Examination of cadmium sorption characteristics for a boreal soil near Fairbanks, Alaska

The objective of this research was to better understand cadmium (Cd) mobility in an organic-rich, boreal soil. Cadmium was selected for the study because of its tendency to be more mobile in soils than other heavy metals, such as lead or mercury. The release of metals from soil is a concern for northern regions where soils are gradually warming, resulting in an increased rate of natural organic matter (NOM) decomposition and soil erosion. Soil samples were collected from three principle soil horizons at a research site in the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed (CPCRW), near Fairbanks, Alaska. A dilute Cd solution was added to the soil and the soil solution was allowed to mix for 72 h. The soil solution was then passed through a 75 microm sieve and a 0.3 microm filter. Particulate samples retained on the sieve and filter were analyzed by atomic absorption (AA) to determine how much Cd was bound to the different size particles. The NOM in each particle size fraction was analyzed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS) to determine the nature of the NOM present. Our results showed that the concentration of Cd was almost equal for the different particle sizes in each horizon. That is, the amount of Cd associated with particles larger than 75 microm was nearly the same, on a per mass basis, as the amount of Cd associated with particles ranging in size between 0.3 and 75 microm. Since the mass ratio of Cd to solids normally increases as particle size decreases, this result suggested unusual sorption behavior. Based on the Cd distribution among the particles and the percentage of NOM in each particle size range, it is believed that NOM is a primary factor influencing the sorption behavior of Cd in the boreal soil tested.     

热分解法制备Ni_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Fe_2O_4纳米颗粒

采用热分解法制备Ni_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Fe_2O_4纳米颗粒,研究表面活性剂用量、回流温度和回流时间对产物尺寸、形貌以及分散性的影响。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对样品的结构、形貌与磁性能进行了表征。结果表明:增加表面活性剂的用量,产物的粒径减小,分散性明显提高,而提高回流温度和延长回流时间则会使产物粒径增加,但粒径分布也会变宽。在三辛基氧化膦(TOPO)用量为0.6mmol,260℃回流1h条件下制备产物的饱和磁化强度为49.38A·m2/kg,矫顽力为7143.20A/m,剩余磁化强度为5.76A·m2/kg,表现为亚铁磁性。     

Fast quantification of humic substances and organic matter by direct analysis of sediments using DRIFT spectroscopy

A simple method based on diffuse reflectance coupled with infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) has been developed for the quantification and the characterization of sedimentary (or soil, peat, etc.) humic substances. Under optimized conditions, the quantification of humic substances or total organic matter is possible with DRIFTS at a frequency of 2930 cm(-1) using whole dry sediment samples. A study of the operational parameters that affect the DRIFTS signal shows the importance of normalizing analysis conditions, especially the diffuse reflectance accessory alignment, the particle size and compaction, and the homogeneity of the powdered samples, to obtain reproducible quantitative analyses. The quantification of total humic substances by DRIFTS correlates well with the concentrations determined using classical extraction methods. DRIFTS analysis requires only a few minutes instead of tedious extractions of humic substances. Moreover, the distribution of total organic matter and of fulvic acids, humic acids, and humin can also be obtained. Analysis of natural samples indicates that a calibration using humic material representative of the studied area provides the most accurate quantification. The fast screening of organic matter fractions by DRIFTS on intact natural samples provides useful quantitative and qualitative information that can be used in environmental or monitoring studies.     

基于在线半监督学习的故障诊断方法研究

针对机械故障诊断中准确、完备的故障训练样本获取困难,而现有分类方法难以有效地发掘大量未标记故障样本中蕴含的有用信息,提出了一种基于在线半监督学习的故障诊断方法.该方法基于Tri-training算法将在线贯序极限学习机从监督学习模式扩展到半监督学习模式,利用少量不精确的标记样本构建初始分类器,并从大量未标记样本中在线扩充标记样本,对分类器进行增量式更新以提高其泛化性能.半监督基准数据试验结果表明,训练样本总数相同但标记样本数与未标记样本数比例不同时,所提算法得到的分类准确率相当且训练时间相差小于1.2倍.以柴油机8种工况的故障模式为对象进行试验验证,结果表明标记故障样本较少时,未标记故障样本的加入可使故障分类准确率提高5％～8％.     

Atmospheric aerosol optical properties: a database of radiative characteristics for different components and classes

A database management system has been realized that, by taking physical and chemical properties (the complex refractive index and the size distribution) of basic components as its starting point, allows the user to obtain optical properties of default as well as user-defined aerosol classes. Default classes are defined in accordance with the most widely known and used aerosol models. We obtain user-defined classes by varying the mixing ratio of components, creating new mixtures of default components, or by defining user components, thereby supplying the size distribution and the refractive index. The effect of relative humidity (RH) on the refractive index and the size distribution is properly accounted for up to RH = 99%. The two known mechanisms of obtaining classes from components are allowed (internal or external mixing).     

水平渗流作用下无黏性土接触冲刷细颗粒起动机理分析

为了在细观层面上研究水平渗流作用下无黏性土接触冲刷的临界水力条件,构建了粗-细粒土层接触面上细粒土的两种冲刷起动模型。根据细粒土滑动和滚动两种失稳模式进行受力分析,并采用层流假设对流动切应力进行分析。提出了上部为粗粒土、下部为细粒土的无黏性土接触冲刷水平临界水力梯度的理论计算公式,依据试验中接触面可动细粒土起动位置的特征对公式进行了简化,并通过试验数据将本文公式与已有经验公式进行了对比,验证了其适用性。研究结果表明:水平临界水力梯度受粗-细粒土的粒径比和可动细粒土粒径的影响较大,受粗粒土孔隙率影响较小。该值与粒径比和粗粒土孔隙率成负相关,与可动细粒土粒径成正相关。当粗-细粒土粒径比不大于10时,接触冲刷不发生;当粒径比大于10且小于50时,临界水力梯度取决于粒径比和可动细粒土粒径的影响;当粒径比大于50时,临界水力梯度受可动细粒土粒径的影响较大。该文提出的公式中,可动细粒土的粒径值d_i由接触面上细粒土粒径分布特征决定,在计算时建议其取值不大于细粒土特征粒径d₅₀;当细粒土粒径分布特征未知时,可取细粒土的特征粒径d₁₅。     

Ultra-small angle neutron scattering and X-ray tomography studies of caseinate–hydroxyapatite microporous materials

Microporous hydroxyapatite–protein composite materials of bimodal pore size distribution, intended for utilization as bone regeneration scaffolds, have been prepared by means of milk caseinate emulsion droplet templating. Ultra-small angle neutron scattering (USANS) has been utilized in order to obtain information on the size distribution of the smaller pores (less than tens of micrometers), as compared to the emulsions that have been initially used as templates. The samples were subsequently visualized in 3 dimensions using synchrotron radiation X-ray tomography, where information concerning the larger pores has been obtained. The examination of the samples confirmed a strong correlation between the size of the templating droplets and the produced pores. In addition, 1 μm-sized pores appear to adhere to the surface of 20–70 μm pores, providing an irregular surface on the large pore walls, a desirable feature in bone-mimicking materials.     

Study on ultrasound assisted precipitation of CL-20 and its effect on morphology and sensitivity

Applying ultrasound to crystallizing systems offers significant advantages for modifying and improving the processes as well as quality of products. This paper reports on ultrasound assisted reprecipitation of CL-20 to obtain fine particles as well as to achieve desired morphology, which will improve insensitivity characteristics. In this study, CL-20 has been reprecipitated by sonication process and has been characterized by DSC, SEM and particle size analysis. The results are compared with control CL-20 sample (unsonicated). SEM photographs revealed that sonication process offer uniform crystalline morphology without any agglomeration. The particle size of sonicated CL-20 sample obtained is around 5+/-1 microm with a narrow particle size distribution. The DSC thermogram of sonicated and unsonicated sample is identical. CL-20 samples were subjected to impact and friction sensitivity experiments, the results indicate the sensitivity characteristics reduced considerably. Ultrasonic assisted crystallization technique reduces the time of reprecipitation considerably with an enhanced recovery of CL-20 with a very narrow particle size distribution.     

基于光谱特征和纹理特征协同学习的高光谱图像数据分类

高光谱遥感图像中包含有大量的高维数据,传统的有监督学习算法在对这些数据进行分类时要求获取足够多的有标记样本用于分类器的训练.然而,对高光谱图像中大量的复杂地物像元所属类别进行准确标注通常需要耗费极大的人力.在本文中,我们提出了一种基于半监督学习的光谱和纹理特征协同学习(STF-CT)--法,利用协同学习机制将高光谱图像光谱特征和空间纹理特征这两种不同的特征结合起来,用于小训练样本集下的高光谱图像数据分类问题.STF-CT算法充分利用了高光谱图像的光谱和纹理特征这两个独立视图,构建起一种有效的半监督分类方法,用于提升分类器在小训练样本集情况下的分类精度.实验结果表明该算法在小训练样本集下的高光谱地物分类问题上具有很好的效果.     

Effect of particle size distribution on pile tip resistance in calcareous sand in the geotechnical centrifuge

Until recently, the micro mechanical origins of soil behaviour have remained illusive, but it is now known that that the constitutive behaviour of a soil is largely determined by its particle size distribution. This paper examines the specific boundary problem associated with the penetration of a model pile into two different gradings of dry calcareous sand in a geotechnical centrifuge, in order to establish the effect of the inclusion of fine particles on the pile end bearing resistance. The first grading of sand comprised particles smaller than 0.5 mm; the second grading contained particles of nominal size d such that 0.15 mm < d < 0.5 mm. Each test was performed on each of two samples of each grading. Tip resistance was observed to rise to a peak at shallow depths, and then fall; a micro mechanical explanation is presented for this instability. Following the centrifuge tests, particles were retrieved from the centres of the soil samples, where the pile had previously been driven, for subsequent particle size analysis. It was found that insignificant crushing had occurred in the sand retrieved from depths less than the depth of peak resistance, but that significant crushing had occurred in the sand retrieved from greater depths. The peak in tip resistance was a factor of two larger for the well-graded sand, but the ultimate tip resistance at greater depths was found to be approximately independent of the initial particle size distribution for all four tests. A micro mechanical explanation is also proposed for this observation. Received: 11 November 1999     

An improved SRC method based on virtual samples for face recognition

The sparse representation classifier (SRC) performs classification by evaluating which class leads to the minimum representation error. However, in real world, the number of available training samples is limited due to noise interference, training samples cannot accurately represent the test sample linearly. Therefore, in this paper, we first produce virtual samples by exploiting original training samples at the aim of increasing the number of training samples. Then, we take the intra-class difference as data representation of partial noise, and utilize the intra-class differences and training samples simultaneously to represent the test sample in a linear way according to the theory of SRC algorithm. Using weighted score level fusion, the respective representation scores of the virtual samples and the original training samples are fused together to obtain the final classification results. The experimental results on multiple face databases show that our proposed method has a very satisfactory classification performance.     

低温陈化法制备纳米ZrO2及条件对粒径的影响

为了制得可控粒径的ZrO2粉并提高其均匀性,采用低温陈化法合成了ZrO2纳米粉,并讨论了反应条件对样品粒径的影响.通过DTA,XRD,TEM和粒度分布仪等检测手段对产品进行了表征.结果表明:在500℃得到了晶化较好的单斜相ZrO2,选择适当的合成条件:控制Zr4+与CO(NH2)2的摩尔比为1∶3,溶液pH为1.5,加入少量聚乙二醇800(PEG-800),可得到粒度分布集中,均匀性较好,粒径约为24.4 nm的样品.该法工艺简单、得到的ZrO2粉体粒径分布较窄.     

Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis

A conditional method for inferences on the shape parameter of a two-parameter gamma distribution is presented in this article. A simple numerical implementation of this conditional method is developed; this is a computer program that takes the observed data as input and produces the confidence distribution function for the shape parameter, which in turn provides approximate observed significance levels and confidence intervals for that parameter, as output. These approximations are extremely accurate even for very small sample size and are numerically simple and easy to obtain.     

Effect of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil texture on the fatality of indigenous microorganisms in intergrated ozonation and biodegradation

In situ ozonation has been proposed as a method to remediate soils contaminated with organic pollutants. Soil column experiments were performed on eight different soils in order to investigate the effects of soil properties, such as soil organic matter (SOM) and soil texture on the survival and regrowth of indigenous microorganisms after in situ ozonation. Indigenous microorganisms were found to be very sensitive to ozone in the soil column experiments. The microbial fatality revealed a linear relationship with the SOM content in the range of 1.72–2.42% of SOM content, whereas water content was poorly correlated. Four weeks of incubation of ozone-treated soil samples allowed for the regrowth of indigenous microorganisms with inverse relation to ozonation time. The regrowth was also significantly influenced by the SOM content in the same soil texture. Oxidation and removal rate of hexadecane was affected by particle size distribution. Especially, sand exhibited the highest oxidation rate of hexadecane, which resulted from having the lowest SOM content, water content, and surface area with respect to the other samples. The soil samples ozonated for 90–180 min were determined to exhibit the lowest concentration of hexadecane, with the exception of sand, after 4 weeks of incubation. This study provided insight into the influence of SOM and soil texture on indigenous microbial potential to degrade hexadecane in integrated ozonation and biodegradation.     

A surface remeshing approach

A method is presented to remesh three‐dimensional discrete data surfaces. The originality of the method resides in mimicking heavily the classical adva10ncing front method for quality while always relying on a valid mesh for robustness. Therefore, local operations are applied in a first step to obtain a mesh of appropriate length scale compared to the specified size, and an original procedure has been developed for refinement that automatically degenerates to a surface mesh optimization if the size map has been respected. A valid mesh is then always available during the remeshing procedure. A new background grid is proposed that relies on a Cartesian mesh for the size distribution. Interpolation is performed very quickly and the size distribution is smoothed out to provide a slowly varying mesh size distribution. Various numerical results are presented to illustrate the efficiency but mainly the quality and robustness of the method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantitative analysis of powder mixtures by Raman spectrometry: the influence of particle size and its correction

Particle size distribution and compactness have significant confounding effects on Raman signals of powder mixtures, which cannot be effectively modeled or corrected by traditional multivariate linear calibration methods such as partial least-squares (PLS), and therefore greatly deteriorate the predictive abilities of Raman calibration models for powder mixtures. The ability to obtain directly quantitative information from Raman signals of powder mixtures with varying particle size distribution and compactness is, therefore, of considerable interest. In this study, an advanced quantitative Raman calibration model was developed to explicitly account for the confounding effects of particle size distribution and compactness on Raman signals of powder mixtures. Under the theoretical guidance of the proposed Raman calibration model, an advanced dual calibration strategy was adopted to separate the Raman contributions caused by the changes in mass fractions of the constituents in powder mixtures from those induced by the variations in the physical properties of samples, and hence achieve accurate quantitative determination for powder mixture samples. The proposed Raman calibration model was applied to the quantitative analysis of backscatter Raman measurements of a proof-of-concept model system of powder mixtures consisting of barium nitrate and potassium chromate. The average relative prediction error of prediction obtained by the proposed Raman calibration model was less than one-third of the corresponding value of the best performing PLS model for mass fractions of barium nitrate in powder mixtures with variations in particle size distribution, as well as compactness.     

Grain characteristics and engineering properties of coal ash

Ash produced by the coal fired thermal plants is often used as a geo-material where its characteristics and mechanical behavior is important. The present study describes an investigation into the grain characteristics and the engineering properties of coal ash. The results of x-ray diffraction, micrographic observation and grain size distribution are analyzed in relation to maximum and minimum void ratio, permeability, compressibility and frictional properties. The grain size is found to be a significant grain characteristic that may be used for classification of ash as well as interpretation of primary, secondary and index properties. The compressibility and frictional characteristics depend on stress environment and packing with respect to a critical state uniquely identified by material characteristics. The fitting parameters for the selected sets of samples have been evaluated for the Ropar coal ash. This study presents the data and the correlations that are pertinent to a wider community of geo-technical and geo-environmental engineers interested in the utilization of coal ash as a structural fill.     

高温多元醇法制备超顺磁CoFe2O4纳米颗粒磁共振造影剂

以FeCl₃·6H₂O、CoCl₂·6H₂O和HOOC-PEG-COOH为反应物, 利用高温多元醇法制备了核心粒径为5~10nm的超顺磁CoFe₂O₄纳米颗粒, 样品在水溶液中具有良好分散性. 通过改变修饰剂的种类和用量、反应温度及反应时间可以对纳米颗粒的尺寸、水中分散性及磁性能产生影响. 研究表明：选用带有强极性基团的修饰剂, 增加修饰剂的用量, 提高反应温度和延长反应时间, 可以增大颗粒的尺寸, 改善颗粒的分散性, 窄化粒径分布. 实验获得的最佳生长条件为：金属盐总量与修饰剂质量比为1∶10, 在210~220℃之间反应2h. 磁性能研究表明所得样品在室温下具有超顺磁性, 其饱和磁化强度与尺寸有关.     

西北戈壁地区气溶胶的浓度及粒度分布特征

为了获取西北戈壁地区气溶胶随着粒径变化的概率分布函数,对该地区的2次现场取样进行调查。结果表明,采样点气溶胶的质量浓度为0.03~0.1 mg/m3;气溶胶的粒径分布遵循双峰分布的规律,第1个峰值出现在约0.5μm处,第2个峰值出现在约3μm处,其差异主要表现在第2个峰值的面积大小;大多数采样点气溶胶粒子数量中位粒径小于1μm,质量中位粒径位于2~5μm之间。     

Utilization of the finite element and Monte Carlo model for simulating the recrystallization of inhomogeneous deformation of copper

In this paper the finite element method and Monte Carlo model are coupled to simulate the grain size distribution of inhomogeneously deformed copper wire after annealing. The wire flat rolling process is chosen as an inhomogeneous deformation. The finite element method is utilized to calculate the stored energy distribution due to deformation and is then used in Monte Carlo model to obtain the distribution of grain size. A new relationship is developed to simulate the nucleation in recrystallization phenomenon. The modeling results are compared with the experimental results and an acceptable agreement is achieved.