Low seed moisture and polythene packaging improve storability of seed paddy

Rapid loss of seed germination and vigor during storage is a common problem faced by rice farmers and seed producers. Present study investigated the influence of packing material and seed moisture content (SMC) at packing on seed germination and vigor during storage in rice. Seeds of three popular improved rice varieties were stored in polythene and poly-sack (woven polyethylene) with 11% and 13% SMC at packing. Standard seed germination (SSG), glasshouse seedling emergence (GSE) and seed vigor as measured by field emergence (FE) were recorded at monthly intervals in storage. Seed germination and vigor could be maintained unchanged for the longest duration in polythene at 11% SMC. In Bg 300, SSG remained unchanged for 11 months, GSE for >11 months and FE for 10 months. In Bg 352 and Bg 358, SSG remained the same for eight months, GSE for 10 months and FE for nine months. Therefore, polythene is a better alternative to poly-sack which is the commonly used material at present and SMC 11% is better than 13% for storage of seed paddy in polythene.     

Desiccant drying prior to hermetic storage extends viability and reduces bruchid (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) infestation of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) seeds

Seeds of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) are subject to loss of viability due to aging and damage from pulse beetles (or bruchids; Callosobruchus spp.) infestation during storage. We investigated whether seed drying using desiccants and hermetic packaging would prevent or ameliorate these consequences of storage. Sun-dried mung bean seeds at a moisture content of 10% were subjected to further drying for 72 h using five different desiccants: Drying Beads® (a zeolite-based desiccant), silica gel, sodium aluminum silicate, activated alumina, and cow-dung ash (a traditional desiccant). Seeds were subsequently stored in hermetic plastic containers in the presence of these desiccants under ambient conditions along with sun-dried seeds stored in cloth bags or in hermetic containers. In addition, parallel samples of each treatment were inoculated with one pair of bruchid beetles (C. chinensis L.) and stored under the same conditions. The seed drying treatments did not affect initial seed quality (germination percentage and seedling vigor) significantly. After storage for 9 months at ambient temperatures, seeds dried using Drying Beads, silica gel, sodium aluminum silicate and activated alumina had higher germination percentages, seedling vigor indices and soil emergence, and lower electrical conductivity (leakage upon imbibition) and fungal infestation compared to other conditions. In addition, the mung bean seeds inoculated with bruchids and stored with these effective desiccants had less damage, oviposition, and insect respiratory activity in the hermetic containers and maintained higher seed germination and seedling vigor after six months of storage compared to other treatments and controls. The results demonstrate the superior ability of desiccants to quickly and safely dry seeds prior to and during storage and the benefits of such drying and hermetic storage conditions for preventing seed deterioration and insect damage during storage.     

QUALITY of ARTIFICIALLY DRIED LENTIL

The effects of artificial drying on Laird lentil qualities such as breakage susceptibility, cooking quality, and seed germination were determined at three initial moisture levels, 16%, 18%, 20% wet basis and seven levels of drying temperature varying from 40°C to 80°C. Cooking quality was not affected by drying in the range of treatments used in this study. High initial Omoisture content and lengthy drying periods at temperatures above 40°C were associated with increased seed breakage. Seed germination was particularly sensitive to heat treatment at 80°C and extended drying time for high moisture samples.     

盐胁迫对不同基因型紫苏种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特征的影响

对苏引1、紫野7和紫野10三个不同基因型紫苏在不同浓度（0,50,100,150,200,250mmol／L）盐胁迫下种子萌发、幼苗生长、根系活力、丙二醛及可溶性糖含量、过氧化物酶活性等进行了研究。结果表明：种子发芽率、发芽势、种子活力指数等发芽指标均随盐浓度增加而降低。不同盐浓度胁迫下幼苗培养3周后,随盐浓度增加,幼苗株高、幼苗活力指数、存活率、鲜重、干重和根系活力降低,MDA和可溶性糖增加,POD呈先增加后降低的趋势。三个紫苏品种在种子发芽、幼苗生长和生理变化上均表现出不同的耐盐能力,苏引1耐盐能力最强,紫野7居中,紫野10对盐胁迫最敏感。     

Mechanical damage to soybean seed during processing

The effects of seed cleaning and handling on soybean seed germination and physical integrity were determined with changing seed moisture content (m.c.). In addition, storage behavior of seed and loss of storability caused by damage resulting from free-fall from different heights were determined.Six lots of the variety “MACS-13” at three different m.c.'s were passed through a vertical bucket elevator, cleaner with grader, and gravity separator and evaluated for mechanical damage, germination, and vigor index. The storage behavior of the lots, at different stages of processing, was studied by performing an accelerated aging test. The effect of free-fall on quality of the seed was studied by dropping six seed lots from four different heights on to cement and galvanized iron floors.The vertical bucket elevator significantly decreased germination and increased splits and seed coat damage. The seed lots at 12% m.c. (dry basis), suffered less loss in seed quality than the lots at 10% or 11% m.c. The storage quality of seed, as predicted by the accelerated aging test, at 12% m.c. was also better than the lots at 10% or 11% m.c. A free-fall of soybean seed from different heights on to the cement floor resulted in greater loss in quality than when dropped on to the galvanized iron floor.     

超声波促进大麦发芽及对麦芽品质的影响

主要探讨了超声波对大麦萌发及对麦芽品质的影响。用超声波水浴对大麦进行不同时间的处理,然后进行种子发芽试验。结果表明,超声波处理20min的种子发芽率、吸水速度、大麦表面带菌量及最终麦芽产品指标都比未经处理的对照组有了明显的提高。超声波处理能显著地促进大麦的萌发,提高种子活力及麦芽品质。     

哈茨木霉T2-16代谢产物对花生种子活力和抗黄曲霉菌侵染能力的影响

应用哈茨木霉T2-16发酵产物对花生进行浸种处理,测定该发酵产物对花生种子活力及抗黄曲霉菌侵染能力的影响。结果表明：木霉发酵产物可提高花生的种子活力,表现为促进种子提早萌发、提高种子活力指数和降低种子相对电导率;该发酵产物可增强种子中与抗病性密切相关的酶活性,降低黄曲霉菌对花生的侵染。     

Establishing the value of modern seed storage methods for wheat in diverse production ecologies in Nepal

In the developing-country context of Nepal, farmers often incur seed losses of 15–30% due to improper storage. To evaluate the efficacy and costs of modern storage alternatives, experimental trials were set up among ten farmers each in two contrasting ecologies, i.e. Palpa (hills) and Rupandehi (terai plains) districts of Nepal in 2013. Several wheat seed storage options were contrasted including farmer practices (FP) such as reused fertilizer bags, polythene bags, household metal containers, and mud bins. Modern storage methods that were evaluated included plastic bags (with and without pesticide), metal bins, and hermetic ‘SuperGrain bag’ (SGB). Seed quality and losses were assessed after six months of storage (May–October) with parameters such as grain moisture content, insect damage, seed germination, and seedling vigor. The overall quality of seed with FPs was lower in the hills than in the terai plains. Among the treatments, SGBs were more effective in maintaining acceptable seed moisture levels, controlling insect damage (<1%), preserving germination (>90% lab, >65% field), and promoting seedling vigor. Metal bins and plastic bags without pesticide had higher insect damage (7–15%) compared to FP and plastic bags with pesticide (2–5%). In terms of storage costs, SGBs were comparable with the farmers' storage methods ($5–6 per 100 kg seed storage). Our findings demonstrate that SGBs are better at maintaining seed quality and more economical than not only FP but also the other modern storage methods evaluated in this study across production ecologies in Nepal.     

Atmospheric-pressure plasma treated water for seed germination and seedling growth of mung bean and its sterilization effect on mung bean sprouts

Plasma treated water (PTW), produced by atmospheric-pressure plasma treatment of water, usually contains various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of different types of PTW on seed germination, seedling growth and microbial sterilization during the germinated mung bean processing. Results showed that air-PTW possessed outstanding abilities in improving seed germination and seedling growth with a germination index of 95.50% and a vigor index of 1146.64, and in microbial decontamination. The physicochemical properties of the PTW were analyzed to better understand the PTW stressed germination. Some physiological parameters like the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and phytohormone (indole acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA)) during germination were also evaluated. This study suggested that air-PTW treatment could indeed provide a green and effective mean of stimulating seed germination and plant growth, and thus accelerate the growth cycle.Industrial relevanceIncreasing the production of food by using both economical and environmentally friendly means has been deemed as an urgent matter to sustain the food demand of rapidly growing world population. The results of this study suggest that PTW presents a great opportunity to address this need by increasing seedling growth and viability. PTW treatment is an environment-friendly and low-cost mean of stimulating seed germination and plant growth, which possesses the potential of scale up or industrial applications in relevant fields.     

过氧化氢增氧引发对烟草种子活力的影响

采用液体引发方法,使用过氧化氢为增氧剂,研究了过氧化氢结合GA3引发红花大金元和云烟97种子的效果。利用不同浓度的H₂O₂结合50 mg/L GA3引发烟草种子,结果表明,含有增氧剂的引发液引发效果更好,显著提高了种子活力。含有较高浓度增氧剂的引发液(GA3+25~100 mM H₂O₂)引发的烟草种子,种子发芽指数和活力指数显著提高,平均发芽时间显著缩短。GA3+50 mM H₂O₂引发液引发效果最好,种子活力最高。利用过氧化氢为增氧剂进行引发,可以大大简化引发装置,并取得较好的效果。     

Inactivation of Surface-Borne Microorganisms and Increased Germination of Seed Specimen by Cold Atmospheric Plasma

Sustaining the quality of seeds is a major task in attempting to supply nutrition to the growing world population. In this study, the seeds of Cicer arietinum were exposed to cold atmospheric plasma (CAP). A significant reduction of the natural microbiota attached to the seed surface was observed for increasing CAP treatment times—2 and 5 min were sufficient to achieve a 1 and 2 log reductions, respectively. Furthermore a 1 min CAP treatment showed a strongly improved seed germination (89.2 %), speed of germination (7.1?±?0.1 seeds/day), and increased seed vigor, beside a decrease in the mean germination time (2.7 days) compared with controls. The roughness profile of the seed cotyledon was altered significantly, only in case of longer treatment times from 5 min. These results suggest that CAP technology has the potentiality to reduce health risks associated with contaminated seeds, while improving food quality.     

不同pH赤霉素引发对烟草种子萌发和幼苗素质的影响

以MS云烟87、MSK326和红花大金元种子为材料,研究了不同pH的赤霉素（GA3）引发对种子萌发和幼苗素质的影响。结果表明,MS云烟87经pH3．0的50mg／LGA3引发,幼苗茎高和苗高分别提高0．59和0．40cm;对于MSK326,用pH3．0的50mg／LGA3引发效果优于其他处理,种子平均发芽时间较对照缩短0．43d,发芽指数提高12．98％,幼苗根长、茎高及苗高分别提高0．28、0．33和O．61cm;红花大金元经pH3．0的50mg／LGA3引发,种子平均发芽时间较对照缩短0．36d,发芽指数提高10．82％,幼苗茎高和苗高分别提高0．18和0．43cm。此研究结果说明,pH影响引发效果,用GA3引发时应选择适宜的pH。     

种子引发技术在烤烟育苗中的应用

选择适当的种子引发剂种类、浓度以及适宜的引发时间是提高烤烟种子活力、打破种子休眠、促进种子萌发的有效手段。试验结果表明，3号引发剂具有很好的引发效果，48h是适宜的引发时间。引发技术有利于烤烟种子萌发过程中淀粉酶活性的提高。引发处理的烤烟包衣种萌发速度快，出苗相对集中，即使在低温条件下也表现较 明显的优势。     

吸胀期低温与水分条件对油菜种子萌发的耦合效应

为了探讨晚播油菜适宜播种的田间温度和水分条件,以华杂62和华双5号品种为材料,在土壤和PEG溶液两种介质中研究了吸胀温度与水势对种子萌发的影响。结果表明,吸胀期温度和水分条件对油菜种子的萌发具有显著影响。在5～15℃范围内,种子萌发活力随吸胀期土壤温度的升高而提高。在10℃和15℃下吸胀,土壤相对含水量为58．6％、水势为-0．1MPa时较适宜于种子萌发;在5℃低温下吸胀,适当降低土壤水势有利于种子萌发。华杂62种子具有吸胀冷害现象,在低温和高水势下吸胀,种子萌发活性降低,吸水速度加快,种子浸泡液K^＋渗漏量升高,而Na^＋渗漏量和Na^＋／K^＋比值降低。华双5号种子则具有较强的抗吸胀冷害能力,表现为在低温下吸胀受水势的影响较小。     

不同机械脱粒方式粳稻储藏品质及其相关性研究

为研究不同机械脱粒方式收获粳稻霉菌量和种用品质的差异性,以手工脱粒收获粳稻为对照组,对切流式、轴流式脱粒收获粳稻进行霉菌菌落计数试验和发芽试验,测定不同机械脱粒方式收获粳稻的裂颖率、发芽性能指标、粳稻霉菌量、糙米霉菌量、全部裂颖籽粒霉菌量、正常籽粒霉菌量。结果表明:切流式与轴流式脱粒收获粳稻霉菌量差异显著(P<0.05),切流式脱粒收获粳稻霉菌量超出10⁵ CFU·g^-1,轴流式脱粒收获粳稻霉菌量接近10⁵ CFU·g^-1,手工脱粒收获粳稻霉菌量略高于10⁴ CFU·g^-1;粳稻霉菌量、糙米霉菌量与裂颖率呈极显著一元线性关系(P<0.001),决定系数R²分别为0.9082、0.8719;粳稻霉菌量与发芽性能指标相关性显著(α<0.01),粳稻霉菌量与发芽势、发芽率的负相关系数分别是0.917、0.905,粳稻霉菌量与畸变数、幼苗根部发霉数的正相关系数分别是0.896、0.959。从粳稻储藏安全性和种用品质考虑,粳稻优先考虑选择轴流式脱粒收获。     

PHYSICAL AND COOKING PROPERTIES OF MICRONIZED LENTILS

The potential for reducing the cooking time of lentils by micronization was studied. The effect of infrared heat and initial seed moisture on the internal temperature of lentil seeds was monitored up to the stage of seed browning. The seed physical properties, water uptake by seeds, cooking time and starch properties were determined. The cooking time was shortened from 30 min for the control seeds to 15 min for lentils adjusted to 25.8% wb moisture content and micronized for 55s to 18.0% wb moisture. Micronization was effective in gelatinizing and solubilizing 45 to 65% of the starch in the lentil seed, depending on the initial seed moisture content.     

聚乙二醇处理对烟草种子活力及幼苗抗冷性的影响

将烟草种子用聚乙二醇(PEG)浸种处理后播种发芽,幼苗培养至大十字期时进行低温处理。试验结果显示,低温使烟草幼苗叶片叶绿素含量与呼吸速率显著下降,增加了细胞膜透性和膜脂过氧化产物--丙二醛含量,过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性也不断下降。PEG浸种处理后,可促进种子萌发,增强幼苗生长势,提高种子活力。PEG浸种的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性较对照均有所提高,并减少了种子在低温吸胀过程中电解质与有机物质的渗漏量及渗漏速率。表明用PEG处理能增强烟草幼苗的抗冷性。      

Effects of storage durations at different temperatures on various physiological parameters of einkorn seed (Triticum monucocum L.) germination

In this present study, seed vigor was tested after different storage durations (0, 60, 120, 180 days; maximum 420 days) in air-conditioning cabinets set to various temperatures (4, 10, 20 °C) and free-temperature at room condition. After seven days for each of the storage durations, germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), germination speed (GS), seed vigor index (SVI), shoot and root length (SL, RL), shoot and root dry weight (SDW, RDW), root number (RN), electrical conductivity (EC) and pH for all seed lots were recorded. The average GR at room temperature storage decreased from 86% recorded on the 60th day, to 59% by the end of the 420th day, while germination rate was still around 70% with the seeds stored at 4 °C. The decrease in GS was recorded after the 300th day till the end of 420 days of storage (ranging between 9.8 and 9.4 seed day⁻¹). The lowest SVI was 7.9 at the beginning of storage (day 0) and increased gradually within 60 days of storage for all temperatures tested. Irrespective of storage duration, the SL and RN showed the highest overall mean of 10.7 cm and 4.8 root for the seeds stored at 4 °C. EC sharply decreased overall to a mean of 18.9 μScm⁻¹ g⁻¹ for all temperatures within the first 60 days of storage. The highest correlation (r = 0.937) was determined between GS and MGT. This study provides a new insight to the farmers for better understanding that concerns practical implications of einkorn farming as follows: storage at 4 °C is best way of the maintanence of highest seed vigor. For the storage duration regardless of the temperatures, it can be kept minimum 60 days, since the seed deterioration can be effective after 180 days of storage depending on storage temperature.     

烟草催芽包衣种生理生化指标测定及根系发育状况研究

对萌发时催芽与未催芽烟草裸种浸提液的电导率和相关酶活性进行了测定 ,并对催芽包衣种和普通包衣种成苗特征、根系发育状况进行了调查。结果表明 ,与未催芽的裸种相比 ,催芽烟草裸种的浸提液电导率明显降低 ,种子活力和相关酶活性提高。与普通包衣种相比 ,催芽包衣种成苗时烟苗根系活力、干物质的量和根冠比均有较大幅度提高 ,侧根数目增加 ,同时叶片的叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶和硝酸还原酶活性明显升高。因此 ,催芽包衣的种子活力较高 ,所育烟苗根系发达 ,素质良好。     

烟草高吸水包衣种及其育苗配套技术研究

烟草高吸水丸化包衣种播种后,能吸附土壤中的自由水,并在种子周围形成直径为６～７ｍｍ的“蓄水球囊”,经济、有效地供给种子发芽、成苗所需的水分,大大地减少苗床浇水次数和数量,节约了浇水用工。同时,显著促进了烟苗的生长,增加了烟苗的整齐度,提高了烟苗的素质。烟草高吸水丸化包衣种的研制成功是烟草丸化包衣技术的新发展,不仅显著地提高了烟草育苗水平,而且有助于推进烟草种子产业化进程,促进烟草杂交优势的利用。