磷酸酪表面活性剂在乳液形成中的应用

用乳液聚合的方法描述了烷基醇(酚)醚磷酸酪作为基本阴离子型乳化剂在形成涂料或胶粘剂用乳液中的功能。研究发现，盐状态下的磷酸酪在乳液聚合中是高效的基本阴离子型乳化剂，它们可以提供典型的粒径控制、低凝胶量以及良好的乳液稳定性；在乳胶粒子形成过程中，得到最佳效果的烷基醚磷酸酯乳化剂中EO的范围为6mol～9mol并且乳液的冻融稳定性与作为磷酸酪中不纯物质的非离子量有关。     

烯丙醇衍生物聚合型乳化剂及其在乳液聚合中的应用

着重探讨了两类以烯丙醇作为双键来源的烯丙醇醚磷酸酯聚合型乳化剂的结构与性能，及其应用于苯乙烯和丙烯酸丁酯乳液聚合时，对滞稳定性和乳液性能的影响。     

乳化剂对丙烯酸杂化醇酸乳液稳定性的影响

采用预乳化半连续乳液聚合工艺,以非离子型乳化剂(OP-10)和阴离子型乳化剂(MS-1)复配,制备出聚合稳定性与乳液稳定性优异的丙烯酸杂化醇酸乳液,研究了乳化体系对丙烯酸杂化醇酸乳液聚合过程与乳液稳定性的影响。     

一种无APEO的含磷环氧丙烯酸酯防锈乳液的制备与性能

制备了一种无APEO的水性环氧丙烯酸酯防锈乳液。实验对阴、非离子乳化剂的用量、配比、磷酸酯类乳化剂和单体的用量进行了研究,并得出最佳反应条件:异构十三醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸铵乳化剂(LCA213)与十二烷基二苯醚二磺酸二钠乳化剂(DSB)的比例为5∶1,复合乳化剂的用量占单体总量的3%,特种嵌端聚醚型非离子乳化剂(EFS-630)占乳化剂量的70%,磷酸酯反应型乳化剂烯丙基醚羟基磷酸酯(UCAN-3)的量为8%,磷酸酯功能性单体甲基丙烯酸聚醚磷酸酯(APE-2005)的用量占单体总量的4%,入釜丙烯酸预乳液量为1/4,滴加时间为3h,反应温度85℃时,制得的乳液细腻,均匀,涂膜完整。     

乳化剂在聚醋酸乙烯乳液聚合中的应用研究

以烯丙氧基羟丙磺酸钠(HAPS)、甲基丙烯酸羟丙磺酸钠(HPMAS)、乙烯基磺酸钠(SVS)、烯丙氧基壬基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚硫酸铵(DNS-86)和磺基琥珀酸癸基聚氧乙烯醚酯二钠(DNS-628)为乳化剂,采用一次投料法合成乳液,选择适宜醋酸乙烯乳液聚合的乳化剂。结果表明,在该聚合条件下,DNS-86和DNS-628适合醋酸乙烯酯乳液聚合。采用半连续种子乳液聚合,以DNS-628为乳化剂,设计理论乳液固含量为45%,当加入量为1.0%时,可合成稳定的乳液;以DNS-86为乳化剂,加入量为2.0%～6.0%时,合成的乳液不稳定,采用预乳化工艺,加入量为6.0%时可合成稳定的乳液。以DNS-86和DNS-628为乳化剂合成的乳液,其固含量、稀释稳定性、粘度、粒径和热老化性能等基本性能与传统乳化剂的明显不同。     

有机-无机杂化核壳型乳胶粒的制备及其粒径控制

以苯乙烯乳液聚合合成种子,再在种子外生成苯乙烯与甲基丙烯酸-3-三甲氧基硅丙酯（MPS）的共聚物,利用MPS中硅氧烷基的水解-缩合反应,形成交联的壳,得到有机-无机杂化型核壳乳胶粒.然后用溶剂将聚苯乙烯模板溶解,可得到空心微胶囊.通过透射电镜（TEM）和动态光散射粒径仪（DLS）观测乳胶粒及微胶囊的形态.并研究了乳化剂种类、介质pH值、MPS用量和加入方式对粒径、粒子数和体系稳定性的影响.发现非离子型乳化剂、酸性或碱性介质、MPS用量过多均促进乳胶粒子数减少,减弱了乳液稳定性.而采取连续滴加MPS的方法则可提高乳液的稳定性,且粒径可控.     

乳化剂对有机硅改性丙烯酸酯乳液性能的影响

以丙烯酸酯、八甲基环四硅氧烷为主要原料，阴离子型和非离子型表面活性荆为复合乳化荆，通过种子乳液聚合法制备了有机硅改性丙烯酸酯乳液；由透射电子显微镜可观察到乳胶粒子呈明显的核壳结构。讨论了乳化荆种类及用量对聚合反应及反应体系稳定性、乳液稳定性、乳胶粒子的粒径及形态、聚合反应转化率、乳液粘度的影响。结果表明，复合乳化剂中阴离子型与非离子型乳化荆的质量比为2：1时最好．乳化剂的最佳用量为4％．     

脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠作乳化剂的丙烯酸酯乳液聚合研究

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸为单体,脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠C16-MES为乳化剂,通过乳液聚合制备了丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液.根据Davies法计算了C16-MES的HLB值在12.8左右,并且考察了乳化剂用最、引发剂种类及用量、单体配比对聚合稳定性及乳液稳定性的影响规律.实验结果表明,以C16-MES为乳化剂制备的不同单体配比的丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液稳定,随着乳化剂用量的增加,聚合反应速率增大;引发剂用量相同时,氧化还原引发体系引发的丙烯酸酯乳液聚合速率大于热引发体系.乳胶粒的粒径都在103～200 nm.     

建筑用红外辐射降温涂料的研制

根据红外辐射致冷的基本原理，研究了红外辐射涂料的影响因素；通过微乳液聚合的方法描述了阴离子型Gemini表面活性剂在形成涂料用乳液中的功能，研究发现阴离子Gemini表面活性剂在微乳液聚合中是高效的乳化剂，可以提供典型的粒径控制，以及良好的乳液稳定性，只需1％左右就可以得到固含量45％左右的透明纳米级丙烯酸乳液；确定了辐射涂料的各种功能填料，并对填料进行处理，从而提高了填料反射和辐射功能，研制出了具有显著降温功能的辐射涂料。     

种子乳液聚合法制备高固含量纯丙微乳液的机理分析

采用种子乳液聚合法合成出乳化剂质量分数小于1.5%,聚合物质量分数大于50%,粒径为35.6 nm,多分散性(PDI)为0.133的丙烯酸酯微乳液[1].本文用框图的方式,阐述了改进的普通乳液聚合法合成乳化剂用量少、固含量高的纯丙纳米乳液的机理.用普通乳液聚合工艺、胶柬成核机理,同样可以合成出性能优异的微乳液;种子聚合阶段,采用全滴加法可使形成胶束数目增加,成核率提高,反应结束体系中空胶束数目尽可能减少;外层单体加入阶段,要控制补加乳化剂的量使体系中乳化剂浓度在临界胶束浓度以下.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。