基于电阻反馈的 SMA 控制系统设计

形状记忆合金（SMA）驱动器在生物医疗中得到了广泛应用。目前,SMA 驱动器的控制器多采用外部传感反馈方式,体积大,应用受到限制。提出一种基于 SMA 内部电阻反馈的嵌入式控制电路。使用 ATMEGA16单片机搭建了 SMA 驱动器加热控制电路及恒流源电桥方法的电阻测量采集电路。实验表明：该控制系统可以产生可控 PWM,恒流源电桥方法测 SMA 电阻可以得到足够的测量精度,系统可用于 SMA 驱动器的控制。     

形状记忆合金手指系统的输出力自适应控制

形状记忆合金(SMA)是智能材料中的一种,具有功率重量比大、质量轻、无噪音等特性.作为驱动器有利于结构的小型化和轻型化.然而SMA的非线性、多映射的迟滞特性严重影响了输出力的精确控制.为此,本文提出了基于扰动补偿策略的自适应控制方法用于SMA输出力的精确控制.首先,搭建了SMA驱动的手指实验装置,建立了机理模型;其次,...     

一种微小型蠕动机器人的步态分析

介绍了一种形状记忆合金(SMA)驱动的微型蠕动机器人的结构和工作原理,并对蠕动机器人的直线运动原理和转弯运动原理分别进行了详细的分析和论述。此外,还通过详细的实验对蠕动机器人步距与SMA驱动器电流的关系、蠕动机器人转弯角度与SMA驱动器电流的关系,以及蠕动机器人响应速度与SMA驱动器电流的关系进行了分析,并确定了SMA驱动器的加热电流。     

SMA微驱动器的设计方法

前言 微驱动器是微型机器人中的重要组成部分。形状记忆合金(SMA)用于微驱动器是一种极好选择。SMA体积越小,功重比越大;采用SMA驱动后可省略传动机构,使结构大为简化;同时可以实现精确控制。本文主要介绍SMA微驱动器的设计方法。     

一种基于SMA的摆动式驱动器驱动原理及实验

在分析了形状记忆合金(SMA)弹簧电热驱动原理的基础上,对一种差动式关节型SMA驱动器进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:驱动电流和冷却条件对驱动器的摆动周期有很大的影响,增大电流会显著提高SMA驱动器的动作频率,但电流过大,易使SMA失去形状记忆功能,所以,电流应控制在一定的范围之内。驱动器的动作频率还受到冷却速度的制约,加快冷却速度也会提高驱动器的动作频率。     

机器人形状记忆合金（SMA）驱动器及其控制探讨

本文在一般地介绍了形状记忆合金(SMA)的工作原理、SMA驱动器类型、SMA驱动器控制的基础上.描述了我们自行研制的单自由度的SMA驱动机构和SMA比例控制器.该控制器不论对于指定路线的程序控制还是任意给定主从遥控都能很好地完成给定的作业任务.     

形状记忆合金增强复合材料的振动主动控制试验研究

重点介绍了自行设计的几个利用形状记忆合金驱动器对结构振动进行主动控制的试验，除了对结构的振动进行抑制外，还对结构的振动进行激励，通过试验说明SMA在工程主动振动控制中的可行性和优越性，并讨论了SMA驱动器布局对结构主动振动控制效果的影响，最后还讨论了SMA在工程应用中存在的问题和相应的改进方法。     

基于SMA驱动模块的腕部柔性外骨骼设计

针对外骨骼机器人在仿生性、便携性及人机交互性上的问题,提出了一种基于形状记忆合金(SMA)驱动模块的腕部柔性外骨骼.首先,研究SMA弹簧的最大可回复拉伸长度与相变温度特性,建立SMA驱动模块的SMA弹簧与锰钢片的混合模型.然后,根据人体腕关节运动范围和所需拉力,对该混合模型进行参数优化.最后,提出了一种弹性元件势能、风冷和高低电流切换混合的SMA弹簧冷却方法,设计了基于运动角度和相变温度反馈的控制方法.为了验证腕部柔性外骨骼的实际使用效果,进行穿戴训练和测温实验.实验结果表明,该外骨骼的仿生性和柔顺性符合人体腕关节运动特性,其轻质、便携性可提高日常生活活动辅助效果.     

形状记忆合金力学性能及在变体结构中的应用研究

形状记忆合金（Shape Memory Alloys,SMA）由于其特有的形状记忆效应（Shape Memory Effect,SME）被大量研究和广泛应用。基于SMA的Müller-Achenbach-Seelecke模型进行了单根SMA丝的回复力数值计算验证,并设计了一种SMA丝驱动器应用于机翼变后掠角结构中,完成了机翼连续后掠偏转的原理、方案和具体的结构设计,并加工制备了后掠机翼模型;同时为了实现机翼后掠角变化的精确控制,采用PID控制方法设计了SMA温度与偏转角度双路信号反馈的闭环控制系统,完成了对机翼偏转的控制。实验结果表明,机翼可实现45°的偏转,偏转至设定角度后的平均稳态误差控制在±0.3°以内,实现了对偏转角度的精确控制。     

温度波动下的锅炉汽包水位模糊控制方法

针对余热烟气温度波动引起锅炉汽包水位难以控制的问题,提出了温度波动下的锅炉汽包水位模糊控制方法。该方法通过分析余热烟气温度波动下的汽包水位动态特性,在已有PID三冲量控制算法的基础上,利用模糊控制方法将余热烟气温度偏差和偏差变化率引入到汽包水位控制算法中,以修正给水量设定值,抑制烟气温度波动造成的影响,稳定汽包水位。系统仿真和实际工程应用结果验证了所提方法的有效性、可行性。     

The Micro Trolley Based on SMA and its Control System

The structure and control system of a micro trolley imitating an insect is introduced. Its movement mechanism is analyzed. The micro trolley imitates the motion of creature muscle using an SMA (Shape Memory Alloy) actuator. An elastic rubber band is put side by side with the SMA actuator so that the velocity of movement increases to almost twice as fast as without the elastic rubber band. The anti-reverse device attached to each wheel successfully prevents the wheels from turning backwards. This paper also analyzes the experiment results of the trolley. The prototype can be applied to the inspection and maintenance of micro pipes and tubes in such specific fields as nuclear power plants or space shuttles.     

An Operator-based Nonlinear Vibration Control System Using a Flexible Arm with Shape Memory Alloy

In the past, arms used in the fields of industry and robotics have been designed not to vibrate by increasing their mass and stiffness. The weight of arms has tended to be reduced to improve speed of operation, and decrease the cost of their production. Since the weight saving makes the arms lose their stiffness and therefore vibrate more easily, the vibration suppression control is needed for realizing the above purpose. Incidentally, the use of various smart materials in actuators has grown. In particular, a shape memory alloy (SMA) is applied widely and has several advantages: light weight, large displacement by temperature change, and large force to mass ratio. However, the SMA actuators possess hysteresis nonlinearity between their own temperature and displacement obtained by the temperature. The hysteretic behavior of the SMA actuators affects their control performance. In previous research, an operator-based control system including a hysteresis compensator has been proposed. The vibration of a flexible arm is dealt with as the controlled object; one end of the arm is clamped and the other end is free. The effectiveness of the hysteresis compensator has been confirmed by simulations and experiments. Nevertheless, the feedback signal of the previous designed system has increased exponentially. It is difficult to use the system in the long-term because of the phenomenon. Additionally, the SMA actuator generates and radiates heat because electric current passing through the SMA actuator provides heat, and strain on the SMA actuator is generated. With long-time use of the SMA actuator, the environmental temperature around the SMA actuator varies through radiation of the heat. There exists a risk that the ambient temperature change dealt with as disturbance affects the temperature and strain of the SMA actuator. In this research, a design method of the operator-based control system is proposed considering the long-term use of the system. In the method, the hysteresis characteristics of the SMA actuator and the temperature change around the actuator are considered. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulations and experiments.

     

Fuzzy logic based full-envelope autonomous flight control for an atmospheric re-entry spacecraft

An intelligent and autonomous flight control system for an atmospheric re-entry vehicle is investigated, based on fuzzy logic control and aerodynamic inversion computation. A common PD-Mamdani fuzzy logic controller is designed for all the five re-entry flight regions characterized by different actuator configurations. A linear transformation to the controller inputs is applied to tune the controller performance for different flight regions while using the same fuzzy rule base and inference engine. An autonomous actuator allocation algorithm is developed, based on the aerodynamic inversion computation, to cover all the five actuator configurations with the same fuzzy logic controller. Simulation results of tracking both a bench mark trajectory and a given nominal re-entry trajectory are presented to evaluate the control performance.     

Architecture design of a multiaxis cellular actuator array using segmented binary control of shape memory alloy

A new approach to artificial muscle actuator design is presented, and is implemented using shape memory alloys (SMA). An array of SMA actuators is segmented into many independently controlled, spatially discrete volumes, each contributing a small displacement to create a large motion. The segmented cellular architecture of SMA wires is extended to a multiaxis actuator array by arranging the segments in a two-dimensional (2-D) array. The multiaxis control is streamlined and coordinated using a 2-D segmentation method in order to activate multiple links of a robot mechanism in a coordinated manner. The basic principle of segmented binary control (SBC) is first presented, followed by multiaxis segmentation theory and a design procedure. The method is applied to a five-fingered robotic hand capable of taking a variety of postures. A 10-axis SMA actuator array is built, and SBC is implemented using Peltier-effect thermoelectric devices for selective local heating and cooling. Experiments demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the new method.     

Control of Shape Memory Alloy Actuators with a Neuro-fuzzy Feedforward Model Element

This paper describes development of a motion controller for Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuators using a dynamic model generated by a neuro-fuzzy inference system. Using SMA actuators, it would be possible to design miniature mechanisms for a variety of applications including miniature robots for micro manufacturing. Today SMA is used for valves, latches, and locks, which are automatically activated by heat. However it has not been used as a motion control device due to difficulty in the treatment of its highly nonlinear strain-stress hysteresis characteristic. In this paper, a dynamic model of a SMA actuator is developed using ANFIS, a neuro-fuzzy inference system provided in MATLAB environment. Using neuro-fuzzy logic, the system identification of the dynamic system is performed by observing the change of state variables (displacement and velocity) responding to a known input (input voltage to the current amplifier for the SMA actuator). Then, using the dynamic model, the estimated input voltage required to follow a desired trajectory is calculated in an open-loop manner. The actual input voltage supplied to the current amplifier is the sum of this open-loop input voltage and an input voltage calculated from an ordinary PD control scheme. This neuro-fuzzy logic-based control scheme is a very generalized scheme that can be used for a variety of SMA actuators. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the potential for this type of controller to control the motion of the SMA actuator.     

An earthworm-like micro robot using shape memory alloy actuator

A novel bio-mimetic micro robot with wireless control and wireless power supply using shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator is developed. There have been many kinds of mobile micro robot using the micro actuators such as ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC), micro motors and piezo actuators. These actuators generally require electric cable for power supply, which might highly influence the mobility of the micro robot. Therefore, a perfect wireless micro robot comprising telemetry and batteries is realized using only one SMA spring actuator and one silicone bellow. The SMA actuator and bellow play a role in contraction and extension of an earthworm muscle respectively. Based on theoretical analysis, specifications of a SMA actuator and a bellow are properly selected. For temporal stopping, setae of earthworm mimicked claws are employed. On the issue of control, the proposed robot is controlled according to On/Off signal via wireless communication. The operation is customized through tuning of on-/off-time of an actuator and using different type batteries such as a lithium, silver oxide and alkaline battery. After the design and experiment, we find out that the earthworm-like micro robot without wired power supply and control can move freely without limitation of working space and be fabricated easily.     

Intelligent modeling and control for nonlinear systems with rate-dependent hysteresis

A new modeling approach for nonlinear systems with rate-dependent hysteresis is proposed. The approach is used for the modeling of the giant magnetostrictive actuator, which has the rate-dependent nonlinear property. The models built are simpler than the existed approaches. Compared with the experiment result, the model built can well describe the hysteresis nonlinear of the actuator for input signals with complex frequency. An adaptive direct inverse control approach is proposed based on the fuzzy tree model and inverse learning and special learning that are used in neural network broadly. In this approach, the inverse model of the plant is identified to be the initial controller firstly. Then, the inverse model is connected with the plant in series and the linear parameters of the controller are adjusted using the least mean square algorithm by on-line manner. The direct inverse control approach based on the fuzzy tree model is applied on the tracing control of the actuator by simulation. The simulation results show the correctness of the approach. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60534020), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. G2002cb312205-04), the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant No. 20070006060), and the Key Subject Foundation of Beijing (Grant Nos. XK100060526, XK100060422)     

A hysteresis functional link artificial neural network for identification and model predictive control of SMA actuator

In this paper, a modified Hysteresis Functional Link Artificial Neural Network (HFLANN) is proposed to identify and control a Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuator, which has an inherent hysteresis phenomenon. In this structure, a hysteresis operator combined with the Functional Link Artificial Neural Network (FLANN) to employ the hysteresis phenomenon and the dynamic of the SMA actuator. The hysteresis operator is introduced to capture the SMA hysteresis. And the FLANN is employed to approximate the dynamic of the system. In identification problem, the FLANN parameters are trained by Particle Swarm Optimization technique. For control problem, a Model Predictive Controller based HFLANN is derived to control the system. The identification results show that the HFLANN can employ for the SMA dynamic. The simulation and experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The SMA hysteresis phenomenon is compensated completely by proposed controller.