基于输沙平衡度的河型成因理论假说及其验证

在建立冲积河流输沙平衡度公式的基础上,提出河型成因理论假说:冲积河流河型形成的内在成因是河流的输沙平衡度,外在成因是表达河床、水流和泥沙的物理量;河流系统中包含了河床系统、水流系统和泥沙系统3个二级系统;河道整治工程首先影响河型的外在成因,然后通过外在成因影响内在成因,不同的输沙平衡度过程形成了不同的河型。黄河下游的验证结果表明:依据冲积河流河型成因理论假说可以对河型进行分类,并有效地对河型进行预测,从理论上讲可以控制河型。     

入湖河流尾闾河段河型问题研究进展

回顾和总结了国内外入湖河流尾闾河段河型问题的研究进展,阐述了入湖河流尾闾河段范围的界定方法,分析了入湖河流尾闾河段的平面形态与演变特征,对比了入湖河流尾闾河段河型与冲积河流河型的异同,进一步探讨了不同类型尾闾河段的河型成因以及河型转化影响因素。针对目前入湖河流尾闾河段河型问题研究中存在的不足,指出今后可从入湖河流尾闾河段的河型特征、河型成因机理和河型转化影响因素的定量化等方面加强研究。     

冲积河流河型自然分类方法研究

借鉴植物分类学、动物分类学的理论和方法,提出了河型自然分类方法,并基于河流地貌学理论进行了逻辑推理。在地球内力一定的条件下,冲积河流河型是由河道水流对河道的侵蚀、堆积、不侵蚀不堆积3种作用过程所形成的;冲积河流河型是由冲积河流输沙平衡的状态过程所形成的。     

河道调整研究现状及其对黄河下游游荡型河道调整的启示

系统梳理了河道调整研究现状,全面论述了与冲积河流调整相关的河相关系、不同边界下河道调整过程、冲积河流线性理论的研究现状及发展动态.新形势下黄河下游游荡型河道调整应重点研究水沙变化与有限控制边界对河道调整的耦合效应、河道断面自调整数理分析中断面形态假定、有限控制边界条件下游荡型河流主槽摆动幅度和频率等问题,这不仅有助于加...     

冲积性河流的河型分类及判别方法研究综述

冲积性河流的河型分类及判别是河型研究的重点问题之一,对于河床演变规律的认识及制定河道治理措施具有重要意义。根据已有研究成果,归纳和分析了国内外河型分类和判别方法。针对河型定量判别方法,总结和分析了现有J-Q判别法、河床稳定性判别法、来水来沙条件与河床边界条件判别法的思路、判别指标和标准。采用量纲分析的方法分析了影响河型的主要因素,对比了不同判别式所用参数的特性,最后指出了现有河型判别方法的不足和有待解决的问题。     

冲积河流河床综合稳定性指标研究

根据河床演变理论，利用已有的基本公式，导出了冲积河流河床绝对稳定应满足的水沙床无量纲数（量）条件，由此建立了由水沙床因素构成的实用冲积河流稳定程度函数公式。基于该公式建立了冲积河流河床综合稳定性指标以及对应的河型判别准则，然后利用黄河下游11年资料和渭河部分资料进行了初步验证。计算表明，建立的冲积河流河床综合稳定性指标以及对应的河型判别准则是合理和有效的，可以利用该判别方法预测大型河流因水沙条件改变而导致的河型变化趋势。     

黄河下游河型分类与判别模式研究

利用黄河下游11年资料的计算表明,本文在前人研究成果的基础上,根据泥沙运动基本理论、河床演变基本原理以及河流输沙强平衡概念建立的,以实用冲积河流稳定程度公式为理论和计算依据,由模糊聚类分析和判别分析方法构成的黄河下游河型分类与判别模式,可以为小浪底水库运用后黄河下游河型的分类与判别提供有力的理论依据和具体的计算方法,同时,也对其它冲积河流河型的分类与判别有一定的借鉴作用。     

长江源区河流地貌及水沙特性

长江源区河网密布,多数河流仍处于自然演变过程中,河谷地貌保存完整。基于实地踏勘资料,结合 SRTM3 DEM 对长江源区部分河流河谷地貌及水沙特性进行了分析。研究河流涵盖长江北源楚玛尔河、正源沱沱河、南源当曲、干流通天河及支流布曲、尕尔曲。根据河谷形态及河流地貌,可将这些河段归纳为3类:高原冲积型、丘陵坦谷型和高山峡谷型。其中:高原冲积型河道平面多呈游荡或多股分汊;丘陵坦谷型河道平面呈单一或分汊态势;高山峡谷型河道则为单一河道。研究时段内,长江源3个源头中,当曲流量最大,沱沱河流量大于楚玛尔河;输沙量则表现为沱沱河最大、楚玛尔河其次,当曲最小。泥沙分析发现:平面呈游荡状态的河流,其泥沙特征与其他河型有明显不同,具有悬移质含沙量大、粒径粗且均匀,床沙粒径较细的特点。相关分析显示河道宽度与水流含沙量呈正相关关系,初步说明了游荡河型产生的原因。     

基于协调发展度的河流健康评价方法研究

为评价河流系统的健康和协调发展状况,首先,从影响河流生态完整性要素和社会服务要素的角度出发,构建了包括水文资源、物理结构、水质、生物和社会服务功能等多个准则层的河流健康评价指标体系的统一框架;然后,借鉴社会经济与环境的协调发展度理念,建立了河流系统的协调发展度评价模型,并探索性地提出了基于河流健康管理的协调发展度等级标准;最后,以滦河为研究对象,对2011年滦河健康状态与协调发展状况进行了实证研究。结果表明,协调发展度模型既能评价河流系统的健康程度,又能衡量河流自然属性与社会属性的协调发展状况。     

冲积河流温排水数值模拟研究现状及需要解决的关键问题

从温排水数值模拟研究的意义出发,主要从控制方程、离散方法、网格生成、边界处理等方面对温排水数值模拟研究现状进行了论述,最后结合冲积河流河相特征对冲积河流岸边温排放数值模拟研究中的一些关键技术问题进行了探讨.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。