基于遗传算法的连通式油气悬架平顺性与道路友好性参数优化

为了改善大型工程车辆平顺性和道路友好性,以七自由度整车连通式油气悬架为研究对象,建立了考虑各元件非线性、路面输入四轮相关性的ADAMS/Simulink/AMESim联合仿真模型及多目标优化函数,并应用遗传算法进行联合仿真优化。结果表明：在车速为60Km/h情况下,与优化前相比,车身总加权加速度均方根值降低了42.5％,平顺性得到大幅改善,道路友好系数降低了4.5％,道路友好性也得到小幅改善。基于遗传算法的多软件联合仿真优化方法可同时提高车辆平顺性与道路友好性,并为今后多轴车辆底盘性能的仿真研究提供了参考。     

基于模态灵敏度分析的客车车身优化

针对提高国产某轻型客车的乘坐舒适性,解决车内振动和噪声剧烈问题,本文首先基于有限元仿真和道路试验的阶次跟踪方法进行振动和噪声原因分析,所确定的原因为轮胎激励引起的车身结构共振。为避免共振,以白车身钣金件和骨架的厚度为设计变量,以提高白车身前两阶固有频率为目的,用模态灵敏度理论对白车身进行优化设计和灵敏度分析。然后结合各钣金件和骨架的模态灵敏度和质量灵敏度,设计最优的改进方案并进行试验分析。对比优化前后的试验结果,验证了该优化方案的有效性与合理性。     

基于混合田口遗传算法的磁流变半主动悬架模糊控制

针对磁流变悬架的非线性以及动力学模型的不确定性,提出一种基于混合田口遗传算法的磁流变半主动悬架整车模糊控制策略。首先建立了基于磁流变减振器的整车动力学模型,并将车辆的振动控制分解垂向振动、俯仰、侧倾三个基本任务设计模糊控制器,进而设计了隶属函数和模糊控制规则;接着引入混合田口遗传算法实现对模糊控制器的隶属函数和模糊控制规则同时优化;最后进行实车道路试验来验证控制策略的有效性。试验结果表明,基于混合田口遗传算法的模糊控制能够降低确定路面激励下车身加速度峰峰值,降低随机路面激励下的加速度均方根值,显著提高车辆的平顺性,其控制效果要优于优化前的模糊控制策略。     

随机振动下多跨弹性支撑梁桥的冲击系数分析

基于随机振动理论和正交试验设计,研究了三跨弹性支撑梁桥的冲击系数及其影响因素。采用虚拟激励法求解桥梁在车辆和桥面不平顺作用下的随机响应,根据三倍标准差准则将桥梁挠度随机响应由统计结果转化为确定性值域,进而求得桥梁冲击系数。通过设计桥梁冲击系数影响因素的正交试验,研究了桥梁长度、桥梁刚度、桥面不平顺、车速、车体质量和车辆轴距对桥梁不同部位的冲击系数的影响规律及显著性。计算结果表明:算法高效、精确,有效克服多因素正交试验带来的庞大计算困难;桥梁不同部位的挠度冲击系数差异较大,且随着桥面不平顺等级的提高而增大;与其他因素相比,对冲击系数影响最为显著的是桥面不平顺,其次为桥梁长度和车速。     

基于多工况并行任务的摩托车悬架参数多目标优化

应用摩托车动力学软件BikeSim建立了人-车系统仿真模型,对加速/制动工况下的车身俯仰角和B级路面工况下等速行驶的整车平顺性分别进行了仿真;以加速/制动工况下的俯仰角最大值和等速B级路面工况下的车身垂向、俯仰振动加速度均方根值为优化目标,以悬架特性参数为设计变量,采用iSIGHT集成BikeSim和MATLAB建立两种工况的并行计算任务,对摩托车悬架系统进行了多目标优化,根据Pareto前沿提出了一种确定目标权重的方法,得到了最优解。优化前后结果对比表明：加速/制动俯仰角和平顺性均有改善。     

高度可调式抗侧倾液压互联悬架建模及控制策略研究

针对被动液压互联悬架不能主动适应路况变化,提出一种能够调节车身高度的液压互联悬架系统。通过优化系统参数,使装有液压互联悬架车辆的垂向刚度基本和原车一致;采用分层控制理论进行车身高度调节的切换控制策略研究;基于Car Sim、AMESim和Matlab/Simulink三个平台,搭建包含整车多体动力学模型和控制模型的联合仿真系统,并对切换过程、平顺性和操纵稳定性进行仿真分析。结果表明,该系统能够在不降低车辆平顺性的前提下,实现车身高度的按需调节,同时提高车辆的操纵稳定性。     

半主动抗俯仰液压互联悬架俯仰动力学的研究

在城市交通中,车辆频繁的加速和减速会引起车身俯仰振动,从而导致乘坐不适,甚至晕车。基于粒子群算法的类天棚控制和PID控制,研究一种阻尼连续可调的抗俯仰液压互联悬架系统。建立包含制动系统、轮胎和液压互联悬架系统的半车模型;分析液压互联悬架刚度阻尼特性和阻尼阀孔径对车身俯仰角平顺性的影响;设计类Skyhook和PID控制器,采用粒子群算法整定控制参数;利用Simulink和Amesim联合仿真模拟直线制动工况,分析平顺性优化效果和制动安全性。结果表明,与被动悬架相比,半主动抗液压互联悬架有效地提高车辆的平顺性。     

地震作用下高速列车与桥梁耦合振动分析

摘要: 为了研究地震作用下高速列车与桥梁耦合振动特性,通过分析JR300系列轮轨高速列车与高架桥在地震作用下的耦合振动,对轨道不平顺、不同地震波对耦合振动响应的影响进行比较研究。结果表明：轨道竖向不平顺会加大车体振动竖向加速度,在地震作用下,车体加速度会接近或超过规定限值;桥梁在地震与列车作用下,考虑轨道的竖向不平顺对桥梁的竖向响应影响较小;不同地震波激励对车桥振动响应影响有较大不同。     

单车过桥下弹性车体共振与消振现象分析

为研究弹性车体振动对车桥系统动力响应影响,将车体视为两端自由的均质等截面欧拉梁、转向架及轮对视为刚体,利用模态叠加法考虑简支梁变形,用轮轨密贴接触假设建立单车通过多跨简支梁的车桥系统动力学方程,并用Newmark-β数值积分法求解系统动力响应。以一系列正弦不平顺为系统激励,研究不平顺激扰下弹性车体共振与消振现象。结果表明,弹性振动主要改变车体的振动量,对桥梁振动反馈作用较小;弹性车体共振被激发时其动力响应被显著放大,共振速度由车辆定距与车体弹性自振频率决定;因存在轴距滤波,当不平顺波长满足弹性车体消振发生条件时车体动力响应被显著抑制。     

铁路卧铺客车人体振动舒适性建模与仿真

铁路卧铺客车乘客在卧姿状态下所承受的全身振动是影响其乘用舒适度的主要因素。研究了卧姿人体垂直振动模型,在铁道车辆二系悬挂动力学模型基础上,考虑卧铺的隔振作用与卧姿人体的垂直振动响应特性,建立了14自由度"人-铺-车辆"振动系统空间垂向耦合动力学模型,研究了在轨道随机不平顺激励下的卧姿人体垂直振动响应。应用卧姿人体全身振动舒适性评价标准,建立了铁路卧铺客车人体振动舒适性仿真流程。通过对人体头-臀二部位加速度均方根值先后进行部位计权和频率计权,得到卧铺客车卧姿人体振动舒适性指标。以M atlab为工具编制了卧铺客车人体振动舒适性仿真软件,交互输入车辆与人体的结构和动力学参数后,自动完成卧姿人体振动舒适性仿真计算,进而为铁路卧铺客车人体振动舒适性分析及车辆悬架参数优化提供了有效分析手段。     

Considerations in the design and sensitivity optimization of the micro tactile sensor

Although miniaturization has been considered the only technology with which to increase sensitivity of tactile sensors, we recently developed the micro tactile sensor (MTS) that performs with high sensitivity without microfabrication. In this study, we examined design and sensitivity optimization of the MTS using theory based upon Mason's equivalent circuit. The touch probe, which is attached to the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) element, was expressed as a purely inductive circuit component. Resonance frequency was calculated as a function of the length of the touch probe, and sensitivity was predicted to be dependent on the length. Furthermore, many kinds of MTS were fabricated with different touch probe lengths, and actual sensitivity was measured as phase shift between nonloaded and loaded conditions. And, from the consideration of theory and experimental data, a sensitivity coefficient was proposed and found to be useful.     

A unified inelastic constitutive theory for sintered powder metals

The inelastic behavior of powder metals is significantly influenced by hydrostatic stress. In this paper a unified theory is proposed that captures not only such time-dependent phenomena as creep, stress relaxation and rate sensitivity but also demonstrates a sensitivity to hydrostatic stress. The theory is developed from a dissipative potential function, which assures the inelastic boundary value problem is well posed with unique solutions.     

Theoretical limit of localized surface plasmon resonance sensitivity to local refractive index change and its comparison to conventional surface plasmon resonance sensor

In this paper, the theoretical sensitivity limit of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) to the surrounding dielectric environment is discussed. The presented theoretical analysis of the LSPR phenomenon is based on perturbation theory. Derived results can be further simplified assuming quasistatic limit. The developed theory shows that LSPR has a detection capability limit independent of the particle shape or arrangement. For a given structure, sensitivity is directly proportional to the resonance wavelength and depends on the fraction of the electromagnetic energy confined within the sensing volume. This fraction is always less than unity; therefore, one should not expect to find an optimized nanofeature geometry with a dramatic increase in sensitivity at a given wavelength. All theoretical results are supported by finite-difference time-domain calculations for gold nanoparticles of different geometries (rings, split rings, paired rings, and ring sandwiches). Numerical sensitivity calculations based on the shift of the extinction peak are in good agreement with values estimated by perturbation theory. Numerical analysis shows that, for thin (≤10 nm) analyte layers, sensitivity of the LSPR is comparable with a traditional surface plasmon resonance sensor and LSPR has the potential to be significantly less sensitive to temperature fluctuations.     

结构抗风设计敏感性分析

从结构随机风振分析的基本理论出发,通过对脉动风荷载特性与结构动力特性的探讨,提出了影响结构风振响应的3种关键效应,即尺度效应、频率效应和模态效应,推导了表征这3种关键效应的无量纲系数;在此基础上,提出了结构风敏感度的概念,并推导了以系统应变能为响应指标、以尺度效应系数、频率效应系数和模态效应系数表示的结构风敏感度计算公式;通过对典型屋盖结构的风敏感度分析,验证了相关理论的正确性.研究表明,风敏感度概念反映了结构的风振响应本质特征,实现了对结构风敏感性问题的客观、定量描述,是对现有结构抗风设计理论的一个补充.     

The Eleventh Renwick Memorial Lecture: The Nature Of Photographic Sensitivity

This paper reviews the work on photographic sensitivity which has been carried out by the author and his colleagues, and presents the conclusions which have been drawn from it. The earlier concept of the sensitivity speck has been replaced by that of the sensitivity centre. The sensitivity speck was assumed to consist of silver or of silver sulphide and to have the function of concentrating silver atoms: the sensitivity centre is a region of enhanced reactivity associated with a crystal imperfection. The conclusion is now that the principal function of the silver sulphide is to trap positive holes and thus to prevent the regression of latent image specks. The theory of dye sensitization has been extended and a number of new features introduced. According to present ideas, the latent image is formed in two stages. In the primary stage, electrons and positive holes are liberated and the positive holes are trapped with the production of interstitial silver ions. In the secondary stage these combine with the conduction electrons to form first latent pre-image specks, then latent sub-image specks, and finally stable latent image specks. A discussion of reciprocity failure is given. The new approach to the theory of photographic sensitivity, in which the role of kink sites Is emphasized throughout, leads to the enunciation of four basic principles which must be satisfied by any theory of the formation of the latent image. Of these, only the Gurney-Mott principle has previously been recognized.     

基于鞍点逼近的机械结构可靠性稳健优化设计

将可靠性优化设计理论与可靠性灵敏度分析方法相结合,讨论了机械零部件稳健优化设计的问题.系统地推导了基于鞍点逼近的可靠性灵敏度公式,并把可靠性灵敏度计算结果融入可靠性稳健优化设计模型之中,将可靠性稳健优化设计归结为满足可靠性要求的多目标优化问题.在基本随机参数概率分布已知的前提下,应用鞍点逼近技术,得到极限状态函数的分布函数与概率密度函数,并且将此结果应用到机械零部件的可靠性灵敏度分析中,进而实现了机械零部件的可靠性稳健优化设计.通过与Monte-Carlo方法计算所得的结果相比可知,应用鞍点逼近技术可以迅速、准确地得到机械零部件可靠性稳健设计信息．     

采煤机螺旋滚筒振动可靠性分析

为研究某型采煤机螺旋滚筒振动可靠性,根据实际工况模拟螺旋滚筒的瞬时冲击载荷,建立螺旋滚筒的有限元模型,对其进行振动模态分析,识别出主要模态参数和振型规律,发现截齿部位振动变形明显;建立了螺旋滚筒共振失效准则,结合可靠性灵敏度分析理论和BP神经网络,得到了滚筒结构参数,振动可靠性灵敏度,分析结构参数对振动可靠性的影响。结果表明,螺旋滚筒振动可靠度为0.999549。基于共振失效准则,将协同仿真技术与BP神经网络和可靠性灵敏度分析理论相结合,为采煤机螺旋滚筒的振动特性分析与结构设计提供理论方法和数据支撑。     

On the optical theory of underwater vision in humans

Defocus changes the visual contrast sensitivity function, thereby creating a complex curve with local dips and peaks. Since underwater vision in humans is severely defocused, we used optical theory and the phenomenon of spurious resolution to predict how well humans can see in this environment. The values obtained correspond well with experimental measurements of underwater human acuity from earlier studies and even point to an opportunity for humans with exceptional contrast sensitivity to see better underwater than the children in those studies. The same theory could be useful when discussing the visual acuity of amphibious animals, as they may use pupil constriction as a means of improving underwater vision.     

Fringe Formation in an In-Plane Displacement Measurement Configuration with Twofold Increase in Sensitivity: Theory and experiment

A fringe-formation theory for a dual-beam illumination configuration that leads to a twofold increase in sensitivity for the measurement of in-plane displacement is described. Here we have taken into account all four beams simultaneously that are generated at the image plane owing to two-beam illumination and their cross-interference terms for fringe formation. We show that the sensitivity obtainable is the usual interferometric sensitivity when we take into account all four beams simultaneously and doubles only when the retroreflected beams are observed. A detailed theory and an experimental demonstration of the method are presented.     

压杆稳定可靠性灵敏度设计

在稳定可靠性设计理论与灵敏度分析方法的基础上,研究了压杆稳定可靠性灵敏度设计问题。提出了稳定可靠性灵敏度设计的计算方法,给出了压杆可靠性灵敏度的变化规律,研究了设计参数的改变对压杆稳定可靠性的影响,为压杆稳定可靠性设计提供了理论依据。