Spoofing protection for fingerprint scanner by fusing ridge signal and valley noise

Biometric fingerprint scanners are positioned to provide improved security in a great span of applications from government to private. However, one highly publicized vulnerability is that it is possible to spoof a variety of fingerprint scanners using artificial fingers made from Play-Doh, gelatin and silicone molds. Therefore, it is necessary to offer protection for fingerprint systems against these threats. In this paper, an anti-spoofing detection method is proposed which is based on ridge signal and valley noise analysis, to quantify perspiration patterns along ridges in live subjects and noise patterns along valleys in spoofs. The signals representing gray level patterns along ridges and valleys are explored in spatial, frequency and wavelet domains. Based on these features, separation (live/spoof) is performed using standard pattern classification tools including classification trees and neural networks. We test this method on a larger dataset than previously considered which contains 644 live fingerprints (81 subjects with 2 fingers for an average of 4 sessions) and 570 spoof fingerprints (made from Play-Doh, gelatin and silicone molds in multiple sessions) collected from the Identix fingerprint scanner. Results show that the performance can reach 99.1% correct classification overall. The proposed anti-spoofing method is purely software based and integration of this method can provide protection for fingerprint scanners against gelatin, Play-Doh and silicone spoof fingers.     

构建基于Intel PXA255的指纹识别系统

指纹识别是身份验证中一种重要的生物识别技术.指纹具有唯一性、不变性、易于获取等特性,这使得指纹识别成为生物鉴定学中最为成熟的方式.嵌入式指纹识别系统集成了模式识别,图像处理,智能卡,数据库等技术,适用于多种应用场合,应用前景广阔.下面讨论基于Intel XScale PXA255处理器和Windows CE.net嵌入式操作系统构建自动指纹识别系统.     

Binary fingerprint image thinning using template-based PCNNs.

This correspondence presents a coarse-to-fine binary-image-thinning algorithm by proposing a template-based pulse-coupled neural-network model. Under the control of coupled templates, this algorithm iteratively skeletonizes a binary image by changing the load signals of pulse neurons. A direction-constraining scheme for avoiding fingerprint ridge spikes has been discussed. Experiments show that this algorithm is effective for fingerprint thinning, as well as other common images. Moreover, this algorithm can be coupled with a fingerprint identification system to improve the recognition performance.     

基于指纹识别的通信电台识别仿真算法研究

研究电台准确识别的问题。在准确跟踪敌台活动、检测有效信息的过程中,由于信号受到哭声影响,实现识别较难。当待识别电台是相同调制模式和型号的不同电台个体,发射信号的差别非常细微。传统的关于暂态信号的识别方法是利用瞬间的暂态信号提取细微特征信息,造成信号的信噪比不高,不能正确识别电台信号。为了解决上述难题,提出了应用电台指纹的电台识别技术,通过对电台的稳态信号进行分析,计算信号的双谱特性,采用方形双谱和核主元分析算法,提取出信号中细微的指纹信息,通过分析电台的指纹信息完成电台的识别。实验表明,这种方法能够准确将差别细微的电台识别出来,避免传统方法信噪比不高的问题,保证了电台识别的准确率,取得了满意的结果。     

指纹识别技术浅谈

生物识别技术可以包含人脸、指纹、虹膜等人体各种器官和声音、笔迹等行为模式方面的识别.其中,指纹具有惟一性、终生不变性、易携带、不会丢失、不会遗忘、不会被盗用等强有力的特性.指纹识别以其独特的优势成为目前人体生物特征识别技术市场上市场占有率最高的方式之一,这种识别方式也是目前生物识别技术中发展最成熟的.本文对中国指纹识别技术进行了概述,并介绍了指纹识别技术.     

Fingerprint recognition using mel-frequency cepstral coefficients

This paper presents a new fingerprint recognition method based on mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs). In this method, cepstral features are extracted from a group of fingerprint images, which are transformed first to 1-D signals by lexicographic ordering. MFCCs and polynomial shape coefficients are extracted from these 1-D signals or their transforms to generate a database of features, which can be used to train a neural network. The fingerprint recognition can be performed by extracting features from any new fingerprint image with the same method used in the training phase. These features are tested with the neural network. The different domains are tested and compared for efficient feature extraction from the lexicographically ordered 1-D signals. Experimental results show the success of the proposed cepstral method for fingerprint recognition at low as well as high signal to noise ratios (SNRs). Results also show that the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is the most appropriate domain for feature extraction.     

二值指纹图像方向图算法

在指纹自动识别过程中,指纹的纹理特点决定了方向信息的重要性。图像的增强、二值化、分割、模式分类以及压缩等许多地方,都用到了方向信息。方向图是方向信息的表示方法,方向图的准确性决定了自动识别过程中各种算法的效果。本文在二值化处理的基础上,提出了一种不受背景干扰的指纹图像方向图算法,能够准确地反映了指纹模式区的纹理方向。实验证实我们的算法具有良好的鲁棒性,可用于二值化的后期处理。     

一种新的指纹节点匹配方法

指纹匹配是指纹识别中的一个重要问题,在指纹识别系统中常用一组节点来表示一个指纹。目前的指纹识别系统主要采用基于节点的匹配方法。文章提出了一种新的指纹节点匹配方法,在抽取节点特征时不但提取其坐标和方向,而且还提取每个节点沿着其方向和反方向的一定距离内的局部方向,在匹配两个节点时匹配这些方向信息,并将节点按方向信息排序,以加速查找。匹配时首先确定最佳参考节点,然后根据最佳参考节点下匹配节点对的位置和方向差异再次旋转和平移输入指纹,最后在直角坐标下再次匹配两个指纹。实验表明,该方法能有效地提高系统的识别性能。     

浅论指纹识别产品的开发与进展

本文综合论述了指纹的结构特征与指纹识别的技术原理.阐述了利用该原理所开发的指纹识别产品以及当前指纹识别技术的特点、重要衡量标志和发展前景,同时也讲述了指纹识别产品在当前实际生活中的广泛应用.     

浅论指纹识别产品的开发与进展

本文综合论述了指纹的结构特征与指纹识别的技术原理。阐述了利用该原理所开发的指纹识别产品以及当前指纹识别技术的特点、重要衡量标志和发展前景,同时也讲述了指纹识别产品在当前实际生活中的广泛应用。     

基于大尺度方向场描述子的指纹分类算法

指纹分类通过将指纹划分到一系列预定义的类别之中以极大降低指纹匹配的工作量,是指纹识别系统中一项非常关键的技术。受FingerCode分类特征启发,提出了一种称为大尺度方向场描述子的新的分类特征,该特征以指纹核心点(core点)为中心构造大尺度环形网状结构,通过抽取网状结构中节点处的方向来形成特征向量,以达到近似描述核心点周围的方向模式的目的。大量实验结果表明:相较于FingerCode特征,新特征在保证分类准确率的同时,由于特征提取方式更为简单、高效,分类速度也提高了近20倍。     

一种基于梯度的健壮的指纹方向场估计算法

作为指纹的全局特征,指纹方向场在自动指纹识别系统中发挥了非常重要的作用.提出了一种基于梯度的健壮的指纹方向场估计算法,新算法首先归一化点梯度向量并计算块梯度向量及相应的块一致性;然后估计噪声区域;最后采用基于迭代的方法,重新估计所有块梯度向量并将梯度向量场转化为方向场.实验结果表明,与已有基于梯度的指纹方向场估计算法相比,新算法具有更高的准确性及抗噪性能,并能较好地估计大块噪声内的方向场,是一种较为健壮的指纹方向场估计算法.     

基于纹路的三维指纹模型重建算法

三维指纹识别是近几年兴起的一种基于三维指纹模型进行指纹识别的新技术,能够克服传统接触式指纹识别中存在的纹路变形、残留纹路、对手指皮肤状况敏感等缺陷。基于多角度图像的三维指纹模型重建是整个识别过程中的一个关键步骤。提出了一种基于纹路的重建算法,算法重建的指纹模型直接包含纹路与细节点相关特征。相对于已有文献中将指纹表皮作为重建对象,算法重建结果更有助于特征提取等三维指纹识别后续过程。     

Fingerprint matching using multi-dimensional ANN

Fingerprint matching is one of the most widely used biometric technique for personal identification. This identification is achieved in this work by using the concept that every fingerprint has a unique pattern of distribution of the minutiae points. In this paper, a new method of recognition of this pattern of distribution of the minutiae points of an enhanced image is considered by using a multi-dimensional artificial neural network (MDANN). The proposed technique has the distinct advantage of using the entire resized minutiae image as an input at once. It is capable of excellent pattern recognition properties as the distribution of the minutiae points are used directly for recognition. The proposed approach shows significant promise and potential for improvement, compared with the other conventional matching techniques with regard to time and efficiency of results.     

区域指纹图像增强技术的研究

指纹识别技术是指通过计算机,利用人体所固有的指纹生理特征来进行个人身份鉴定的技术。它本质上是模式识别技术的一个分支。指纹图像增强技术可以有效地加强指纹的脊线特征,确保特征提取算法的性能对指纹图像的质量具有足够的鲁棒性,为指纹细节的提取和匹配识别奠定可靠的基础。依据Gabor滤波器能够同时对图像局部结构的方向和空域频率进行解析的特性,介绍了一种基于二维Gabor滤波的指纹图像增强方法,提出了利用Soble算子求解方向梯度进而计算出指纹脊线方向的方法和脊线频率的方法。算法经意大利波格尼亚大学构造的指纹库的一个子集Fingdb得到了验证。     

Distortion Estimation in Compressed Music Using Only Audio Fingerprints

An audio fingerprint is a compact yet very robust representation of the perceptually relevant parts of an audio signal. It can be used for content-based audio identification, even when the audio is severely distorted. Audio compression changes the fingerprint slightly. We show that these small fingerprint differences due to compression can be used to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the compressed audio file compared to the original. This is a useful content-based distortion estimate, when the original, uncompressed audio file is unavailable. The method uses the audio fingerprints only. For stochastic signals distorted by additive noise, an analytical expression is obtained for the average fingerprint difference as function of the SNR level. This model is based on an analysis of the Philips robust hash (PRH) algorithm. We show that for uncorrelated signals, the bit error rate (BER) is approximately inversely proportional to the square root of the SNR of the signal. This model is extended to correlated signals and music. For an experimental verification of our proposed model, we divide the field of audio fingerprinting algorithms into three categories. From each category, we select an algorithm that is representative for that category. Experiments show that the behavior predicted by the stochastic model for the PRH also holds for the two other algorithms.     

指纹拓扑模式构建及其在识别中的应用

现有指纹识别算法对指纹图像质量要求较高,特别是在变形指纹识别中鲁棒性不强。基于指纹特征属性和细节点、脊线拓扑关系的拓扑模式从整体到局部,具备以拓扑性质为基础的不同层次的几何不变性,在指纹变形中具有更高的鲁棒性。通过对指纹细节点、脊线属性及点、线拓扑关系的分析与计算,构建了两种基于指纹细节点、脊线的拓扑模式,实验结果验证了所构建的两种拓扑模式在指纹平移、旋转、缩放及轻微非线性变形中具有较高的鲁棒性,可用于变形等低质量指纹图像的识别中     

一种结合EWT和成分分析的无线电指纹提取方法

无线电台信号个体识别主要是提取无线电信号中的杂散成分,通过对杂散成分进行分析达到个体识别的效果。针对线电信号杂散成分具有非线性、非平稳性的特点,本文将经验小波变换(EWT)和信号成分分析结合起来,提出了一种新的信号特征提取方法。该方法首先利用EWT对信号进行自适应的分解处理,通过选取部分能够表征个体差异的信号成分进行特征值谱分析,并以信号成分的归一化特征值谱的差异为依据进行信号指纹特征的提取,再根据指纹特征对信号进行识别。仿真结果表明,该方法与HHT和局部积分双谱分析方法相比,具有更加优越的识别性能,并且具有更加优良的特征稳定性,同时受信噪比的影响较小。     

Digital camera identification from sensor pattern noise

In this paper, we propose a new method for the problem of digital camera identification from its images based on the sensor's pattern noise. For each camera under investigation, we first determine its reference pattern noise, which serves as a unique identification fingerprint. This is achieved by averaging the noise obtained from multiple images using a denoising filter. To identify the camera from a given image, we consider the reference pattern noise as a spread-spectrum watermark, whose presence in the image is established by using a correlation detector. Experiments on approximately 320 images taken with nine consumer digital cameras are used to estimate false alarm rates and false rejection rates. Additionally, we study how the error rates change with common image processing, such as JPEG compression or gamma correction.     

Fingerprint image analysis for automatic identification

Most of the papers on fingerprints deal with classification of fingerprint images. Fingerprint databases being large (in the range of millions), the effort in matching of fingerprints within a class or when the class is unknown, is very significant. This requires fingerprint image analysis and extraction of the “minutiae” features, which are used for matching FPs. In this paper a scheme of preprocessing and feature extraction of fingerprint images for automatic identification is presented, which works even if the pattern class is unknown. The identification of fingerprints is based on matching the minutiae features of a given finger-print against those stored in the database. The core and delta information is used for classification and for registration while matching. These algorithms have been tested for more than 10,000 fingerprint images of different qualities. The results are manually verified and found to be very good for practical application. A few sample results are presented.