混凝土圆柱体试件在低速冲击下动力效应的研究

为研究混凝土圆柱体试件在冲击荷载作用下的动力效应,利用落锤冲击试验机,对混凝土圆柱体试件在应变率100~101/s范围内进行轴向冲击试验,并采用混凝土连续面盖帽模型（CSCM）对试验过程进行数值模拟。试验中测量不同冲击速度及冲击边界下的锤头冲击力、试件轴向应变时程曲线,获取了试件破坏形态及破坏过程的高速影像,比较分析了不同冲击速度及边界条件下,试件应力、应变峰值,应变率及动力增强系数（DIF）的变化规律。结果表明：随冲击速度的增加,试件的应力、应变峰值,应变率及动力增强系数都呈增加的趋势,冲击力作用时间则减小。混凝土平均强度与冲击速度呈抛物线关系,应变率则与冲击速度呈线性关系。模拟结果表明,CSCM混凝土本构模型在低速冲击范围内,有很好的计算精度,模拟破坏形态与试验结果吻合良好。     

冲击荷载下基于埋入式光纤光栅传感器的混凝土动态应变测试

为实现冲击荷载下混凝土材料内动态应变的直接测量,研制了基于光纤Bragg光栅的混凝土光纤光栅应变传感器。将光纤光栅传感器埋入混凝土试件在SHPB装置上进行了冲击试验,由光纤传感器和粘贴于试件表面的电阻应变计分别测量了试件内和表面的动态应变。利用测量结果分析了混凝土在冲击荷载下的动态应力应变响应。对测量结果的分析和比较表明,采用埋入光纤传感器来实现混凝土结构内应变直接测量的方法可行、合理,研制的光纤光栅传感器适合于混凝土内动态应变测量,可更广泛地应用于混凝土、岩石等介质的动态性能试验及结构的动态响应测试中。     

UHMWPE纤维混凝土动态压缩力学性能研究

试验研究了一种捻制超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维增强的新型纤维混凝土动态压缩力学性能。研制了4种纤维体积掺量(0.3%、0.5%、0.7%、1.0%)的C70等级纤维混凝土,采用Φ100 mm分离式霍普金森压杆进行冲击压缩试验,研究了纤维混凝土在140~255 s~(-1)应变率下的动态压缩力学性能。试验结果表明:UHMWPE纤维混凝土抗压强度、峰值应变和弹性模量具有明显的应变率敏感性;纤维混凝土抗压强度应变率敏感性弱于素混凝土,但其弹性模量应变率敏感性强于素混凝土;动态强度增长因子与应变率对数呈线性关系,具体关系与纤维掺量相关。     

EPS混凝土的冲击力学行为及本构模型

采用大直径分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验装置研究了多种EPS体积掺量的EPS混凝土在不同应变率下的力学行为。分析了平均应变率以及EPS体积掺量对EPS混凝土的冲击力学性能的影响。采用朱-王-唐(ZWT)模型,在试验研究的基础上,建立了EPS混凝土非线性粘弹性本构模型。结果表明：在高应变率条件下,EPS混凝土的动态抗压强度与极限应变随平均应变率的提高近似线性增长,呈现出显著的应变率相关性。随着EPS体积掺量的增加,混凝土的动态抗压强度和弹性模量降低,变形能力得到改善。本构模型提供的理论曲线与试验曲线比较接近,ZWT模型可以较为准确地描述EPS混凝土的高应变率力学行为。     

光纤光栅传感器用于飞行试验应变测量的可行性研究

为推进光纤光栅(FBG)传感器在飞行试验应变测量中的应用,对其进行地面验证试验,并分析传感器封装结构、测试粘接工艺对应变测量的影响。FBG在飞行试验应用中具有体积小、质量轻的优势,但光纤易受损,需用不锈钢基片将光纤封装后使用AB胶与被测基体粘接。该文通过FBG与电阻应变计对比实验,验证其应变测量可行性,结果表明,FBG传感器响应趋势与电阻应变计一致,但封装后的FBG在胶结层存在较大应变损失;进一步建立应变传递模型进行仿真分析,定量计算测量误差,提出在满足飞行试验工艺可行性的前提下,胶结层厚度应尽量小,弹性模量应尽量大,即可有效提升FBG应变测量精度。     

透水沥青混凝土单轴冲击压缩特性研究

为研究透水沥青混凝土的动态力学特性,采用74 mm钢质分离式霍普金森压杆装置对不掺纤维和掺0.3%聚酯纤维的透水沥青混凝土进行了不同应变率的单轴冲击压缩试验。研究表明,透水沥青混凝土具有明显的应变率效应,试件压缩率随着应变率的增大而提高,掺聚酯纤维透水沥青混凝土的压缩率是不掺纤维的1.2倍左右;透水沥青混凝土的动态应力-应变曲线可分为弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段和破坏阶段。从试件的破坏形态可以看出,集料的断裂是透水沥青混凝土破坏的主要原因。在透水沥青混凝土中掺加聚酯纤维能够延缓裂缝的出现和开展,提高材料的冲击抗压强度,增幅最大为45.1%。     

闭孔泡沫铝的动态压缩性能试验研究

为了研究闭孔泡沫铝动态压缩性能的应变率效应,采用改进的INSTRON高速动力加载系统,对不同应变率下闭孔泡沫铝试件进行动态压缩试验研究。首先利用正向试验和反向试验技术对不同厚度的闭孔泡沫铝试件在同一加载速率下的动态压缩性能进行了研究,得到了在一定速率下消除泡沫铝动态压缩试验中惯性效应的合理试件厚度。进一步开展了闭孔泡沫铝试件在不同加载速率下的高速压缩试验,研究了其动态压缩性能随应变率的变化规律。结果表明在高速压缩下,闭孔泡沫铝的应力-应变曲线与准静态条件相同,具有明显的弹性段、平台段及压实段的3阶段特征。闭孔泡沫铝的平台应力具有明显的应变率效应,而致密应变在不同的应变率下表现出了不同的变化趋势,初步解释为泡沫铝孔壁塑性变形机制的改变以及波动效应的相互影响。闭孔泡沫铝的吸能能力随应变率的增加而明显提升。     

冲击荷载作用下早强EPS混凝土的力学性能

采用&;#61542;100mm分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar,简称SHPB）试验装置,对养护龄期分别为12h、24h和36h的早强聚苯乙烯混凝土（EPS）进行了冲击压缩试验,得到了相应的应力-应变曲线,并与养护龄期为28d的聚苯乙烯混凝土（EPS）的应力-应变曲线进行比较。结果表明：养护龄期为36h、28d的EPS混凝土随着应变率的增加,其冲击压缩强度也相应增加;养护龄期为12h、24h的EPS混凝土随着应变率的增加,其冲击压缩强度变化不明显。另外,还研究了试件动态抗压强度与平均应变率的关系和养护龄期对动态抗压强度的影响,证明了EPS混凝土的抗冲击性能随养护龄期的增长而增加。     

高温后钢管混凝土短柱落锤动态冲击试验研究

采用落锤冲击实验机进行了高温作用后钢管混凝土短柱抗冲击性能试验研究,通过试验研究试件所经历的最高温度、升降温全过程中轴压力水平、冲击速度、冲击能量和含钢率等参数对高温后钢管混凝土抗冲击性能的影响。试验量测了钢管混凝土应变、冲击力和压缩变形时程曲线,试验结果表明,试件所经历的最高温度、冲击速度、冲击能量和含钢率均对高温作用后钢管混凝土的动态力学性能有显著的影响,而升降温全过程中轴压力水平的影响较小。试件的轴向和径向残余变形随着试件所经历的最高温度、冲击能量、轴压比的增大而增大,随着含钢率的增大而减小。高温后钢管混凝土在冲击作用下产生了较大的压缩变形,延性有所下降,但仍能够保持很好的完整性,说明钢管混凝土在高温作用后有良好的抗冲击能力。     

FBG应变传感器的动态特性及其应用范围

通过对应变波的传播过程分析，研究了FBG（Fiber Bragg Grating）应变传感器的动态特性，给出了应变波传递到裸FBG上的滞后时间，估算了FBG应变传感器的最高工作频率，并将自行封装的FBG应变传感器粘贴于海底管线模型上进行了振动台试验，结果表明，FBG应变传感器适用于低频振动系统的监测需要，在对低频振动系统的监测中具有良好的工作性能。     

Theoretical Analysis on Strain Transfer Error of FBG Sensors Attached on Steel Structures Subjected to Fatigue Load

Fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have been increasingly adopted to detect the dynamic strain of structures. When the sensor is attached on the surface, adhesive material is employed to assist the installation, which leads to indirect contact of sensing fibre and the monitored structure. To correct the strain transfer error induced by the shear lag effect and improve the measurement accuracy of FBG sensors under dynamic response, strain transfer mechanism of a three‐layered testing model constituted of sensing fibre, adhesive layer and host material has been studied in this paper. Laboratory test on steel beam attached with FBG sensor under fatigue load has been projected to investigate the feasibility of the derived strain transfer formula, and numerical simulation by MATLAB has been used as a supporting tool to offer the reference dynamic strain. Based on the analysis, sensitive parameters that affect the strain transfer coefficient have been discussed to instruct the application design of FBG sensors. Results indicate that strain transfer coefficient under dynamic response is much lower than that in static state, and error modification is particularly significant; in the dynamic testing model, bonded length, shear modulus and thickness of adhesive layer are more sensitive, which should be precisely selected in practical engineering to guarantee the effective strain measurement.     

光纤Bragg光栅用于高频应变测试的研究

提出了一种传感部分采用光纤Bragg光栅(Fiber Bragg grating,FBG)传感器的高频应变测试新方法.设计并构建了基于非平衡马赫-曾德(Mach-Zehnder)干涉仪的高频解调系统.完整的测试系统由FBG传感器、高频应变产生装置和解调系统三部分组成.所产生的应变信号的频率可以通过专门的实验装置来控制,这是一种广泛用于测试材料机械性能的变形分离式霍布金逊压杆(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar,SHPB)实验装置,应变持续的时间根据与撞击弹性等径的冲锤长度计算.借助高频振动信号研究了测试系统可测信号的频率范围.给出了振动和冲击实验结果,并进行了讨论.所设计的系统可以实时测试动态应变的幅值,实验结果表明,该系统对频率为8kHz以下的信号具有好的响应.     

Pointwise fiber Bragg grating displacement sensor system for dynamic measurements

A method for setting up a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor which can measure the pointwise, out-of-plane or in-plane dynamic displacement is proposed. The proposed FBG sensor is reusable. A multiplexing demodulation system based on a single long-period fiber grating is used in this study. The experimental results of the steady-state motion for a multilayer piezoelectric actuator and the dynamic response of a cantilever beam subjected to impact loadings are presented. These results indicate that the proposed displacement sensor has the ability to measure the out-of-plane dynamic displacement with high sensitivity. Measurements for a piezoceramic plate excited by high frequency show that the proposed displacement sensor also has the ability to provide the in-plane dynamic displacement up to 20 kHz.     

Strain monitoring in composite-strengthened concrete structures using optical fibre sensors

In this paper, the mechanical behaviour of the composite-strengthened concrete structures is addressed. Optical fibre sensor presents a great deal of potential in monitoring the structural health condition of civil infrastructure elements after strengthening by externally bonded composite materials. The use of embedded optical fibre sensor for strain and temperature monitoring enables to reveal the status of the composite-strengthened structure in real-time remotely. In this paper, an experimental investigation on the composite-strengthened concrete structures with the embedment of fibre-optic Bragg grating (FBG) sensors is presented. Single- and multiplexed-point strain measuring techniques were used to measure strains of the structures. Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) method was used to measure strains in different points of the structure with using only one single optical fibre. All strains measured from the sensors were compared to conventional surface mounted strain gauges. Experimental results show that the use of the embedded FBG sensor can measure strain accurately and provide information to the operator that the structure is subjected to debond or micro-crack failure. Multiplexed FBG strain sensors enable to measure strain in different locations by occupying only one tiny optical fibre. Reduction of strength in composite laminate is resulted if the embedded optical fibre is aligned perpendicular to the load-bearing direction of the structure.     

纳米坐标测量机的三维接触式测头机构

介绍了一种新型的用于纳米坐标测量机的三维微纳米接触触发式测头机构.本测头以灵敏度高、抗干扰性强的布拉格光纤光栅(FBG)为测量的敏感元件,根据FBG对轴向应变变化敏感的特点,开发了一套有效触发测量力小的柔性悬架机构,该机构为三悬丝-六边中心连接体的悬架结构,相间隔的3边延伸悬臂与3根布拉格光纤光栅相连,当测球发生预行程变化时,由测杆带动柔性悬架机构产生偏摆,从而带动3根FBG发生轴向的拉伸或压缩,进而产生传感信号的输出.由于测头结构复位性是衡量测球和工件分离后能否回到初始位置的标准,是测头其他各项指标的基础,因此结合激光干涉仪和精密微动平台,采用光学非接触干涉测量方法对该测头机构的实际复位性能进行了测量.结果表明,测头系统采用15 N的预紧力安装悬丝,可得到较好的复位性和灵敏度,该测头机构复位性精度在20 nm以内,满足微纳米量级高精度测量的需要.     

胶粘剂对表贴式FBG传感器应变传递系数的影响

利用光纤光栅（FBG）传感器对基体表面应变进行测量,通常利用胶粘剂将光纤光栅传感器粘贴在基体表面,使其与基体协调变形。但胶粘剂在不同表面的粘接性能不同,对应变测量所造成的影响也就存在差异。针对这一问题,本文通过实验,简化应变传递模型,对比FBG传感器粘贴在等强度梁以及标准树脂试件的应变测量结果。结果表明:胶粘剂在基体表面的剪切强度越大,表面粘贴式FBG传感器的应变传递系数也越大。      

An experimental–numerical investigation of hydrothermal response in adhesively bonded composite structures

Water absorption and thermal response of adhesive composite joints were investigated by measurements and numerical simulations. Water diffusivity, saturation, swelling, and thermal expansion of the constituent materials and the joint were obtained from gravimetric experiments and strain measurements using embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. The mechanical response of these materials at different temperatures and water content was characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis. Thermal loading and water absorption in joint specimens were detected by monitoring the FBG wavelength shift caused by thermal expansion or water swelling. The measured parameters were used in finite element models to simulate the response of the embedded sensor. The good correlation of experimental data and simulations confirmed that the change in FBG wavelength could be accurately related to the thermal load or water absorption process. The suitability of the embedded FBG sensors for monitoring of water uptake in adhesive composite joints was demonstrated.     

用于非线性兰姆波检测的高灵敏度宽带光纤光栅传感器

光纤传感器因其灵敏度高,已逐渐应用于超声检测的研究中,但大多数光纤传感器的频带响应范围有限,约为几百k Hz,很难检测到更高频率的信号。所提出的光纤布拉格光栅(Fiber Bragg Grating,FBG)传感器的高频检测范围可以达到4 MHz左右,大大提高了其检测带宽范围。文中将传感器应用于304不锈钢板兰姆波的非线性检测,同时与传统超声换能器的检测结果做对比。实验结果表明,用脉冲波激励信号时,FBG传感器可以检测到钢板兰姆波的基频到五倍频信号,表明FBG在检测兰姆波非线性上是有很大潜力的。     

光纤光栅传感器在CFRP冲击载荷监测中的应用研究

提出了一种用光纤光栅传感器监测CFRP结构冲击载荷的方法,构建了冲击监测系统。将FBG传感器粘贴于CFRP试件表面构成传感网络,针对不同冲击点,同一传感器监测的冲击响应信号进行分析,CFRP试件的一阶、二阶谐振频率为53 Hz、100 Hz,不同谐振频率对应的幅值随冲击点的改变而不同。冲击CFRP试件,对FBG传感网络感知的冲击响应信号进行小波包分解,获得各传感器的小波包能量谱图。结果表明传感器信号的第6阶小波包能量变化明显,能量大小与冲击点和传感器之间的距离及其夹角有关。研究结果将为CFRP结构的动态监测领域提供了实验参考。     

Damage evaluation and strain monitoring for composite cylinders using tin-coated FBG sensors under low-velocity impacts

Background/purposeThe impact-induced damage of composite structures induced by low-velocity impacts were evaluated to verify the damage evaluation concept using the “memory effects” of tin-coated FBG sensors.MethodsLow-velocity impact tests for the composite cylinder with tin-coated FBG sensors were performed at three impact energies. Hoop ring tests for the composite cylinder including impact-induced damage were additionally undertaken in order to measure the burst pressure and to study the parameter correlations. The test results were compared with the numerical results obtained by a finite element analysis (FEA) based on a continuum damage mechanics (CDM) considering damage model. The parameter correlations among the impact parameters and the residual strains induced by tin-coated FBG sensors were investigated based on the tests results.ResultsImpact behaviors obtained by the tests and the numerical simulation were agreed well. It was found that tin-coated FBG sensors can monitor the strain of the composite cylinder under low-velocity impacts and their strain monitoring capability is comparable to that of normally used FBG sensors. The residual strains of tin-coated FBG sensors were correlated with the impact parameters such as the impact energy, the sensing position of the sensors, and the burst pressure of the composite cylinder.ConclusionThe correlations among the residual strains and the parameters proved the damage evaluation concept for composite cylinders using the “memory effects” of tin-coated FBG sensors under low-velocity impact conditions; that is, the impact-induced damage, impact location, and burst pressure can be inversely evaluated by referring to the correlations.