塑料食品接触材料中非有意添加物检测方法研究进展

食品接触材料(Food contact materials, FCMs) 与食品安全密切相关。FCMs能有效保护食品,防止其腐败变质,但在生产过程中可能会由于一些原因引发食品安全问题,其中从FCMs中迁移出的非有意添加物(non intentionally added substance,NIAS)成为影响食品安全的重要因素而引起社会各界的广泛关注。由于NIAS非常复杂,且相当数量未知,其检测成为我国乃至全球食品接触材料安全评价的关键点及难点。在这篇综述中,以塑料食品接触材料和NIAS为主,介绍塑料材料中的NIAS来源、种类、国内外相关法律法规、近年来研究现状以及分析方法,最后对NIAS检测以及Orbitrap高分辨质谱检测技术的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

食品接触材料中非有意添加物的检测方法

食品接触材料中的非有意添加物(non-intentionally added substance, NIAS)作为影响食品安全的重要因素而日益受到关注。对NIAS的化合物种类鉴定和含量测定是对食品接触材料进行安全评估和监管的前提条件。目前, 主流的分析策略是依据待测NIAS的挥发特性, 分别选择气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)或高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)进行分离和定量, 利用质谱(mass spectrometry, MS)谱图特征和色谱出峰时间(retention time, RT), 借助质谱数据库对NIAS进行定性。与欧洲国家相比, 我国在NIAS分析检测领域起步较晚, 亟需补强食品接触材料NIAS物质数据库和物质鉴定领域的研究基础。下一步建议加强化学结构分析的基础研究, 培养食品接触材料中NIAS鉴定人才团队, 构建食品接触材料中IAS和NIAS物质的信息数据库, 最终提高食品接触材料NIAS检测技术水平。     

欧洲纸业联盟发布纸类等包装生产新指南

2010年9月24日,FOODPRODUCTIONDAILY网站消息,欧洲纸业联盟（CEPI）发布了新的纸类和板类包装生产新指南。并表示,其针对纸类和板类接触材料（FCMs）的规范生产指南（GMP）将有助于确保纸质包装材料的安全。     

食品接触材料中非有意添加物的安全评估

食品接触材料所迁移出的非有意添加物(non intentionally added substance,NIAS)作为影响食品安全的重要因素而日益受到关注。由于这些NIAS来源复杂且相当数量是未知,给食品接触材料的安全评估和监管带来很大的挑战。基于毒理学关注阈值(threshold of toxicological concern,TTC)方法,结合Cramer决策树方法、化学和生物分析技术的使用,可建立一个针对食品接触材料中NIAS的快速筛查和安全评价模型,对缺乏完整毒理学数据且暴露量较低的化学物质进行风险评估。选择Cramer III所对应的1.5μg/kg BW作为NIAS通用安全暴露阈值,通过分步评估手段,可以得出所迁移未知物质是否需要予以安全关注,重点对食品接触材料迁移高于该TTC的物质进行进一步的确证和风险评估,实现对食品接触材料中高关注物的安全评价从基于检测限模式向TTC安全阈值模式的转变,从而避免不必要的动物试验,节约大量人力、物力和时间,有利于加快食品接触材料中低暴露量化学物质的风险评估和提升产品安全管理效能。     

食品塑料包装材料中邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己）酯的暴露评估

文中主要综述了食品塑料包装材料所用邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂中,邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己）酯（DEHP）的性质、来源、毒性及危害。提出了预防措施和建议,为食品塑料包装材料的安全陛以及包装食品的安全陛的相关研究提供参考依据。     

鹰嘴桃仁油的品质及挥发性成分研究

采用正己烷浸出法提取鹰嘴桃仁中油脂,对其主要理化性质（酸值、过氧化值、茴香胺值）和脂溶性伴随物（生育酚、甾醇及角鲨烯）含量进行分析,采用气相色谱质谱联用仪对其脂肪酸组成及挥发性成分进行研究。结果表明：以正己烷为提取剂,鹰嘴桃仁油得率为33.82%,酸值（KOH）为0.46 mg/g,过氧化值为1.66 mmol/kg,茴香胺值为0.86,符合我国植物油原油的卫生标准;鹰嘴桃仁油主要脂溶性伴随物为生育酚（174.28 μg/g）、角鲨烯（6.03 μg/g）和β-谷甾醇（2.68 μg/g）;鹰嘴桃仁油富含不饱和脂肪酸（93.56%）,主要是油酸（76.56%）和亚油酸（16.89%）;此外,鹰嘴桃仁油中共鉴定出33种挥发性成分,其中醛类是鹰嘴桃仁油风味物质的主要来源,占总挥发性成分的7193%,其中苯甲醛、糠醛、壬醛和异丁醛是主要风味物质。研究结果可为有效实现鹰嘴桃加工副产物的综合利用及鹰嘴桃仁油的进一步研究及高效利用奠定一定的理论基础。     

黄羽肉鸡屠宰过程中胴体表面腐败菌的变化

为了分析黄羽肉鸡屠宰加工环节的肉鸡胴体污染菌的菌群组成,本试验利用平板倾注法及Illumina MiSeq高通量测序高效地测定黄羽肉鸡屠宰过程中加工环境和胴体表面腐败菌的多样性。结果表明,净膛、预冷及分级是黄羽肉鸡菌落总数增长的主要污染来源工序,分级秤、分级车间工人手套、预冷槽及净膛工人手套为以上三个工序中污染来源接触面,且分级秤及分级车间工人手套所污染菌群是黄羽鸡胴体菌群的主要来源,使黄羽鸡胴体表面菌落总数及假单胞菌增长率高达24.13%、41.27%,经过分级秤及分级车间工人手后黄羽鸡菌落总数显著（P<0.05）增加至4.63 lg(CFU/g)。打毛后（DM）、净膛后（JH）、净膛消毒后（CH）黄羽鸡胴体优势菌主要为链球菌属（Streptococcus）,大肠杆菌属（Escherichia）和气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）。黄羽鸡经预冷槽预冷后气单胞菌属丰度大幅增加,链球菌属次之。经过分级秤分级后黄羽鸡胴体菌群中不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）为主要优势菌,巨球菌属（Macrococcus）次之。添加次氯酸电解水减菌后,黄羽肉鸡胴体表明气单胞菌属和链球菌属丰度大幅...     

甘南地区牦牛曲拉中细菌群落结构

基于Illumina MiSeq高通量测序平台,对甘南牦牛曲拉样品中细菌16S rRNA V3-V4区进行测序,通过α多样性、物种分类组成及β多样性分析对曲拉中细菌多样性及群落结构进行分析。结果表明：曲拉样品中优势门为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,优势属为乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、醋酸杆菌属（Acetobacter）、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）,不同来源的样品中群落组成存在差异;细菌的功能基因预测表明,不同来源样品的细菌群落之间存在差异。研究结果可为曲拉的利用和食用安全性提供理论依据。     

粟酒裂殖酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵对柚子果酒品质及风味的影响

以泸州真龙柚为原料,研究酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）、粟酒裂殖酵母（Schizosaccharomyces pombe）单独发酵及其混合发酵对柚子果酒品质及风味的影响。结果表明,不同发酵方式的发酵动力和果酒的理化性质均无显著差异（P>0.05）,但混合发酵果酒的感官评分最高。相较于果汁,柚子果酒的有机酸总量均显著降低（P<0.05）,3种果酒的挥发性风味成分的种类和含量存在显著差异（P<0.05）,其中混合发酵果酒中香气成分的种类（44种）和含量（12.30 mg/L）均最多。偏最小二乘法-判别分析（PLS-DA）结果表明,粟酒裂殖酵母单独发酵果酒的主要风味来源为辛酸乙酯、1-己醇、柠檬烯和圆柚酮;酿酒酵母单独发酵和混合发酵果酒风味主要来源为丁酸异丁酯、丁酸丁酯、月桂酸乙酯等酯类物质。感官评分和主要挥发性风味物质香气活度值（OAV）相关性分析结果表明,乙酸异戊酯、3-羟基-2-丁酮、癸醛等物质与果酒的香味、滋味和典型性均呈正相关。酿酒酵母和粟酒裂殖酵母混合发酵能促进果酒香气成分的生成,增加柚子果酒香气的丰富度和多样性。     

食品中微塑料的来源、分布特征及毒理学研究进展

食品已成为人体摄入微塑料（Microplastics,MPs）的主要来源。食品中的MPs主要来源于食品原料（包括鱼类、贝类、农作物、食盐和水等）、食品加工过程以及食品包装。MPs在食品中的丰度、形状、粒径及聚合物类型等分布特征与地理位置、人类活动以及食品工业类型等因素相关。目前,MPs的检测方法包括扫描电子显微镜和能量色散x射线光谱联用（Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy,SEM-EDS）,傅里叶变换红外光谱（Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,FT-IR）,拉曼光谱（Raman Spectroscopy,RS）,热分析法与气相色谱-质谱（Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS）联用法及上述方法的组合使用。此外,MPs内在的化学添加剂、从环境中吸附的污染物和有害微生物附着可能对人体产生健康风险,包括直接毒性、易位毒性以及复合毒性。已有研究证实炎症,氧化应激,细胞凋亡和线粒体功能障碍与MPs摄入量密切相关。该文综述了食品中MPs污染的来源、分布特征、检测方法和毒理作用,以期为食品中的MPs风险防控与未来研究提供参考。     

In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Food Contact Materials: State‐of‐the‐Art and Future Challenges

Currently, toxicological testing of food contact materials (FCMs) is focused on single substances and their genotoxicity. However, people are exposed to mixtures of chemicals migrating from food contact articles (FCAs) into food, and toxic effects other than genotoxic damage may also be relevant. Since FCMs can be made of more than 8 thousand substances, assessing them one‐by‐one is very resource‐consuming. Moreover, finished FCAs usually contain non‐intentionally added substances (NIAS). NIAS toxicity can only be tested if a substance's chemical identity is known and if it is available as a pure chemical. Often, this is not the case. Nonetheless, regulations require safety assessments for all substances migrating from FCAs, including NIAS, hence new approaches to meet this legal obligation are needed. Testing the overall migrate or extract from an FCM/FCA is an option. Ideally, such an assessment would be performed by means of in vitro bioassays, as they are rapid and cost‐effective. Here, we review the studies using in vitro bioassays to test toxicity of FCMs/FCAs. Three main categories of in vitro assays that have been applied include assays for cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption potential. In addition, we reviewed studies with small multicellular animal‐based bioassays. Our overview shows that in vitro testing of FCMs is in principle feasible. We discuss future research needs and FCM‐specific challenges. Sample preparation procedures need to be optimized and standardized. Further, the array of in vitro tests should be expanded to include those of highest relevance for the most prevalent human diseases of concern.     

A novel safety assessment strategy for non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in carton food contact materials

One of the main challenges in food contact materials research is to prove that the presence of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) is not a safety issue. Migration extracts may contain many unknown substances present at low concentrations. It is difficult and time-consuming to identify all these potential NIAS and concurrently to assess their health risk upon exposure, whereas the health relevance at low exposure levels might not even be an issue. This paper describes a scientifically based, but pragmatic safety assessment approach for unknown substances present at low exposure levels in food contact matrices. This complex mixture safety assessment strategy (CoMSAS) enables one to distinguish toxicologically relevant from toxicologically less relevant substances, when related to their respective levels of exposure, and allows one to focus on the substances of potential health concern. In particular, substances for which exposure will be below certain thresholds may be considered not of health relevance in case specific classes of substances are excluded. This can reduce the amount of work needed for identification, characterisation and evaluation of unknown substances at low concentration. The CoMSAS approach is presented in this paper using a safety assessment of unknown NIAS that may migrate from three carton samples.     

Mutagenicity assessment of food contact material migrates with the Ames MPF assay

ABSTRACT

A major challenge in the safety assessment of food contact materials (FCM) is the evaluation of unknown non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Even though consumer exposure levels may be quantitatively low, these substances are considered to be of high toxicological concern if they act as DNA reactive mutagens. From a safety assessment perspective, it is therefore important to detect their presence in FCM migrates. The present study applied the Ames MPF assay to assess the mutagenicity of migrates obtained from 30 food contact material samples out of 3 categories: plastics, composite materials and coatings. As a food simulant, 95% ethanol (EtOH) had a superior performance to less volatile simulants when evaluating recovery rates of representative model substances in different volatility categories. To monitor possible interference of the FCM matrix with Ames MPF results, migrates were spiked with reference substances and recovery rates were established. Out of 30 samples tested, two caused significant inhibition of revertant formation in the presence of the spiking control. Overall detection limits of the applied test method were estimated by determination of the lowest effective concentrations (LEC) for 10 Ames-positive substances. Even though the current limits of detection are not sufficient to entirely fulfil regulatory and safety requirements, three out of 30 FCMs showed evidence of dose-dependent effects in the Ames MPF assay. Overall, the data obtained supported the relevance of testing FCM migrates for DNA reactive contaminants and showed the value of the Ames MPF assay for the safety assessment of FCMs.     

Suitability of the Ames test to characterise genotoxicity of food contact material migrates

ABSTRACT

Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) are chemical impurities which can migrate from packaging materials (FCM) into food. Safety assessment of NIAS is required by European law, but currently there is no comprehensive testing strategy available. In this context, one key element is to get insight on the potential presence of genotoxic NIAS in FCM migrates. This raises questions about the limit at which genotoxins can be detected in complex mixtures such as FCM migrates, and if such limits of detection (LOD) would be compatible with safety. In this context, the present review assesses the suitability of the Ames assay to address genotoxicity of FCM migrates. Lowest effective concentrations of packaging-related and other chemicals in test media were retrieved from scientific literature and used as surrogates of LODs to be benchmarked against a value of 0.01 mg kg^?1 (10 ppb) in migrates. This is a pragmatic threshold used in FCM safety evaluation to prioritise substances requiring proper identification and risk assessment. The analysis of the data shows that only potent genotoxins can theoretically be detectable at a level of 0.01 mg kg^?1 in migrates or food. Only a minority (10%) of genotoxic chemicals reported to be associated with FCMs could be picked up at a level of 0.01 mg kg^?1 or lower. Overall, this review shows that the Ames test in its present form cannot be used as standalone method for evaluating the genotoxic potential of FCM migrates, but must be used together with other information from analytical chemistry and FCM manufacturing.     

Agrosecurity: The Role of the Agricultural Experiment Stations

ABSTRACT: In order to protect the nation's agriculture and food processing systems from the new threat of bioterror‐ism, agricultural and food technology research must be effectively harnessed and applied. The U.S. conducts the majority of its agricultural research through state‐based Agricultural Experiment Stations. To respond to the new challenges of biosecurity, and to facilitate communication between the federal research system and the state‐based agricultural research system, the Directors of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES) facilitated the creation of a National Institute for Agricultural Security (NIAS). The mission of NIAS is to help address national homeland security and biosecurity issues that affect the nation's farms and ranches, food production and distribution system, and rural communities by harnessing, coordinating, and targeting agricultural research and food science technology projects. NIAS was created to provide a “front door” and “one‐stop shopping” for federal agencies and the public. NIAS is currently developing projects to improve site security at SAES field stations and laboratories. The Institute is facilitating the development of prototype‐secured information technology networks. NIAS is serving as a liaison to federal agency offices to help identify high priority agricultural and food science research needs. The Institute is also exploring the possibility of collaborating in the development of regional pathogen outbreak simulations with the regional university coordinators of the Dept. of Agriculture's National Plant Diagnostics Network (NPDN). NIAS is collaborating with the Institute for Countermeasures Against Bioterrorism to host an international workshop on the managing of events when harmful pathogens are introduced into the food supply. And, NIAS is exploring the potential role of university Cooperative Extension Service as part of the “first responder network,” as “first detectors,” and as facilitators for helping rural community leaders plan to address homeland security concerns.     

食品接触材料纸和纸板中非故意添加物质分析方法的研究进展

食品接触材料含有非故意添加物质可能来源于反应副产物、低聚物、降解过程、包装材料与食品之间的化学反应、生产原料中的杂质。在这篇综述中,综述非故意添加物质的定义、非故意添加物质的分析方法。纸和纸板中的非故意添加物质主要来自印刷油墨、粘合剂、上浆剂和表面涂料。通常针对已知的非故意添加物质进行靶标分析,而采用非靶标分析法分析未知的非故意添加物质。本文主要对食品接触材料纸和纸板中非故意添加物质分析方法的研究进展进行了概述,旨在给国内相关研究提供参考,并有助于后续食品接触材料纸和纸板中非故意添加物质分析工作的开展。     

毒理学关注阈值方法在食品接触材料风险评估中的应用

食品接触材料中包含诸多有意添加的化学助剂,在生产和使用过程中还会引入大量非有意添加物。食品接触材料中的有意和非有意添加物质种类繁多,难以得出所有物质完整的毒理学数据;而且食品接触材料中存在一些低暴露量的物质,它们对人体造成的风险较小而不必要进行传统的风险评估。毒理学关注阈值（threshold oftoxicological concern,TTC）方法作为一种新的风险评估工具,可以对缺乏完整毒理学数据且暴露量较低的化学物质进行风险评估。本文综述TTC方法对食品接触材料中的物质（结构确定和结构未知的物质）进行风险评估的具体应用。对结构已知的物质,可以参照欧洲国际生命科学学会（European International Life Sciences Institute,ILSI）专家组提出的TTC决策树方法;对于未鉴定结构的物质,可以引用一个分步分析的方法,得出未知物质是否需要进行安全关注。本文还指出了TTC方法在食品接触材料风险评估中应用的难点和今后需解决的问题,可为食品接触材料中缺乏毒性数据物质的风险评估提供依据。     

中国和欧盟食品接触材料新品种管理模式研究

食品接触材料新品种的风险评估及风险管理对保障食品安全、促进行业创新具有重要意义.本文通过对比我国和欧盟食品接触材料风险管理机构、法规管理框架、原料管理模式和新品种风险评估等方面的优缺点,梳理欧盟模式中值得我国借鉴的内容,为优化我国食品接触材料新品种风险评估及风险管理模式提出建议.