Effects of mineral nitrogen andBradyrhizobium inoculation on growth and iron nutrition of groundnut

Experiments were conducted in a glasshouse to determine the effects of the mineral N supplied as ammonium nitrate andBradyrhizobium inoculation on the growth and iron nutrition of nodulating and non-nodulating groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines. In a sterilized sand-vermiculite medium supplied with N-free nutrient solution (pH 7.0), inoculation of nodulating groundnut withBradyrhizobium strain NC 43.3 enhanced dry matter production and O-phenanthroline extractable iron and N contents of the plants. The supply of mineral N at a rate of 100 mg N L^–1 (as NH₄NO₃) through deionized water (pH 8.5) induced iron chlorosis symptoms in the nodulating groundnuts grown in Vertisols, but these symptoms were not observed at higher N levels (200–400 mg N L^–1). The induced chlorosis was only partially corrected by inoculation withBradyrhizobium strains NC 92 and NC 43.3. The iron deficiency chlorosis was, however, corrected by application of higher rates of ammonium nitrate.Submitted as JA No. 942 of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)     

我国中微量元素肥料产业发展现状

根据国家化肥质量监督检验中心(北京)肥料登记信息,我国以中微量元素肥料为主要成分的登记产品已经达到1 352个,共有969家企业生产中微量元素肥料,产地主要在山东等地。目前产品类型以微量元素水溶肥为主,占中微量元素肥料产品总数的92%,并且呈现快速发展趋势。微量元素水溶肥产品98%是复合型,以Zn、Mn、B等组合为主。全国中微量元素肥料涉及到的作物已经达到59种之多,基本覆盖了我国主要作物种类。     

The composition of size-fractionated pulverised coal and the trace element associations

Major and trace element analyses have been performed on size fractions of a pulverised coal from Eggborough Power Station (UK). Minerals are concentrated in the fractions less than 10 μm in size and there is relative enrichment of pyrite in the fractions greater than 50 μm. Because of the compositional variation with size it is possible to proportion statistically the elements between, in this case, organic matter, silicates and pyrite. Germanium, Br and V are dominantly organic associated and Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Sr, Ba and Pb are also present in the organic matter, although concentrations are lower than in other fractions of the coal. These elements are either in the organic structures or contained within pore fluids. Chromium, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Th and U are dominantly associated with the silicate fraction, as are V, Ni and Zn, but other coal fractions contribute more to the total coal composition. Concentrated in pyrite are Mo, Se, As, Pb, Sb, and to a lesser extent Ni, Cu and Zn in that these elements are sufficiently concentrated in other fractions that pyrite is not the major location in the coal. Validation for the method is achieved by summing element concentrations in the three fractions and comparing with the bulk composition. Previous calculations on a related coal have been extended and close agreement observed for the composition of the three fractions. The calculated values for the fractions apply specifically to one coalfield, although some of the values may have more general application.     

水泥熟料矿物组成及矿物形态对水泥强度的影响

采用化学萃取法检测了各熟料中的矿物实际含量,采用反光显微镜岩相分析法分析了各熟料的矿物形态,分析了熟料矿物组成及矿物形态对水泥强度的影响。结果表明,熟料C3S含量与水泥早期强度有较好的相关性;C3S＋C2S含量决定了水泥后期抗压强度;但C3S＋C2S及C3S含量与水泥后期抗折强度相关性不好;水泥强度也与熟料矿物形态相关。     

钾盐镀锌溶液中铁杂质的影响及消除

详细介绍了钾盐镀锌溶液中铁杂质对镀锌的有害影响。分析了铁杂质的来源并提出了几种去除铁杂质的方法。     

Effects of Zinc Phytate on Flame Retardancy and Thermal Degradation Behaviors of Intumescent Flame-retardant Polypropylene

In this paper, zinc phytate was prepared and used as a synergist in intumescent flame-retarded polypropylene composites. The results showed that the polypropylene composites with 17?wt% intumescent flame retardant and 2?wt% zinc phytate have a limiting oxygen index 29.2 and achieve the UL-94?V-0 rating. Moreover, the peak heat release rate of the polypropylene composites decreases from 374 to 275?kW/m². Real-time Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the zinc phytate delays the emission of carbon dioxide indicating that zinc phytate slows the degradation of polypropylene which regulates the suitability of intumescent flame-retardant system in polypropylene.     

Effect of different sources of iron and sulphur on leaf chlorosis,nutrient uptake and yield of groundnut

The pot experiment conducted in calcareous soil of Saurashtra, India showed that application of lime (20% CaCO₃) and excess water (irrigation at –0.3 bar) to the soil enhanced chlorosis in groundnut leaves caused by induced deficiencies of iron, sulphur and zinc, which was recovered by applying agricultural grade chemicals containing iron, sulphur and zinc. This chlorosis caused 29.8 and 19.1% reduction in pod yield of groundnut due to lime and excess water, respectively in the untreated control pot and 17.1 and 9.6%, respectively in the pot treated with different chemicals.Application of iron sulphate, zinc sulphate, iron pyrite, gypsum, phospho-gypsum, elemental sulphur, wettable sulphur and Fe-EDTA decreased chlorosis and increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of leaves, uptake of Fe, S and Zn and pod yield of groundnut significantly. The foliar spray of 0.5% aqueous solution of iron sulphate, zinc sulphate and Fe-EDTA at 20, 35, 50 and 65 days after emergence (DAE) was more effective than their soil applications. The Fe-EDTA corrected only iron chlorosis, and gypsum, phosphogypsum and elemental sulphur only sulphur chlorosis. However, iron sulphate and iron pyrite corrected iron and sulphur and zinc sulphate corrected zinc and sulphur chlorosis. Among the soil amendments, application of iron sulphate and iron pyrite showed better responses to groundnut and showed higher Fe and S uptake than other treatments. The responses of gypsum, phosphogypsum and elemental sulphur were at par. The correlation study showed that pod yield of groundnut was negatively correlated with chlorosis and positively correlated with the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in groundnut leaves.     

Mineral and trace element composition of the Lokpanta oil shales in the Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria

The concentrations of minerals and trace elements in the Lokpanta oil shale from the Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria have been determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), respectively. X-ray diffraction data were evaluated using the SIROQUANT™ interactive data processing system based on Rietveld interpretation methods. A new method of trace element determination in oil shale, involving LA-ICP-MS analysis of glass beads prepared by fusing oil shale ash on an iridium strip heater was used, and the accuracy of the method was assessed by including a standard shale reference material (SGR-1b) in the analysis program.The minerals in the raw oil shales are mainly quartz, calcite and clay minerals, with the latter being represented by kaolinite and interstratified illite/smectite. Ashes of the oil shale samples prepared at 815 °C have quartz and (in some cases) illite as the dominant mineral phases, along with a significant proportion of amorphous materials. The Lokpanta oil shales are highly enriched in some potentially hazardous trace elements, including V, Cr and Ni, when compared with oil shales from other deposits around the world. The results obtained for the trace elements in the reference material show that the LA-ICP-MS method described in this study is very accurate and precise for the determination of a wide range of trace elements in oil shales.     

矿物组成对阿利特-硫铝酸盐水泥与减水剂适应性的影响

测试了在掺高效减水剂的情况下不同矿物组成的阿利特-硫铝酸盐水泥浆体的流动度及流动度经时损失。结果表明：不同矿物组成的阿利特-硫铝酸盐水泥对高效减水剂的适应性有明显差异,C3S含量较高的水泥与减水剂的适应性较好,而熟料中C4A3S含量提高,其水泥与减水剂的适应性变差;在不同矿物组成的阿利特-硫铝酸盐水泥中掺加所选择的三种高效减水剂,其水泥浆体的流动度和流动度经时损失均表现出相同的变化趋势,但作用效果有较明显差异,聚羧酸盐减水剂作用效果最好,氨基磺酸盐减水剂次之,萘磺酸盐减水剂效果较差。     

Effect of K on nitrogen fixation of intercrop groundnut and the competition between intercrop groundnut and maize

Application of adequate level of K has shown to improve the competitive ability of the legume in legume/grass mixtures. However, the effect of K on the competitive ability of grain legumes in legume/cereal intercropping systems has not been adequately studied. Hence, studies were made to ascertain if the effects of K could be exploited in improving the performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. No. 45 when intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.) cv. Badra. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka in 1988 in basins filled with 36 kg of soil. It involved establishing maize and groundnut as monocrops and as intercrops at three K levels viz. 0, 20 and 40 mg of K kg^–1 of soil. Monocrop maize and groundnut had 2 and 5 plants/basin, respectively while the intercrop had 1 maize plant and 3 groundnut plants/basin. The soil used was Red Yellow Podzolic which was tagged by incorporating¹⁵N-labelled plant material. When grown as a monocrop, K had no effect on the percent N derived from atmosphere, amount of N₂ fixed, dry matter production, pod yield and total N content of groundnut. However, when intercropped with maize lack of K application affected the above parameters significantly which was overcome by improving K level. Thus, the optimum level of K for groundnut was greater when intercropped than monocropped. A significant interaction between K level and cropping system was evident with regard to N₂ fixation, pod yield and total dry matter production of groundnut. Intercrop maize derived 30–35% of its N content from the associated groundnut plants which amounted to 13–22 mg N/plant. The amount of N supplied by groundnut to associated maize plant was not affected by K level. It appears that there is scope for alleviating growth depression of the legume component in legume/cereal intercropping systems by developing appropriate K fertilizer practices.     

第二改性物对ZnHZSM-5催化正戊烷芳构化反应的影响

研究了ZnHZSM－5上引入第二政性物对正戊烷芳构化反应性能及催化剂稳定性的影响，发现作为第二改性物，CU、Al、P物种对催化剂的反应性能和稳定性的促进作用不同，CU物种主要增加ZnHZSM－5的脱氧作用，而Al和P物种的作用则是调变其酸性质。结合NH3－TPD谱和结焦率的研究，探讨了改性物之间以及改性物与HZSM-5间的相互作用。     

Effect of fertilizers,irrigation and plant density on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L)

Experiments were conducted on sandy clay loam soils of Tirupati Campus of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University for two summer seasons of 1979 and 1980 to study the effect of fertilizers, irrigation and plant density on Spanish groundnut. Three fertilizer schedules (30 kg N, 20 kg P, 50 kg K; 60 kg N, 40 kg P, 10 kg K and 90 kg N, 60 kg P, 150 kg K ha^?1), three schedules of irrigation (irrigation at 25, 50 and 75% depletion of available soil moisture) and three plant densitites (1,000,000; 666,000; and 444,000 plants per ha) were tested in 3³ factorial confounded design with two replications. Groundnut responded to 60 kg N, 40 kg P and 10 kg K ha^?1 due to delayed sowings in 1979. However, response to fertilisers was marginal in 1980, when the sowings were done in optimum time. Pod yield tended to be maximum when irrigations were scheduled at 25% depletion of available soil moisture (DASM) in 1979 and at 50% DASM in 1980. Plant density of 444,000 plants per ha was optimum in both the years. Interaction of fertilizers and plant density, fertilizers and irrigation and plant density and irrigation increased the pod yield of groundnut, only when the sowings were delayed.     

Effect of coal liquefaction conditions on the trace element content of the soluble non-volatile product

Analysis of 18 trace elements via inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry has been performed on ‘in-house’ coal-derived non-volatile products. Analyses were conducted in a pyridine matrix to determine the effect of various conversion parameters on metal content. Four subbituminous coals (Wyodak 1–4) and one bituminous coal (Indiana V) were employed in conjunction with both non-basic (tetralin) and basic (1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline) model process solvents. Trace metal data on solvent-refined coals as a function of feed coal, process solvent, reaction time, reaction temperature and extraction solvent are reported. Few trends in metal concentration are apparent on changing various liquefaction parameters. Metal concentrations are, however, approximately one to two orders of magnitude higher in pyridine soluble SRC relative to toluene soluble SRC. The majority of soluble metals, it is therefore suggested, are in the form of coordination complexes rather than true organometallics in SRC. Information regarding the effective molecular size of metal-containing species has been obtained via size exclusion chromatography with specific metal detection. Subtle changes are observed in the effective molecular size of metal-containing materials using different liquefaction parameters. For example, a greater fraction of each metal appears to be bonded to larger ‘sized’ molecules in pyridine soluble fractions than in toluene soluble fractions.     

Effect of maturity on the fatty acid composition of eight varieties of peanuts grown at perkins,Oklahoma in 1968

Eight varieties of peanuts were grown under measured field conditions. Seed obtained at five successive harvest dates and separated into three maturity levels were analyzed for fatty acid composition of oil. Mature peanuts were mostly higher in stearic (18:0) and oleic (18:1) acids, and lower in linoleic (18:2), arachidic (20:0) and behenic (22:0) acids. Oleic-linoleic ratios, which are correlated with oil stability, were higher in mature peanuts. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Houston, May 1971. Journal Paper No. 1115 of the Georgia Experiment Station and No. 2326 of the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Effects of benzoic and cinnamic acids on growth,mineral composition,and chlorophyll content of soybean

Organic acids are major water-soluble allelochemicals found in soil infested with quackgrass and are involved in several processes that are important in plant growth and development. This study was carried out to gain more information on the effects of benzoic acid (BEN) andtrans-cinnamic acid (CIN) on growth, mineral composition, and chlorophyll content of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Maple Bell] grown in nutrient solution. The two allelochemicals reduced root and shoot dry biomass of soybean. Treated plants had fewer lateral roots and tended to grow more horizontally compared to the untreated plants. Lateral roots were stunted and less flexible. The amounts of P, K, Mg, Mn, Cl^–, and SO ₄ ^2– were lower, and Zn and Fe contents were higher in roots of plants grown with BEN or CIN as compared to untreated plants. Shoots of plants grown with the allelochemical showed greater accumulation of Ca, Mg, and Zn, whereas P and Fe contents were reduced. The BEN and CIN also caused reductions in leaf chlorophyll content. The BEN and CIN may be responsible for negative allelopathic effects of quackgrass on soybean by inhibiting root growth, by altering ion uptake and transport, and by reducing chlorophyll content.Contribution 493 of the Soils and Crop Research Center.     

Effect of roasting temperature and time on the chemical composition of rice germ oil

Compositional changes of rice germ oils prepared at different roasting temperatures (160–180°C) and times (5–15 min) from rice germ were evaluated and compared with those of unroasted rice germ oil. The color development and phosphorus content of oils increased significantly as roasting temperature and time increased, whereas the FA compositions of rice germ oils did not change with roasting temperature and time. Four phospholipid classes, i.e., PE, PI, PA and PC, were identified. PE had the lowest stability under roasting conditions. There were no significant differences in γ-oryzanol levels of rice germ oils prepared at different roasting temperatures and times. Four tocopherol isomers (α−, β−, γ−, and δ-tocopherol) and three tocotrienol isomers (α−, γ−, and δ-tocotrienol) were identified, but no β-tocotrienol was detectable. The content of α− and γ−tocopherol in rice germ oil gradually increased as roasting temperature and time increased.     

环氧树脂和ZnO对微胶囊红磷阻燃HIPS体系影响

研究了环氧树脂和ZnO对微胶囊红磷阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)性能的影响。结果表明,当微胶囊红磷用量为8 phr时,随着环氧树脂用量的增加,HIPS的阻燃性能提高;当环氧树脂用量大于20 phr时,阻燃HIPS 的垂直燃烧达到UL 94 V-0级,极限氧指数(LOI)为28．8％。在微胶囊红磷-环氧树脂复合阻燃HIPS体系中添加 ZnO具有阻燃协同作用,仅需加入2 phr。的ZnO就能使微胶囊红磷／环氧树脂质量比为8:15的阻燃HIPS体系垂直燃烧达到UL 94 V-O级,LOI也可达到29．2％。     

聚硅酸铝锌絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能研究

研究了聚硅酸铝锌絮凝剂适宜制备条件和提高絮凝性能的适宜条件。以硅酸钠、氯化铝、氯化锌为原料,制备聚硅酸铝锌絮凝剂,处理含磷废水。结果表明,硅酸钠浓度0.5mol/L,活化p H为4,活化时间60min,n(Al)/n(Si)为2,n(Zn)/n(Si)为3,水样p H为12,静沉时间10min时,含磷废水处理效果较好,除磷率可达98.6%。     

Effect of liming and carbofuran on groundnut yield in sandy soils in Niger

One of the constraints to groundnut production in sandy soils of Niger is crop growth variability. In early 1989, a trial on the effect of lime and carbofuran on soil pH, Al toxicity, nematode population and groundnut yield was initiated to study crop growth variability. Groundnut was sown in the 1989 rainy season, followed by pearl millet (Pennisatum glaucum) in the 1989–90 dry season and again groundnut in the 1990–91 rainy, and dry seasons. In 1989 the carbofuran treatment increased the pod yield. Lime application did not change the pH and exchangeable Al⁺⁺⁺ contents in the soil and did not increase groundnut yield. In the 1990–91 rainy and dry season, however, the application of 10 t ha^–1 of lime increased pH, decreased exchangeable Al⁺⁺⁺, improved crop growth and increased the yield of groundnut to the same level as was achieved by the carbofuran treatment. Application of lime did not affect the nematode population, which were reduced by the carbofuran.International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT); Submitted as ICRISAT Journal Article No 1228(via Paris)