电冶熔铸WC/GCr15钢复合材料的摩擦磨损特性

选择大颗粒WC作增强相，采用电冶熔铸工艺制备了含27％WC粒子的WC／GCr15钢复合材料，观察了复合材料中WC颗粒与钢基体的结合情况；在MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机上研究了室温下复合材料同GCr15钢对摩时的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：复合材料中的WC颗粒部分溶解于钢基体相，两相界面形成厚达数微米的反应层，有效地提高了界面结合强度。电冶熔铸WC／钢复合材料的耐磨性能比基体材料GCr15钢提高了5倍以上，扫描电镜下的磨痕照片显示：大颗粒WC承担了磨损的主要载荷，实验中没有发生明显脱落的现象，说明界面结合强度在提高复合材料磨损性能方面所起的作用。     

电冶熔铸WC/钢复合材料中WC的溶解行为

用电冶熔铸工艺制备不同WC含量的WC/钢复合材料,研究了WC颗粒在复合材料钢基体中的溶解行为和影响因素.结果表明:随着WC含量的增加,碳化物从钢基体晶界处分布逐渐转向晶内分布;随着WC颗粒尺寸的增大,在WC颗粒与钢基体界面处形成一层反应物,它阻止了WC颗粒在钢基体中的进一步溶解,同时也提高了两相界面的结合强度.通过调整电冶熔铸工艺参数和WC颗粒的尺寸及含量,可以控制WC颗粒在复合材料中的溶解行为.     

The effect of volume fraction of WC particles on wear behavior of in-situ WC/Fe composites by spark plasma sintering

Tungsten carbide (WC) particles have been in-situ synthesized through the reaction between tungsten particles and carbide particles by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The composites with different WC content were comparatively observed by the techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction, hardness and pin-to-disc abrasive wear test. The results showed that the formed WC particles were homogenously distributed in the iron matrix with the size of smaller than 25 μm. Additionally, with the increasing of the WC content, the hardness of composites, the microhardness of matrix and the wear resistance increased, but there was no change significantly between 32 vol% WC/Fe composites and 42 vol% WC/Fe composites. The composites possessed excellent wear resistance comparing the specific wear rate determined in the present work to the martensitic wear-resistant steel under the load of 80 N after a sliding distance of ~ 950 m. The specific wear rate of the martensitic wear-resistant steel was a factor of 24 and 48 times higher than WC/Fe composites, when the content of WC was 32 vol% and 42 vol% in WC/Fe composites, respectively. The main wear mechanism was synthetic of abrasion wear and oxidation wear. The wear performance of 32 vol% WC/Fe composites didn't appear to be much different from 42 vol% WC/Fe composites, due to the WC particles in the 42 vol% composites produced stress concentration easily, which could ultimately induce the creak initiation around WC particles in the subsurface (near wear surface) and propagation to wear surface promoting the breakup of surface film.     

电冶熔铸WC/钢复合材料组织及耐磨性研究

用电冶熔铸的工艺方法制备了含40％WC颗粒的WC／钢复合材料。结果表明：WC颗粒在钢基体中发生了适当溶解，界面反应物在两相界面处构成反应层，极少缺陷的界面形态使WC颗粒与钢基体间有着良好的界面结合，有效地把外加载荷传递给WC增强颗粒。磨损试验后发现试验材料表现出了良好的耐磨性，磨损过程主要受硬质相WC颗粒脱落的控制，而高的界面结合强度减缓了WC颗粒脱落的速度。     

等离子熔覆添加碳化钨的铁基合金涂层的研究

为了提高钢铁材料表面的硬度和耐磨性,采用等离子弧在Q235钢基体上熔覆添加50%镍包WC的Fe-Cr-B-Si合金粉末,制备了具有冶金结合的复合涂层.采用SEM、EDS、XRD等研究了涂层的组织,利用显微硬度计测试了涂层的显微硬度分布.结果表明:Q235钢表面经等离子熔覆形成的复合涂层中,WC颗粒部分溶解于铁基合金,WC颗粒与涂层界面形成厚达数微米的反应层,有效提高了涂层与WC的界面结合强度.涂层由基体组织γ-Fe枝晶,颗粒状WC、Fe3W3C、Fe6W6C、W2C等相组成,其显微硬度可达560～820HV0.2.     

Interfacial Oxides Evolution of High-Speed Steel Joints by Hot-Compression Bonding

The interfacial oxidation behavior of Cr4 Mo4 V high-speed steel(HSS) joints undergoing hot-compression bonding was investigated by using optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).In the heating and holding processes,dispersed rod-like and granular δ-Al₂ O₃ oxides were formed at the interface and in the matrix near the interface due to the selective oxidation and internal oxidation of Al,while irregular Si-Al-O compou...     

钢、铁基复合材料中铸造碳化钨颗粒的分解过程

通过考察碳化钨颗粒在不同热量条件下的分解状况,采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对其显微组织进行观察,并讨论碳化钨颗粒的一种分解现象,提出铸造碳化钨颗粒的分解机理。在不同热量条件下,分析碳化钨颗粒的分解状况,得到碳化钨颗粒的分解机理,以及热量在分解过程中的作用。试验表明,热量是影响铸造碳化钨颗粒分解的决定性因素,铸造碳化钨中WC和W2C的分解过程存在差异,W2C先于WC分解;不同的热量条件导致颗粒与基体间产生的不同的界面。     

Microstructure and properties of AC-HVAF sprayed Ni60/WC composite coating

A Ni60/WC coating was deposited on 0Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel substrate by the actived combustion-high velocity air fuel (AC-HVAF) technique. The structure and morphologies of the Ni60/WC coating were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the wear resistance and corrosion resistance were studied. The results showed that the AC-HVAF spraying was seen as the pre-eminent process for the deposition of Ni60/WC coating. Due to low particle heating and high particle velocity in the HVAF process, WC phase remain almost unchanged after spraying. The tribological behaviors were evaluated by using a HT-600 wear test rig. Under the same conditions, the worn volume of 0Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel was 10.43 times more than that of the coating. The wear mechanism was mainly fatigue wear. A series of the electrochemical tests was carried out in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution in order to examine the corrosion behavior. Mechanisms for corrosion resistance were discussed.     

Ni对WC/钢基表面复合材料组织和界面的影响

利用铸渗法制备了WC颗粒增强钢基表面复合材料,通过金相、扫描电镜等测试手段,重点研究了预制层中添加Ni粉对WC/钢基表面复合材料组织和界面的影响。结果表明,随着Ni添加量的增加,铸渗层中WC颗粒数目逐渐增多,复合层与基材的过渡趋于平缓,表面质量也趋于完好。同时,随着Ni添加量的增加,过渡层的变化逐渐趋向平缓,基体中马氏体、残余奥氏体及共晶碳化物的数量逐渐增加,并且复合层表层硬度呈现递增的趋势。     

Microstructures and wear resistance of large WC particles reinforced surface metal matrix composites produced by plasma melt injection

Large WC particles (− 840 μm-+ 420 μm) reinforced surface metal matrix composites (SMMCs) were produced using plasma melt injection (PMI) process on a Q235 (similar to ASTM A570 Gr. A) low carbon steel substrate. Microstructures of the SMMC were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the composition was determined with energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). Phases were analyzed with X-ray diffraction. Micro-hardness of the SMMC was tested. Wear losses of the SMMC layer were evaluated under dry friction conditions and compared with those of the substrate material. The results show that the large WC particles are caught by crystallized metal and stay in the upper part of the SMMC layer, and there is only a little melting on the outer surface. No sinking down of WC particles occurs. The SMMC layer is well bonded to the substrate, and the interface is crack free. The wear resistance of the Q235 substrate is greatly improved with large WC particles injected.     

Improvement of wear resistance of wire drawing rolls with Cr-Ni-B-Si + WC thermal spraying powders

In wire drawing process, wear of rolls must be considered because of wear that influences the economics of the forming process. In this study, a nickel based matrix reinforced with WC was deposited by low cost powder welding method on low carbon steel substrates in order to determine the wear resistance of wire drawing rolls. Powder welding method includes, contrary to plasma and high velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) spraying methods, the advantages such as the single operation of powder application-fusion, simplicity, cheapness, and the ease of application. Blends of NiCrBSi and WC powders were prepared in weight proportions of WC of 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, and 60%, respectively. Wear performance of these coatings was investigated by the dry sliding wear experiments. The wear resistance of the metal matrix composite coatings is dependent on the amount of WC. From 40% to 60%, the increase of WC is very effective on the wear resistance. The coatings with 55% and 60% of WC were worn less than the other coatings. From 55% to 60%, further increase of WC was found not to be effective for the best wear resistance. The microscopic studies of WC particles and Ni-based matrix were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM analysis on the worn surface of coated samples shows that the matrix is considerably worn while WC particles are not considerably worn at the beginning of the wear testing. Additionally, WC particles effectively provide protection for achievement of the wear resistance at advanced periods of the wear testing.     

A comparative study of the structure and wear resistance of NiCrBSi/50 wt.% WC composite coatings by laser cladding and laser induction hybrid cladding

NiCrBSi/50 wt.% WC composite coatings were produced on carbon steel via laser cladding (LC) and laser induction hybrid cladding (LIHC). The microstructure and phase constituents of the composite coatings before dry sliding wear and the wear behavior were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Under the same laser processing parameters, the cladding height during LC was much higher than that during LIHC, whereas the dilution, cladding width, heat-affected-zone (HAZ) and efficiency of powder utilization during LC were much smaller than those during LIHC. Additionally, WC particles suffered from more severe heat damage during LIHC compared with those during LC, resulting in the precipitation of herringbone, dendritic and blocky carbides and inhomogeneous distribution of WC particles in the composite coating. However, the increase of the laser scanning speed during LIHC decreased the heat damage of WC particles, improved the homogenous distribution of WC particles and further increased the microhardness of the binder metal, which in turn led to an increase in the wear resistance of the composite coating.     

Microstructure and Wear Behavior of Conventional and Nanostructured Plasma-Sprayed WC-Co Coatings

WC-12%Co coatings were deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying using conventional and nanostructured powders and two secondary plasmogenous gases (He and H₂). Coating microstructure and phase composition were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and x-ray diffraction techniques (XRD) techniques. This study examined wear and friction properties of the coatings under dry friction conditions. SEM was used to analyze abraded surface microstructure. Coating microhardness and fracture toughness were also determined. All coatings displayed strong decarburization as a result of WC decomposition, which gave rise to the formation of secondary phases (W₂C and W). A very fine undissolved WC crystalline dispersion coexisted with these new phases. TEM observation confirmed that the matrix was predominantly amorphous and filled with block-type, frequently dislocated crystallites. Wear was observed to follow a three-body abrasive mechanism, since debris between the ball and the coating surface was detected. The main wear mechanism was based on subsurface cracking, owing to the arising debris. WC grain decomposition and dissolution were concluded to be critical factors in wear resistance. The level of decomposition and dissolution could be modified by changing the plasmogenous gas or feed powder grain size. The influence of the plasmogenous gas on wear resistance was greater than the influence of feedstock particle size.     

碳化钨增强钢铁基耐磨复合材料的研究和应用

评述了制备复合材料的铸渗法、粉末烧结法、堆焊法、电渣熔铸法等工艺方法,以及碳化钨和钢铁基体的选择、界面反应和强度、复合材料的性能和应用现状.重点介绍了粘结剂、其他添加剂、碳化钨颗粒形状、粒度及其分布、浇注温度等对铸渗工艺及其表面复合材料的影响.阐明铸渗法是一种有前途的制备工艺,自蔓延工艺和铸造工艺的组合有可能取得新的成效.指出复合层厚度在10 mm以上的铸渗工艺,工程化和产业化关键技术以及复合工艺的稳定化是今后的研发重点,表面耐磨复合材料较适用于零部件的局部磨损和低角度的冲蚀磨损,应据磨损工况来选择制备工艺及其复合材料.     

钎焊法制备硬质颗粒复合材料的耐磨性和磨损机理

为了提高硬质颗粒复合合金材料的耐磨性并揭示其与界面结合、微观组织及磨损机理之间的关系,本文设计并通过钎焊法,在普通铸钢件表面制得了厚度可达30mm的WC颗粒增强铜基合金覆层,测试分析了上述各种因素对此覆层耐磨性的影响.力学性能测试表明:该覆层与钢母体结合强固,且具有良好的综合性能.SEM观察和能谱分析说明:复合合金层组织由弥散强化铜基合金基体与WC颗粒相组成,且二者形成了强有力的反应性结合.磨料磨损试验证明:该复合合金在二体和三体磨损条件下均有较高的耐磨性,与低合金钢的切削和犁沟变形应变疲劳以及高铬铸铁的切削磨损机理不同,该复合合金与切削及脆性剥落两大磨损机理相对应.     

界面合金化制备WC_P颗粒增强钢基复合材料

采用真空实型负压铸渗工艺,通过在预制复合层中添加适量钼铁粉进行界面合金化,成功制备出了WCP颗粒增强钢基表面复合材料。结合OM、SEM、XRD和显微硬度计等分析手段对复合层物相组成、显微结构与性能进行了测试。结果表明,添加16.67%(质量分数)的钼铁粉有效改善了复合层界面组织及力学性能的连续性,改善了复合材料的铸渗效果,增加了铸渗层厚度,合金碳化物含量增加,复合层基体硬度约是基材的2倍,提高了复合材料的耐磨性。     

TiC颗粒弥散强化不同基体钢的磨损性能研究

运用原位合成工艺制备出TiC颗粒弥散强化不同基体的钢种,TiC颗粒在强化钢中分布均匀。结果表明:钢中合金元素越多,TiC与基体的结合强度越低,室温强度提高幅度越小。TiC颗粒能够提高低合金钢的磨损性能。但是,高合金钢中的TiC颗粒容易剥落成为磨粒从而恶化磨损性能。     

添加钨铁粉对WC/钢基表面复合材料界面及硬度的影响

采用真空铸渗工艺制备了WC/Cr15钢基表面复合材料,研究了在预置层中添加16.7 vol%钨铁粉对复合层的界面组织和基体硬度的影响。运用OM、SEM、XRD和显微硬度计对复合层的界面组织和基体硬度进行了分析。结果表明,添加16.7vol%钨铁粉改善了复合层的界面组织及力学性能的连续性,有利于降低应力集中,改善应力分布状态;反应层中形成过渡均匀分布的Fe3W3C相,使WC颗粒与基体之间形成组织过渡;复合层基体中形成弥散分布的Fe3W3C相,提高了复合层的基体硬度,增强了复合层基体的耐磨性及其对WC颗粒的支撑与固定作用。     

石墨对C/Cu复合材料微观组织及摩擦磨损性能的影响

利用机械合金化和放电等离子烧结技术制备C/Cu复合材料,用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和销-盘摩擦磨损试验机对复合粉末和烧结体的组织结构、硬度、摩擦学行为进行了分析.结果表明:C/Cu复合粉末中Cu相粉末由纳米/亚微米复合颗粒组成,石墨主要以纳米层片状结构和非晶态存在,放电等离子体烧结体组织致密、细小且均匀,随着碳含量增加,烧结体的硬度与密度减小;C/Cu复合材料烧结样品在摩擦过程中形成润滑膜,表现出较低的摩擦系数和良好耐磨性,其磨损机制主要为氧化磨损、粘着磨损和剥层磨损.     

废弃玻璃／铝基复合材料的组织和性能

利用搅拌熔铸法将废弃玻璃颗粒加入到熔融的基体合金ZL105中,制备出了废弃玻璃／铝基复合材料,研究了复合材料的微观组织,力学性能及断裂机理,结果表明,玻璃颗粒较均匀地分布于基体中,与基体发生界面反应;与基体合金相比,废弃玻璃颗粒的加入提高了复合材料的硬度和抗拉强度,在低载荷下,复合材料的摩擦性能优于基体合金,由于玻璃颗粒形状较尖锐,尺寸大小不均,并存在加工缺陷,有碍于大幅度提高复合材料的性能。