Effect of alumina nanoparticles in the fluid on heat transfer in double-pipe heat exchanger system

This study was performed to investigate the convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids made of several alumina nanoparticles and transformer oil which flow through a double pipe heat exchanger system in the laminar flow regime. The nanofluids exhibited a considerable increase of heat transfer coefficients. Although the thermal conductivity of alumina is not high, it is much higher than that of the base fluids. The nanofluids tested displayed good thermal properties. One of the possible reasons for the enhancement on heat transfer of nanofluids can be explained by the high concentration of nanoparticles in the thermal boundary layer at the wall side through the migration of nanoparticles. To understand the enhancement of heat transfer of nanofluid, an experimental correlation was proposed for an alumina-transformer oil nanofluid system.     

Heat transfer and flow behaviour of aqueous suspensions of titanate nanotubes (nanofluids)

Titanate nanotubes of an aspect ratio of ~ 10 are synthesized, characterised and dispersed in water to form stable nanofluids containing 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 wt.% of the nanotubes. Experiments are then carried out to investigate the effective thermal conductivity, rheological behaviour and forced convective heat transfer of the nanofluids. The results show a small thermal conductivity enhancement of ~ 3% at 25 °C and ~ 5% at 40 °C for the 2.5 wt.% nanofluid. The nanofluids are found to be non-Newtonian with obvious shear thinning behaviour with the shear viscosity decreasing with increasing shear rate at low shear rates. The shear viscosity approaches constant at a shear rate higher than ~ 100-1000 s^− 1 depending nanoparticle concentration. The high shear viscosity is found to be much higher than that predicted by the conventional viscosity models for dilute suspensions. Despite the small thermal conduction enhancement, an excellent enhancement is observed on the convective heat transfer coefficient, which is much higher than that of the thermal conductivity enhancement. In comparison with nanofluids containing spherical titania nanoparticles under similar conditions, the enhancement of both thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer coefficient of the titanate nanotube nanofluids is considerably higher indicating the important role of particle shape in the heat transfer enhancement. Possible mechanisms are also proposed for the observed enhancement of the convective heat transfer coefficient.     

Two-phase numerical model for thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer in nanofluids

Due to the numerous applications of nanofluids, investigating and understanding of thermophysical properties of nanofluids has currently become one of the core issues. Although numerous theoretical and numerical models have been developed by previous researchers to understand the mechanism of enhanced heat transfer in nanofluids; to the best of our knowledge these models were limited to the study of either thermal conductivity or convective heat transfer of nanofluids. We have developed a numerical model which can estimate the enhancement in both the thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer in nanofluids. It also aids in understanding the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement. The study reveals that the nanoparticle dispersion in fluid medium and nanoparticle heat transport phenomenon are equally important in enhancement of thermal conductivity. However, the enhancement in convective heat transfer was caused mainly due to the nanoparticle heat transport mechanism. Ability of this model to be able to understand the mechanism of convective heat transfer enhancement distinguishes the model from rest of the available numerical models.     

Heterogeneous nanofluids: natural convection heat transfer enhancement

Convective heat transfer using different nanofluid types is investigated. The domain is differentially heated and nanofluids are treated as heterogeneous mixtures with weak solutal diffusivity and possible Soret separation. Owing to the pronounced Soret effect of these materials in combination with a considerable solutal expansion, the resulting solutal buoyancy forces could be significant and interact with the initial thermal convection. A modified formulation taking into account the thermal conductivity, viscosity versus nanofluids type and concentration and the spatial heterogeneous concentration induced by the Soret effect is presented. The obtained results, by solving numerically the full governing equations, are found to be in good agreement with the developed solution based on the scale analysis approach. The resulting convective flows are found to be dependent on the local particle concentration φ and the corresponding solutal to thermal buoyancy ratio N. The induced nanofluid heterogeneity showed a significant heat transfer modification. The heat transfer in natural convection increases with nanoparticle concentration but remains less than the enhancement previously underlined in forced convection case.     

Nanofluids for heat transfer: an engineering approach

An overview of systematic studies that address the complexity of nanofluid systems and advance the understanding of nanoscale contributions to viscosity, thermal conductivity, and cooling efficiency of nanofluids is presented. A nanoparticle suspension is considered as a three-phase system including the solid phase (nanoparticles), the liquid phase (fluid media), and the interfacial phase, which contributes significantly to the system properties because of its extremely high surface-to-volume ratio in nanofluids. The systems engineering approach was applied to nanofluid design resulting in a detailed assessment of various parameters in the multivariable nanofluid systems. The relative importance of nanofluid parameters for heat transfer evaluated in this article allows engineering nanofluids with desired set of properties.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PARAMETERS AFFECTING NANOFLUID EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

The present research reports nanofluid effective thermal conductivity enhancements (ETCE) using an accurate transient short hot wire method system. Preparation of nanofluids was carried out through a two-step method with highly powered pulses similar to that for nanoparticle dispersion in base fluids. Parameters affecting nanofluid heat conductivity such as concentration, sizes, and material of nanoparticle? type of base fluid, temperature, ultrasonic mixing time, and elapsed time after preparation were studied. In the present study, nanoparticles of Al, Al₂O₃, CuO, SnO₂, TiO₂, and SiO₂ with base fluids of water and ethylene glycol were used. Parameters like concentration, size, temperature, and the type of base fluid showed more noticeable effect on the effective thermal conductivity than the others, and mixing time had the least effect. The results showed that any increase in concentration and temperature, and also any decrease in size of nanoparticles and time elapsed after nanofluid preparation, leads to the ETCE of the nanofluid. However, the effects of nanoparticle material, base fluid, and mixing time on thermal conductivity of the nanofluid showed varying trends. Last, a number of mathematical models for prediction of thermal conductivity of nanofluids were applied.     

Convective heat transfer of alumina nanofluids in laminar flows through a pipe at the thermal entrance regime

The convective heat transfer characteristics of aqueous alumina nanofluids were investigated experimentally under forced laminar tube flows. The particles had different shapes of cylinders, bricks and blades, and particle loading was between 0?C5 volume%. The nanofluids were characterized rheologically, and the heat transfer system was validated by using water without particles. In calculating Nusselt and Peclet numbers to assess heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids, physical properties of water were used so as not to exaggerate the amount of heat transfer. It was found that heat transfer coefficients of nanofluids are almost the same or a little smaller than that of water. The heat transfer coefficient can be reduced by the lowering the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid under shearing conditions and particle depletion by the cluster migration from the wall to the tube center. The reduction in thermophysical properties also contributes to the reduction in heat transfer coefficient. It has been concluded that nanofluids from metal particles with appropriate stabilizing agents can satisfy the requirements to be a practically usable nanofluid.     

Measurement of local two-phase flow parameters of nanofluids using conductivity double-sensor probe

A two-phase flow experiment using air and water-based γ-Al2O3 nanofluid was conducted to observe the basic hydraulic phenomenon of nanofluids. The local two-phase flow parameters were measured with a conductivity double-sensor two-phase void meter. The void fraction, interfacial velocity, interfacial area concentration, and mean bubble diameter were evaluated, and all of those results using the nanofluid were compared with the corresponding results for pure water. The void fraction distribution was flattened in the nanofluid case more than it was in the pure water case. The higher interfacial area concentration resulted in a smaller mean bubble diameter in the case of the nanofluid. This was the first attempt to measure the local two-phase flow parameters of nanofluids using a conductivity double-sensor two-phase void meter. Throughout this experimental study, the differences in the internal two-phase flow structure of the nanofluid were identified. In addition, the heat transfer enhancement of the nanofluid can be resulted from the increase of the interfacial area concentration which means the available area of the heat and mass transfer.     

Heat transfer and pressure drop performance of alumina–water nanofluid in a flat vertical tube of a radiator

This work presents experimental investigation on the effects of nanofluid inlet temperature (40–90°C), Reynolds number (12,000–30,000), particle concentration (0–1 vol.%), and air velocity (0.25–0.55?m/s) on thermal and flow characteristics of water-based alumina nanofluids in a flat vertical tube of a radiator. The specific heat capacity, viscosity, density, and thermal conductivity were measured experimentally. The heat transfer coefficient enhanced (up to 31%) with an increase in fluid inlet temperature, particle volume concentration, Reynolds number as well as air inlet velocity. The pressure drop increased with an increase in the particle volume concentration and Reynolds number, while it decreased slightly with an increase in the fluid inlet temperature. The friction factor and pumping power increased with particle concentration. The friction factor decreased, while the pumping power increased with sn increase in fluid flow rate.     

低压条件下纳米流体的沸腾换热特性

在不同低压压力和不同纳米流体浓度下对光滑传热面上的水基纳米流体的池内沸腾特性进行了试验研究.纳米流体由平均直径50 nm的氧化铜粒子加入去离子水中组成,没有加入任何添加剂.研究主要针对7.2 kPa到100kPa的压力区间和0.1%到2%的质量浓度区间内压力和颗粒浓度对光滑表面沸腾换热特性的影响,研究结果表明:压力对纳米流体的沸腾换热特性有强烈影响,沸腾换热系数和临界热流密度(CHF)强化率随着压力的降低而大幅度增加.纳米流体浓度对沸腾换热系数和临界热流密度(CHF)有重要影响,并且在质量浓度约1%附近存在一个最佳颗粒浓度.研究结果显示由与去离子水相比,质量分数为1%,压力为7.2 kPa的纳米流体在光滑表面上的沸腾换热系数和临界热流密度都得到了显著提高.     

Numerical evaluation of laminar heat transfer enhancement in nanofluid flow in coiled square tubes

Convective heat transfer can be enhanced by changing flow geometry and/or by enhancing thermal conductivity of the fluid. This study proposes simultaneous passive heat transfer enhancement by combining the geometry effect utilizing nanofluids inflow in coils. The two nanofluid suspensions examined in this study are: water-Al2O3 and water-CuO. The flow behavior and heat transfer performance of these nanofluid suspensions in various configurations of coiled square tubes, e.g., conical spiral, in-plane spiral, and helical spiral, are investigated and compared with those for water flowing in a straight tube. Laminar flow of a Newtonian nanofluid in coils made of square cross section tubes is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)approach, where the nanofluid properties are treated as functions of particle volumetric concentration and temperature. The results indicate that addition of small amounts of nanoparticles up to 1% improves significantly the heat transfer performance; however, further addition tends to deteriorate heat transfer performance.     

二氧化铈/水基纳米流体核沸腾传热特性

对CeO₂纳米流体进行了池沸腾传热特性研究,考察了CeO₂/水基纳米流体的热导率,静态接触角以及沸腾后表面沉积情况对沸腾传热的影响。结果表明,CeO₂纳米流体可提高沸腾传热系数,且纳米流体最佳质量分数为0.05％,其沸腾传热系数较去离子水提高36%。热导率以及接触角随纳米流体质量分数的增加而增加,在本实验范围内,热导率最大增加1%;而纳米流体接触角从50.5°增加到92.9°;表面沉积随纳米流体的质量分数增加越来越明显,去离子水在沉积表面的接触角发生较大变化（51.4°~134.4°）。纳米流体的热导率影响可忽略不计;而接触角和沸腾表面颗粒沉积对纳米流体的强化传热作用影响较大。     

Optimization of natural convection heat transfer of Newtonian nanofluids in a cylindrical enclosure

This study characterizes and optimizes natural convection heat transfer of two Newtonian Al2O3 and TiO2/water nanofluids in a cylindrical enclosure. Nusselt number (Nu) of nanofluids in relation to Rayleigh number (Ra) for different concentrations of nanofluids is investigated at different configurations and orientations of the enclosure. Results show that adding nanoparticles to water has a negligible or even adverse influence upon natural convec-tion heat transfer of water:only a slight increase in natural convection heat transfer of Al2O3/water is observed, while natural convection heat transfer for TiO2/water nanofluid is inferior to that for the base fluid. Results also reveal that at low Ra, the likelihood of enhancement in natural convection heat transfer is more than at high Ra:at low Ra, inclination angle, aspect ratio of the enclosure and nanoparticle concentration influence natural convec-tion heat transfer more pronouncedly than that in high Ra.     

A review on boiling heat transfer enhancement with nanofluids

There has been increasing interest of late in nanofluid boiling and its use in heat transfer enhancement. This article covers recent advances in the last decade by researchers in both pool boiling and convective boiling applications, with nanofluids as the working fluid. The available data in the literature is reviewed in terms of enhancements, and degradations in the nucleate boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux. Conflicting data have been presented in the literature on the effect that nanofluids have on the boiling heat-transfer coefficient; however, almost all researchers have noted an enhancement in the critical heat flux during nanofluid boiling. Several researchers have observed nanoparticle deposition at the heater surface, which they have related back to the critical heat flux enhancement.     

Toward nanofluids of ultra-high thermal conductivity

The assessment of proposed origins for thermal conductivity enhancement in nanofluids signifies the importance of particle morphology and coupled transport in determining nanofluid heat conduction and thermal conductivity. The success of developing nanofluids of superior conductivity depends thus very much on our understanding and manipulation of the morphology and the coupled transport. Nanofluids with conductivity of upper Hashin-Shtrikman (H-S) bound can be obtained by manipulating particles into an interconnected configuration that disperses the base fluid and thus significantly enhancing the particle-fluid interfacial energy transport. Nanofluids with conductivity higher than the upper H-S bound could also be developed by manipulating the coupled transport among various transport processes, and thus the nature of heat conduction in nanofluids. While the direct contributions of ordered liquid layer and particle Brownian motion to the nanofluid conductivity are negligible, their indirect effects can be significant via their influence on the particle morphology and/or the coupled transport.     

Boundary layer flow past a stretching/shrinking surface beneath an external uniform shear flow with a convective surface boundary condition in a nanofluid

The problem of a steady boundary layer shear flow over a stretching/shrinking sheet in a nanofluid is studied numerically. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using a similarity transformation, before being solved numerically by a Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method with shooting technique. Two types of nanofluids, namely, Cu-water and Ag-water are used. The effects of nanoparticle volume fraction, the type of nanoparticles, the convective parameter, and the thermal conductivity on the heat transfer characteristics are discussed. It is found that the heat transfer rate at the surface increases with increasing nanoparticle volume fraction while it decreases with the convective parameter. Moreover, the heat transfer rate at the surface of Cu-water nanofluid is higher than that at the surface of Ag-water nanofluid even though the thermal conductivity of Ag is higher than that of Cu.     

Ultrasonication effects on thermal and rheological properties of carbon nanotube suspensions

The preparation of nanofluids is very important to their thermophysical properties. Nanofluids with the same nanoparticles and base fluids can behave differently due to different nanofluid preparation methods. The agglomerate sizes in nanofluids can significantly impact the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids and lead to a different heat transfer performance. Ultrasonication is a common way to break up agglomerates and promote dispersion of nanoparticles into base fluids. However, research reports of sonication effects on nanofluid properties are limited in the open literature. In this work, sonication effects on thermal conductivity and viscosity of carbon nanotubes (0.5 wt%) in an ethylene glycol-based nanofluid are investigated. The corresponding effects on the agglomerate sizes and the carbon nanotube lengths are observed. It is found that with an increased sonication time/energy, the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids increases nonlinearly, with the maximum enhancement of 23% at sonication time of 1,355 min. However, the viscosity of nanofluids increases to the maximum at sonication time of 40 min, then decreases, finally approaching the viscosity of the pure base fluid at a sonication time of 1,355 min. It is also observed that the sonication process not only reduces the agglomerate sizes but also decreases the length of carbon nanotubes. Over the current experimental range, the reduction in agglomerate size is more significant than the reduction of the carbon nanotube length. Hence, the maximum thermal conductivity enhancement and minimum viscosity increase are obtained using a lengthy sonication, which may have implications on application.     

纳米流体对流传热的研究进展

将纳米颗粒加入到传统换热介质中形成的纳米流体是一种新型的强化传热介质。它不仅具有较高的单相对流传热系数,而且分散稳定,不容易磨损和堵塞管道。文中综述了纳米流体在对流条件下强化传热的实验研究进展及强化传热模型,并对实验结果和强化传热的机理及模型进行了简要分析。发现:纳米流体强化对流传热的效果与颗粒和基液的属性等有关;强化传热主要是由于导热系数的增加和纳米颗粒的运动及重新分布引起的物性变化等影响。同时提出了纳米流体对流传热研究中存在及有待改进的一些问题。     

Ag纳米流体浸没射流冲击换热特性

采用超声膜扩散法一步制备出水基Ag纳米流体作为实验工质,并对不同质量分数的Ag纳米流体在受限浸没阵列射流冲击针肋热沉中的流动和换热特性进行了实验研究.结果表明:采用超声膜扩散法制备的Ag纳米颗粒粒径分布均匀,平均粒径只有4.8 nm;表面活性剂对纳米流体的黏度影响较大;相同射流速度下,与基液(水+表面活性剂)相比,Ag...     

Specific heat capacity of molten salt-based alumina nanofluid

There is no consensus on the effect of nanoparticle (NP) addition on the specific heat capacity (SHC) of fluids. In addition, the predictions from the existing model have a large discrepancy from the measured SHCs in nanofluids. We show that the SHC of the molten salt-based alumina nanofluid decreases with reducing particle size and increasing particle concentration. The NP size-dependent SHC is resulted from an augmentation of the nanolayer effect as particle size reduces. A model considering the nanolayer effect which supports the experimental results was proposed.