考虑摩擦切向力的弹塑性粗糙表面接触模型

基于接触微凸体由弹性变形向弹塑性变形及最终向完全塑性变形的转化皆是连续和光滑的假设,提出一种综合考虑弹塑性变形以及摩擦切向力等因素的新型粗糙表面接触模型。通过分析不同塑性指数以及载荷条件下该模型与ZMC模型以及GW模型预测。结果发现:在低塑性指数、小法向接触载荷情况下,该模型预测的真实接触面积相比ZMC模型偏小,甚至比GW模型预测的真实接触面积偏小,但是随着法向接触载荷的增加,该模型预测的真实接触面积逐渐增大,并超过ZMC模型以及GW模型预测结果;在高塑性指数下,该模型预测的真实接触面积即使在小法向接触载荷情况下也相比ZMC模型以及GW模型预测的真实接触面积大,且随着载荷的增加,真实面积之间的差距也逐渐增大;随着塑性指数的增加,该模型预测的真实面积超过GW模型以及ZMC模型预测值的临界载荷逐渐减小。     

新的粗糙表面弹塑性接触模型

提出一种新型的粗糙表面弹塑性微观接触模型.该模型的建立基于接触力学理论和接触微凸体由弹性变形向弹塑性变形及最终向完全塑性变形的转化皆是连续和光滑的假设.研究单个微凸体在载荷逐渐增加时的变形规律,并重点推出弹塑性变形区间的接触方程.在此基础上应用概率统计理论导出了粗糙表面的接触载荷、平均分离和实际接触面积之间的数学关系式.在不同的塑性指数和载荷条件下,该模型与GW弹性模型和CEB弹塑性模型就实际接触面积和法向距离的预测结果进行了对比.结果表明,在同样塑性指数和载荷条件下比GW模型预测的实际接触面积大但法向距离小,且两者的差距随塑性指数和载荷的增加而增大.因此该模型的预测结果更加符合人们的试验观察和直觉,能够更加科学和合理地描述两个粗糙表面的微观和宏观接触状态.     

基于不同微观固体接触模型的轮轨表面变形特性分析

针对轮轨表面接触变形问题,采用不同的统计型微观固体接触模型,即Greenwood-Williamson （GW）模型,Chang-Etsion-Bogy （CEB）模型和Zhao-Maietta-Chang （ZMC）模型,研究轮轨接触表面变形特性。利用Newton-Raphson方法对微观固体接触模型公式进行求解,并同时求解间隙方程和载荷平衡方程。考虑不同粗糙度和不同塑性指数下各微观固体接触模型的压力分布情况,以及接触半径随载荷的变化情况。并将不同微观固体接触模型的结果和Hertz模型结果对比,结果表明弹塑性微观接触模型（CEB,ZMC）比弹性模型（GW）有着更小的接触压力以及更宽的接触半径,最大压力均小于最大Hertz接触压力,接触半径均大于Hertz接触半径。     

硬度影响压痕弹塑性行为的有限元分析

以具有不同硬度40Cr为研究对象,根据集中载荷下的接触模型和赫兹理论,计算了压痕接触半径和压痕附近弹性区域的表面局部接触应力,并采用有限元法,分析硬度物理量对压痕弹塑性行为、局部接触应力、卸载后保留在内部的残余应力的影响,探讨压痕参数、压痕接触应力、残余应力与硬度之间的关系以及载荷增加时它们的发展.结果表明,相同载荷下塑性隆起量、压痕接触半径、压痕量和塑性区范围随着硬度值的提高而减小,弹性回弹量、最大接触应力和残余应力随硬度提高而增加;压痕周围处接触应力和残余应力、其分布范围和塑性区域随载荷的增加而增加.     

仿章鱼吸盘式轮胎弹塑性黏着接触性能研究

具有过渡黏着参数的仿章鱼吸盘式轮胎弹塑性黏着接触模型的建立是基于Schwarz模型和M-B分形模型,单粗糙峰从弹性到塑性变形的过渡接触面积由塑性变形条件决定。由此,可以算出粗糙表面真实接触面积和外加载荷之间的关系。分析结果显示,分形维度大于1.5或小于1.5对接触面积和载荷的关系的影响相似。为了产生相同的接触面积,较小的外加载荷则需要较大的分形维度。无量纲载荷和弹性、塑性黏着参数相同时,化学能与黏着能之比越大,则接触面积越大。化学能与黏着能之比相同时,弹性黏着参数和塑性黏着参数都在无量纲载荷较大时对接触面积和载荷的关系影响更大。但是,无量纲载荷和化学能与黏着能之比相同时,弹性黏着参数越大,则接触面积越大;塑性黏着参数越大,则接触面积越小。     

螺栓结合面微观接触模型

针对螺栓结合面弹塑性区域内的接触机理难以确定问题,根据在变形状态转变的临界点处微凸体真实接触面积与接触载荷转化均满足连续和光滑条件,构造新的多项式函数来描述接触变形与接触面积之间的关系。利用统计学方法建立螺栓结合面真实接触面、接触载荷与接触刚度模型。理论计算结果表明:随着平均表面距离的减少,接触载荷、接触面积和接触刚度随之增加;接触面积和接触刚度,随着接触载荷的增加而增加,当接触载荷增加一定程度后接触刚度和接触面积值分别趋于理想接触刚度和名义接触面积值;当螺栓结合面处于弹性和弹塑性接触状态时,塑性指数越大,接触面积越大,而平均接触距离和接触刚度就越小,当处于完全塑性状态时,塑性指数越大,刚度和平均接触距离就越大,而真实接触面积影响较小。     

两弹塑性接触粗糙表面的静密封流量

当峰高的概率密度为指数分布时,利用泰勒公式推导了弹性载荷的近似解析解,给出了塑性载荷的严格解析解,导出了静密封流量的经验表达式。通过密封表面的泄漏量与表高标准差的3次方成正比。在塑性接触状态,存在一个临界塑性指数,当塑性指数大于临界塑性指数时,总载荷与塑性指数、粗糙度参数皆无关,量纲一的塑性泄漏量与较软材料的硬度有关,与两接触粗糙表面的复合弹性模量无关。     

机械结合面接触刚度建模新方法

建立精确、有效的结合面接触刚度模型是进一步开展机床整机动力学建模与分析的基础。提出了一种新的弹性接触刚度模型,该模型考虑基体变形的同时,对GREENWOOD和WILLIAMSON提出的粗糙表面微观接触模型(GW模型)进行了修正。为分析基体对接触变形的影响,首先建立含有基体的单个微凸体接触模型,并基于HERTZ接触理论,获得结合面的接触参数;然后,通过引入三角分布函数和解决GW模型在模拟微观接触行为中存在的问题,建立了新的弹性接触刚度模型,并揭示了分布函数、基体变形以及表面粗糙度对结合面接触特性的影响规律。研究表明:三角分布函数能有效地表征表面微凸体高度分布;基体变形的影响是由基体和微凸体相互作用引起,随着法向载荷的增大而明显;表面粗糙度是影响接触刚度的主要因素,相同载荷下,表面粗糙度越大,接触变形越大,接触刚度越小。     

椭圆接触自旋弹流油膜实验研究

设计一种简单的实验方法,通过调节弹流接触中心和旋转中心之间的距离,可获得不同程度的自旋,即得到不同的旋滑比。采用玻璃块-椭圆滚子接触的方式,应用光干涉自旋弹流薄膜测量系统研究界面滑移条件下自旋对弹流油膜的影响。结果表明,随旋滑比的增大,油膜形状失去了经典弹流油膜的对称性;一定偏心距下,随速度和载荷的增加,油膜形状的非对称性都增强,入口凹陷逐渐都变得明显,但油膜厚度变化趋势不同,其中随速度的增加,油膜厚度而增加,且接触区两侧最小膜厚的差值也增加,而随载荷的增加,接触区左侧最小膜厚逐渐减小,右侧最小膜厚先增加后减小。     

发动机曲轴油封结构参数对唇口接触性能的影响

为研究结构参数对发动机曲轴无簧油封唇口接触性能的影响,利用ANSYS软件建立了油封的轴对称有限元分析模型,计算分析了油封唇口腰厚、腰长、空气侧角度、圆角半径和过盈量等结构参数对唇口径向力和接触宽度的影响,结果表明:径向力随腰厚、唇口圆角半径和过盈量的增加分别呈非线性和近似线性增加,随腰长的增加而非线性减小,随空气侧角度的增加而呈先快速减小后缓慢增加的变化趋势;接触宽度随腰厚、唇口圆角半径和过盈量的增加呈非线性增加,随腰长和空气侧角度的增加而非线性减小。     

尺度相关的分形结合面法向接触刚度模型

基于分形理论,利用双变量Weierstrass-Mandelbrot函数模拟三维分形结合面,建立尺度相关的三维分形结合面法向接触刚度模型。推导出各等级微凸体发生弹性、弹塑性以及完全塑性变形的存在条件。确定结合面上各等级微凸体的面积分布密度函数,推导出法向接触刚度和法向接触载荷的解析表达式。计算结果表明：当结合面上的微凸体只能发生弹性变形,即自身等级小于弹性临界等级的微凸体,该部分微凸体引起的法向接触刚度和对应法向载荷关系呈非线性。当微凸体的等级大于弹性临界等级,在结合面接触过程中,微凸体弹性变形引起的法向接触刚度与对应的法向载荷关系为线性,非弹性变形引起的法向接触刚度与法向载荷关系为非线性。微凸体的等级范围对结合面的刚度影响较大,在相同的法向载荷作用下,高等级微凸体的结合面产生较高的法向接触刚度,即结合面越平整,结合面的法向刚度越高。     

An Analytical Solution for Elastic and Elastic-Plastic Contact Models

In tribology often a closed form solution for calculation of contact stress and real contact area is required for the purposes of, for example, developing wear maps and temperature profiles at asperities. In assuming a Gaussian distribution of asperity heights it is not possible to obtain an analytical solution for the contact load and real contact area for many analytical models such as those developed by Greenwood and Williamson (elastic model), Chang, et al. (elastic-plastic model) and Horng (elliptic elastic-plastic model). In this paper, two exponential functions have been derived from a fitting procedure applied to the numerical results of the Gaussian height distribution thus offering an analytical expression for the above three models. It has been demonstrated that the two exponential functions (φ₂* and φ₄*) can give a fair approximation to the contact load and the real contact area in the separation of 0 to 4σ. In addition, variations in plasticity index (ψ) and effective asperity radius (γ) do not significantly affect the approximated accuracy. The results obtained by the newly derived exponential functions have been compared with the exponential function φ₁*; suggested by Greenwood and Williamson, 1966 and it has been shown that use of φ₁* invariably gives a larger error than using two exponential functions over two ranges of separation distances.     

工作参数对接触式机械密封端面接触特性的影响

为研究和掌握接触式机械密封端面接触特性,通过模拟计算分析了工作参数对其特性的影响。结果表明,在密封端面间真实接触面积中,弹性变形微凸体接触面积所占比例最大,塑性变形微凸体接触面积所占比例最小;随着弹簧比压的增大,弹性接触面积比近似呈线性增大,弹塑性接触面积比和塑性接触面积比近似呈线性减小;随着密封介质压力的增大,弹性接触面积比增大,弹塑性接触面积比和塑性接触面积比减小;随着转速的增大,弹性接触面积比逐渐减小,弹塑性接触面积比和塑性接触面积比逐渐增大。     

A Combined Molecular Dynamics and Finite Element Analysis of Contact and Adhesion of a Rough Sphere and a Flat Surface

A combined molecular dynamics and finite element model and simulation of contact and adhesion between a rough sphere and a flat surface has been developed. This model uses the results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, obtained using an embedded atom potential, of a nanoscale Ru-Ru asperity contact. A continuum finite element model of an elastic–plastic microscale Ru-Ru contact bump is then created. In this model, the surface roughness is represented by a system of nanoscale asperities, each of which is represented by a nonlinear hysteretic force vs. distance relationship. The nonlinear hysteretic character of these relations is determined from curve-fits of the MD results. Load vs. interference and contact area vs. interference are determined using this two-scale model for loading and unloading. Comparisons with a single-scale continuum model show that the effect of the nanoscale asperities is to reduce both the adhesion and the real area of contact. The choice of Ru as the material for this work is due to its relevance in microswitches.     

Theoretical and Experimental Study of a Thermal Contact Conductance Model for Elastic,Elastoplastic and Plastic Deformation of Rough Surfaces

This study developed a thermal contact conductance model that takes into account surface asperities with elastic, elastoplastic and plastic deformation. The surface asperity model considers the continuity and smoothness of variables across different modes of deformation. Experiments were also conducted to measure thermal contact conductance for samples with different surface roughness when the contact pressure was increased or decreased. The trend of the test data supports the theoretical results.     

Elastic–Plastic Spherical Contact Modeling Including Roughness Effects

The effect of material properties and surface roughness on the contribution of asperities and sphere bulk displacements to the total displacement of a rough spherical contact is investigated. A dimensionless transition load, above which the contribution of the bulk displacement exceeds the contribution of the asperities displacement, is found as a function of the plasticity index and dimensionless critical interference of the sphere bulk. A criterion is proposed for evaluating the importance of surface roughness in calculating the displacement of a rough spherical contact. Some experimental results with a spherical micro-contact are presented to verify the model.     

Contact between a sphere and rough plates

The contact between a smooth sphere and a rough plate is theoretically analysed for a mixed asperity contact theory in which asperities with displacements below and above a critical value are deformed elastically and plastically respectively. Contact asperities that are all deformed elastically or plastically independently are also analysed. There are some differences between the analytical results that are obtained for mixed, elastic and plastic contacts. Analytical results were confirmed by experimental investigations in which a smooth steel sphere was pressed against rough steel and copper plates under various loads. To observe indentations a rough plate was coated with a lamp black film after it had been coated with an evaporated carbon film in vacuo. The compliances between a smooth steel sphere and rough steel and copper plates were also measured under various loads with differential transformers. Theoretical and experimental results are in general agreement.     

粗糙表面微凸体对液黏传动的影响

为研究液黏传动过程中粗糙表面的承载特性,将分形理论引入到两粗糙表面摩擦过程之中,分析传动过程中混合摩擦和边界摩擦两阶段的微凸体承载过程,考虑微凸体弹塑性变形,对M-B模型进行修正,建立修正的微凸体承载模型。建立基于修正M-B模型的微凸体承载模型。通过数值仿真得到有效面积系数、分形参数对液黏调速离合器传动过程的影响规律;对修正的微凸体承载模型的计算结果与M-B模型的计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明:微凸体接触载荷和传递转矩随着面积比的增大而增大,当有效面积系数与尺度系数增大时,接触载荷与传递转矩均有所增大;分形维数为1.5时,微凸体接触载荷与传递转矩最小且随面积比的变化最为缓慢;在整个接触区域内,弹性变形区域的面积、接触载荷以及传递转矩最大,其次是弹塑性变形区域,塑性变形区域最小;考虑弹塑性变形时,微凸体接触载荷与传递转矩均有所下降;修正M-B模型和M-B模型间的修正系数范围在25%以内,修正系数随着有效面积系数、尺度系数的增大而增大,随着分形维数的增大而减小。     

Aspects Regarding the Use of Probabilistic Models for Isothermal Full Film Rough Line Contacts

This article presents a method to improve the classical probabilistic EHL models by incorporating deterministic EHL results. We first provide a review of the latest developments in the probabilistic approach for the solution of a mixed EHL problem, as well as a review of the latest deterministic EHL results that can impact the probabilistic formulations. Next, we present a probabilistic algorithm for the computations of the load supported by the fluid, the elastically deformed asperities, and the plastically deformed asperities in a mixed EHL contact. The Chang-Etsion-Bogy elastoplastic micro contact model is used together with a corresponding probabilistic fluid flow model. We also present an approach in which the elastic roughness deformation induced by the oil film can be incorporated into the probabilistic model via the use of the amplitude reduction technique.     

Resolving the contradiction of asperities plastic to elastic mode transition in current contact models of fractal rough surfaces

The paper suggests a revision to the asperities plastic to elastic mode transition in the elastic–plastic contact model of fractal rough surfaces, offered by Majumdar and Bushan [A. Majumdar, B. Bushan (MB model) J. Tribol. 113 (1991) 1–11.]. According to the MB model, the contact mode of a single fractal asperity transfers from plastic to elastic when the load increases and the growing contact area exceeds a certain critical value, which is scale independent. This surprising result of the MB model is in contrast with classical contact mechanics where increasing contact area due to increased load is associated with a transition from elastic to plastic contact. The present study describes a revised elastic–plastic contact model of a single fractal asperity showing that, contrary to the MB model prediction, the critical contact area is scale dependent. The revised model also shows that a fractal asperity behaves as would be expected from classical contact mechanics namely, as the load and contact area increase a transition from elastic to plastic contact mode takes place in this order.