复合加工制备的超细晶工业纯钛室温蠕变行为研究

采用工业纯钛TA1经等径弯曲通道变形(Equal channel angular pressing,ECAP)+冷轧(Cold Rolling,CR)+旋锻(Swaging)的方法制得晶粒尺寸约为120nm的超细晶工业纯钛,通过单轴拉伸蠕变实验、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法,研究室温下超细晶工业纯钛蠕变变形行为及机理。结果表明:在实验应力范围内,超细晶工业纯钛存在明显的室温蠕变现象;随加载应力的升高(640～760 MPa),蠕变量增加,稳态蠕变速率增大(2.8×10~(-7)～1.5×10~(-4)s~(-1));在相同蠕变应力水平(0.8σ_s)下,超细晶工业纯钛稳态蠕变速率(2.8×10~(-7)s~(-1))低于粗晶工业纯钛(8.6×10~(-6)s~(-1)),抗蠕变性能优于粗晶工业纯钛;位错滑移机理是其主要蠕变变形机理,蠕变断裂机制为韧性断裂。     

Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of Mg–2Gd–1Y–1Zn–0·2Zr (at-%) alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing

Significant grain refinement was achieved in a new Mg–2Gd–1Y–1Zn–0·2Zr (at-%) alloy through multipass equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at 623 K. Corrosion behaviours of the ECAPed alloy were investigated by hydrogen evolution and electrochemical measurement in NaCl solution at room temperature. The results showed that a large number of intergranular phases were stretched and gradually broken above four ECAP passes, but the fine grained α-Mg phase was much easier to grow after 12 ECAP passes for dynamic recrystallisation. The corrosion resistance of the ECAPed Mg alloy in a fine grained state considerably increases, compared with that in the as cast state. After four ECAP passes, the corrosion potential, the pitting potential and the resistance value achieved ?1·55 V, ?1·39 V and 2·08 KΩ respectively. However, excessive ECAP passes reduced the corrosion resistance of the fine grained Mg alloy, due to grain coarsening and the gradual loss of barrier effect of intergranular phases.     

Fe-32%Ni合金超细晶粒奥氏体的马氏体相变微观结构研究

通过多轴锻造的方法实现了Fe-32%Ni合金奥氏体晶粒超细化,并进行深冷处理使之发生马氏体相变.采用透射电镜(TEM)观察了超细晶粒Fe-32%Ni合金奥氏体相变后马氏体的微观结构.结果表明,超细晶粒奥氏体相变后的马氏体片变得不再完整,部分马氏体片边缘变得弯曲,部分马氏体发生了中脊断裂现象;观察马氏体片的亚结构表明,有些马氏体片的亚结构是孪晶与高密度位错共存,有些马氏体片的亚结构转变为高密度位错.分析认为强变形马氏体特殊亚结构的生成是由于奥氏体组织细化大大提高了母相强度,加大了相变切变阻力和强变形奥氏体母相中大量位错的引入破坏了母相晶格原子排列的空间规律性等原因造成的.     

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Mg95.5Y3Zn1.5 alloy processed by extrusion and ECAP

A Mg_95.5Y₃Zn_1.5 alloy processed via a two-step processing route of extrusion plus ECAP has been investigated. It was found that the ECAP processed Mg_95.5Y₃Zn_1.5 alloy contained ultrafine grains and exhibited excellent mechanical properties. After ECAP, the average grain size of Mg_95.5Y₃Zn_1.5 alloy was refined to about 300 nm. The highest strengths, with yield strength of 444.6 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 472.7 MPa, were obtained after 1 pass at 623 K. The SAED patterns indicated that the microstructure after ECAP consisted of both high angle and low angle grain boundaries. The fraction of high-angle boundaries increased with increasing numbers of ECAP passes. The Mg_95.5Y₃Zn_1.5 alloy contained a high volume fraction of X-Mg₁₂ZnY phase due to high yttrium and zinc addition. And, it accelerated the growth and coalescence of cracks during tensile testing, resulting in premature fracture and lower elongation of alloy.     

不同热变形工艺大塑性变形加工超细晶1570C铝合金的组织、强度和超塑性

将Al-5Mg-0.18Mn-0.2Sc-0.08Zr-0.01Fe-0.01Si(质量分数,％)合金铸锭进行多向等温锻造(应变12)或等径角挤压(应变10,325℃),再进行热轧(325℃)和冷轧(20℃),对比研究合金变形后的组织和力学行为.结果表明,对(亚)晶粒尺寸dUFG=2μm的超细晶组织合金进行多向等温锻造...     

等径角挤压模具对超细晶材料显微组织的影响

论述了等径角挤压（ECAP）制备超细晶材料工艺的研究进展，介绍了ECAP的技术原理和工艺特点，着重分析了ECAP模具对ECAP细晶材料的显微组织的影响．优化ECAP模具结构。     

等通道转角挤压过程塑性变形行为的研究

等通道转角挤压工艺是一种利用纯剪切变形获得块状超细晶材料的新技术,本文采用坐标网格法进行实验,获得了力一行程曲线和试样网格的变化,并应用Deform-3D有限元软件数值模拟了5052铝合金挤压塑性变形过程,将挤压后的实验结果同模拟结果进行比较,两者吻合较好,以此为基础,分析了挤压变形力和等效应变的分布规律,探讨了塑性变形的行为.     

Corrosion behavior of ultra-fine grained industrial pure Al fabricated by ECAP

Corrosion behavior of ultra-fine grained(UFG) industrial Al fabricated by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) for 16 pass times was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization test, potentiostatic polarization test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) measurement, immersion test and surface analyses (OM and SEM). The microstructures including grain size, grain boundaries and dislocations were also observed by TEM. The results show that the UFG industrial pure Al has more positive pitting potential, less corrosion current density and five times larger passive film resistance compared with the coarse grained(CG) one. It was found that the increased pitting resistance is profited from the more stable passive film kept in the Cl⁻ aggressive solution due to more grain boundaries, larger fraction of non-equilibrium grain boundaries and residual stress of the UFG industrial pure Al.     

等径弯曲通道变形制备超细晶铜的热稳定性

室温下采用等径弯曲通道变形(Equal Channel Angular Pressing,ECAP)C方式进行了纯铜(99.95%)12道次挤压变形。通过等温和等时退火,研究ECAP变形后铜的退火行为,并研究了等径弯曲通道变形和退火后纯铜的显微硬度和显微结构变化。分析了ECAP应变量、退火时间和退火温度对超细晶铜的再结晶行为、抗软化性能的影响。结果表明:ECAP变形后的超细晶铜在退火过程中,表现出不连续再结晶现象;ECAP降低了铜的热稳定性,变形道次越高再结晶温度越低。退火后稳态晶粒尺寸随变形道次的增加而细化,硬度值随变形道次的增加而增大,回归分析表明,晶粒尺寸与硬度之间的关系符合Hall-Petch公式。     

Ultra-Fine Grained Degradable Magnesium for Biomedical Applications

通过对工业纯镁以及ZM21合金的性能测试研究了镁合金在可降解生物医学中的应用,讨论了等径角挤压制备超细晶以及温挤压对材料性能的影响。晶粒细化导致合金材料压缩强度明显提高,强烈的初始变形织构导致粗晶镁合金拉伸强度高于压缩。等径角挤压能够减弱织构的影响,使不同合金塑性流变行为获得改变。材料腐蚀性能主要受化学成分、晶粒大小以及先前变形诱导晶格畸变程度的综合影响。等径角挤压细化晶粒、增大晶格缺陷密度在一定程度上制衡了材料的腐蚀性能。同时弥散分布的第二相粒子的增加对于点蚀发展有着积极的作用。     

Low-temperature superplasticity of ZK40 magnesium alloy processed using equal channel angular pressing

Microstructure evolution and superplastic behaviors of ZK40 magnesium alloy were investigated in the temperature range of 473～623 K. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the microstructure changes, twinning occurred significantly after being processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for one pass through the die, the mean grain size was 5.6μm. Finer grains can be obtained after further processing through ECAP, the average grain size of the alloy processed by ECAP for three passes was as low as 0.8 μ_m; this alloy exhibited low temperature superplasticity at 473～523 K, elongations obtained at the same initial strain rate of 1×10~(-3) s~(-1) were 260％ at 473 K and 612％ at 523 K, respectively. Corresponding values for the ZK40 alloy processed by ECAP for only one pass were 124％ at 473 K and 212％ at 523 K, respectively; poor superplastic behavior of this material was related to the long-range stresses associated with the non-equilibrium grain boundaries within the coarse grains. The incompatibility between fine and coarse grains was thought to be unfavorable to the improvement of superplasticity.     

Microstructure of severely deformed Al–3Mg and its evolution during annealing

The submicron microstructure developed here after heavy deformation of Al–3Mg by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is shown to consist of an elongated grain and cell structure of width 70–80nm and 300–400nm length. There is also a high dislocation density inside these grains with some tendency to dislocation arrangement as a cell structure. Many of the grain boundaries are shown to be of low–medium angle and are not the randomly misoriented, high-angle boundaries generally assumed to be present. Annealing at low temperatures leads to a reduction of dislocation density, some reduction of grain length as transverse boundaries form in the elongated grains, and grain coarsening. At higher temperatures a duplex structure forms as some regions show localized recrystallization. The relationship of grain boundary misorientation and high-temperature coarsening and recrystallization to the applied heavy strain and alloy composition is discussed.     

Study of channel angle influence on material flow and strain inhomogeneity in equal channel angular pressing using 3D finite element simulation

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is currently being widely investigated because of its potential to produce ultra-fine grained microstructures in metals and alloys. A sound knowledge of the plastic deformation and strain distribution is necessary for understanding the relationships between strain inhomogeneity and geometry of die. Considerable research has been reported on finite element analysis of this process, assuming 2D plane strain condition. The 2D models are not suitable due to the component geometry, especially for workpiece with cylindrical cross-section. In the present work 3D simulation of ECAP process was carried out, using ABAQUS/Standard software, for different channel angles for a strain hardening aluminium alloy (AA6101). Strain inhomogeneity is presented and discussed for all cases. Pattern of variation of strain along some selected radial lines in steady-state zone is presented.     

等径角挤压2A12铝合金超细晶组织结构研究

使用Φ=90°和ψ=30°的挤压模具在室温下对2A12铝合金进行了8次等径角挤压,成功制备了晶粒尺寸为200nm左右、具有大角度晶界的块体超细晶材料,并且采用HitachiS-800透射电镜,研究了挤压过程中2A12铝合金的组织结构及其变化。结果表明挤压一次后,晶粒内位错密度急剧增加,形成位错纠缠,晶粒细化效果最明显;挤压前分布在α-Al基体上的针状第二相Al2Cu和颗粒状Al2Cu Mg,在剪切力的作用下,针状Al2Cu变成颗粒状,弥散分布在α-Al基体上,Al2CuMg颗粒因晶粒细化进入了晶界位置,而且在以后的挤压中,这些化合物颗粒大小基本保持不变。继续挤压,位错逐渐由晶内移动到晶界上,在晶界上形成胞状组织,最后逐渐变成了清晰的小角度晶界或大角度晶界,从而实现组织的超细化。     

静水压力对粉末多孔材料等径角挤压过程的影响

等径角挤压是获得块体超细晶材料的一种重要方法.针对纯铝粉末多孔材料,采用可压缩刚塑性有限元法对其等径角挤压过程进行数值模拟,并着重分析了静水压力对挤压效果的影响.研究结果表明,等径角挤压具有强烈的致密效果,增加变形体内部的静水压力不仅可以增加试件的变形能力,而且利于提高变形过程中材料的致密速度和获得高致密度的试件.     

等径角挤压过程的计算机模拟

等径角挤压可以在不改变材料横截面的情况下使其反复产生严重的塑性变形,从而降低材料的晶粒尺寸,是制备块体超细晶材料的新工艺。该文采用DEFORM程序对等径角挤压过程进行了模拟,分析了挤压过程中材料的应力、应变、挤压力等的变化及其分布,为今后的研究打下了基础。     

Effect of soft Bi particles on grain refinement during severe plastic deformation

Two aluminum alloys, Al–8Zn and Al–6Bi–8Zn were subjected to equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) up to 5 passes at room temperature. The microstructural evolution and the grain refinement behavior of these alloys were systematically studied by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). After 5 passes of ECAP, ultrafine grained microstructures formed in both alloys. However, the grain structure in the Al–6Bi–8Zn alloy is much finer than that of Al–8Zn alloy, showing that the soft Bi particles have a strong influence on enhancing the grain refinement during ECAP. The strengths of the ECAP-processed materials were measured by hardness test and it showed that after 5 passes of ECAP, the hardness of the Al–6Bi–8Zn alloy was higher than that of the Al–8Zn alloy. The effects of soft Bi particles on the deformation behavior during ECAP and the final strength of the Al–6Bi–8Zn alloy were discussed.     

Annealing behavior of Al-Mg-Mn alloy processed by ECAP at elevated temperature

An Al-Mg-Mn alloy was subjected to equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) at 350 ℃ for 6 passes. Static annealing was conducted on the deformed alloy at various temperatures from 400 to 450 ℃ for 1h respectively. The microstructural evolutions of both the deformed and the annealed materials were studied by electron back scattering diffraction pattern(EBSD) analysis. A fine-grained structure with (sub)grain size of about 2 μm is obtained after 6 ECAP passes, and the fraction of high-angle boundaries is 48.08%. As the annealing temperature increases, the average misorientations of the grain boundaries and the fraction of high-angle boundaries increases gradually. No grain growth takes place in the 400 ℃ annealed sample, while after annealing at 450 ℃ a coarse-grained structure replaces the initial fine-grained structure produced by ECAP. The aspect ratios remain almost constant and the (sub)grains keep equiaxed in the range of the present experiment. As the annealing temperature increases, the strength decreases obviously, which attributes to the relaxation of the internal stresses and the grain growth, while the elongation increases slightly.     

高层错能7003铝合金ECAP晶粒细化位错机制研究

在室温对完全时效7003铝合金进行4道次ECAP(Bc)挤压,成功获得大约200nm至几百纳米的超细晶粒。借助透射电镜(TEM)观察ECAP变形过程中的微观组织特征,如位错缠绕区(DTZ)、位错胞结构、孤立位错胞(IDC)、稠密位错墙(DDW)、胞块(CB)、显微带(MB)和S带等。7003铝合金在变形过程中的细化机制主要是位错分割机制。     

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes for metals

Processes of severe plastic deformation (SPD) are defined as metal forming processes in which a very large plastic strain is imposed on a bulk process in order to make an ultra-fine grained metal. The objective of the SPD processes for creating ultra-fine grained metal is to produce lightweight parts by using high strength metal for the safety and reliability of micro-parts and for environmental harmony. In this keynote paper, the fabrication process of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), accumulative roll-bonding (ARB), high pressure torsion (HPT), and others are introduced, and the properties of metals processed by the SPD processes are shown. Moreover, the combined processes developed recently are also explained. Finally, the applications of the ultra-fine grained (UFG) metals are discussed.