送分集方案

本文针对UWB信道特点,提出了预瑞克(Pre-RAKE)与空时块码(STBC)结合的新的发送分集方案,采用了基于最小均方误差准则(MMSE)的Pre-RAKE参数估计算法.最后仿真结果表明,基于MMSE算法的发送分集方案对系统误码率性能有较大改善,尤其是多径衰落严重而且存在符号间干扰(ISI)和窄带干扰(NBI)的非视距(NLOS)信道性能改善明显.     

Residue number system assisted fast frequency-hopped synchronous ultra-wideband spread-spectrum multiple-access: a design alternative to impulse radio

Ultra-wideband (UWB) systems having a bandwidth on the order of gigahertz have received wide attention both in the US and in Europe. The family of UWB systems may communicate either, by generating ultra-wideband signals or with the aid of innovatively combining conventional narrowband, wideband, or broadband signals. At the time of writing, UWB systems have only been implemented using ultra-wideband signals, such as those known from impulse radio systems. Hence, in this paper, UWB systems using narrowband signals are explored as a design alternative, which are based on the well-known family of frequency-hopping (FH) spread-spectrum multiple-access techniques. In the proposed UWB system, FH is implemented using multistage frequency-hopping multiple access (MS/UWB FHMA). We highlight the principles of the synchronous MS/UWB FHMA communication system, investigate the associated spectrum assignment, and the residue number system (RNS) based FH strategy: detection of the received signal can be achieved with the aid of existing fast FH signal detection schemes. Our study shows that the RNS assisted FH strategy is capable of efficiently dividing the huge number of users supported by the synchronous MS/UWB FHMA system into a number of reduced-size user groups, where the multiuser interference only affects the users within the same group. Since the number of users in each group is only a small fraction of the total number of users supported by the synchronous MS/UWB FHMA system, advanced multiuser detection algorithms can be employed for achieving near-single-user performance at an acceptable complexity. Our results show that MS/UWB FHMA is capable of supporting an extremely high number of users, while employing relatively simple receivers.     

Equivalent system model and equalization of differential impulse radio UWB systems

A discrete-time equivalent system model is derived for differential and transmitted reference (TR) ultra-wideband (UWB) impulse radio (IR) systems, operating under heavy intersymbol-interference (ISI) caused by multipath propagation. In the systems discussed, data is transmitted using differential modulation on a frame-level, i.e., among UWB pulses. Multiple pulses (frames) are used to convey a single bit. Time hopping and amplitude codes are applied for multi user communications, employing a receiver front-end that consists of a bank of pulse-pair correlators. It is shown that these UWB systems are accurately modeled by second-order discrete-time Volterra systems. This proposed nonlinear equivalent system model is the basis for developing optimal and suboptimal receivers for differential UWB communications systems under ISI. As an example, we describe a maximum likelihood sequence detector with decision feedback, to be applied at the output of the receiver front-end sampled at symbol rate, and an adaptive inverse modeling equalizer. Both methods significantly increase the robustness in presence of multipath interference at tractable complexity.     

Fast-converging minimum frequency error RLS lattice filter for narrowband interference with discrete frequency steps

This paper discusses the fundamental convergence and frequency tracking properties of the recursive-least-squares (RLS) lattice filter in the presence of narrowband interference (NBI) whose frequency varies in discrete steps. It is shown for filters of this type, that the residual forward energy (RFE) after a frequency transition is a function of the input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), separation of the sequential frequencies and the filter time constant and is exponentially decaying in nature. Reducing the RFE is important in removing unwanted transient artefacts from the desired signal. The convergence behaviour of the RLS algorithm based on a posteriori estimation errors is analysed under a number of conditions by varying the SNR and frequency step size. In order to limit the impact of the RFE while maintaining a minimum frequency tracking error in steady conditions, a fast-converging minimum frequency error (FCMFE) RLS lattice filter is suggested. For comparison, a least-mean-square (LMS) based gradient-adaptive lattice (GAL) filter is also analysed for this class of narrowband interference.     

A framework for uplink power control in cellular radio systems

In cellular wireless communication systems, transmitted power is regulated to provide each user an acceptable connection by limiting the interference caused by other users. Several models have been considered including: (1) fixed base station assignment where the assignment of users to base stations is fixed, (2) minimum power assignment where a user is iteratively assigned to the base station at which its signal to interference ratio is highest, and (3) diversity reception where a user's signal is combined from several or perhaps all base stations. For the above models, the uplink power control problem can be reduced to finding a vector p of users' transmitter powers satisfying p⩾I(p) where the jth constraint p_j⩾I_j(p) describes the interference that user j must overcome to achieve an acceptable connection. This work unifies results found for these systems by identifying common properties of the interference constraints. It is also shown that systems in which transmitter powers are subject to maximum power limitations share these common properties. These properties permit a general proof of the synchronous and totally asynchronous convergence of the iteration p(t+1)=I(p(t)) to a unique fixed point at which total transmitted power is minimized