Chemical composition and digestibility of mote

White and yellow maize grains (Zea mays amylacea, capia), polished by means of heat treatment with lime and ashes were analyzed (maize for mote); the chemical composition and digestibility in vitro of these grains cooked in boiling water were studied (mote), they were obtained under standardized conditions (laboratory) to compare them with the ones purchased at stores. The composition of nutrients was similar in polished grains, standing out the white ones from laboratory with a protein and sodium content of 9.95 100 g/100 g and 80.33 mg/100 g in the ones processed with ashes respectively and calcium (979.70 mg/100 g) in the ones treated with lime. Motes purchased at stores were analyzed and turned out to be chemically similar to the ones from laboratory. In the white motes with ashes of this last group, values of sodium, iron and potassium (28,02; 7,95 and 75.64 mg/100 g respectively) were higher than those that received treatment with lime (white and yellow), which presented a high calcium content (464.97 and 430.79 mg/100 g respectively). The digestibility was superior in the samples with lime, 79% in the purchased ones and 80% in the standardized ones.     

Characterization of microbial population present in the edible seaweed, Monostroma undulatum, Wittrock

The microbiological quality of Monostroma undulatum, Wittrock from the Southern Argentinean coast, was studied for its application for human food. Also the diversity and function of the native bacterial population to this green seaweed was analyzed. Samples were collected in Puerto Deseado, province of Santa Cruz, Southern Argentina (47 degrees 45'L.S., 65 degrees 55'L.W). The samples were analyzed for the presence of psycotrophic heterotrophic bacteria, marine heterotrophic bacteria, low nutritional request bacteria (LNRB), marine low nutritional request bacteria (LNRB marine), Vibrio spp, total and thermotolerant colifom bacteria, anaerobic sulfite reducing bacteria, yeasts and moulds. The isolates were identified using standard techniques based on morphologic, physiologic and metabolic characteristics. Among the gram-negative bacteria isolated, the predominant genera belonged to Vibrio (20%), E. coli inactiva (18%), Flavobacterium (11%), Flexibacter (9%), Moraxella (9%), Alcaligenes/Pseudomonas group (9%), Aeromonas (2%), Acinetobacter (2%). Cotophaga (2%), Photobacterium (2%), Ps/Caulobacter/Alteromonas/Spirillum group (2), The main genus of gram-positive bacteria was Staphylococcus. Human pathogenic bacteria were not detected. Fecal contamination indicator bacteria were not isolated from fresh seaweed and seawater. These results showed an adequate microbiological quality of seaweed acceptable for human food. The bacterial population associated to Monostroma undulatum, consisted of gram-negative, marine and psycotrophic microorganisms, including vibrios and enterobacteria as their main components. Also the identified bacteria showed a great capacity to hydrolyze different substrates and so they might contribute to the balance of this marine ecosystem.     

Sodium, potassium and calcium content in regional dishes consumed in Sonora, Mexico

The content of sodium, potassium and calcium was determined in 15 regional dishes, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The Na:K ratio was high in most of the dishes due to the high sodium content and low content of potassium found. The higher sources of the studied minerals were "tortilla de harina" with 1,372.8 mg/100 g of sodium; "chorizo con papas" with 466 mg/100 g of potassium, and "calabacitas con queso" with 244.1 mg/100 g of calcium. Two of the dishes considered as desserts, "capirotada" and "arroz con leche" showed the lowest Na:K ratio (0.66 and 0.81, respectively).     

Sodium and potassium content of some fresh, frozen and canned vegetables

Sodium and potassium content was determined in fresh, frozen and canned green peas, corn and green beans, as well as in fresh and canned tomatoes. Flame photometry was the method used for this analysis, as the AOAC recommends. Among the fresh products tested, green beans yielded the lowest sodium and potassium contents, with 2.2 and 150.2 mg/100 g, respectively. The highest sodium content was found in green peas, with 31.8 mg/100 g, and the highest potassium values were determined in tomatoes and green peas, with 271.7 and 271.3 mg/100 g, values which are not statistically different. In regard to frozen products, green beans also presented the lowest values of these cations, with 3.0 mg/100 g sodium, and 111.0 mg/100 g potassium. The highest averages were detected in green peas, with a sodium content of 149.4 mg/100 g, and 145.1 mg/100 g potassium. In general, all canned products tested showed higher sodium and lower potassium values than those found in fresh or frozen products. The highest sodium content (317.3 mg/100 g) was found in canned green peas, and the lowest (127.4 mg/100 g), in canned tomatoes. With respect to potassium, the highest values corresponded to canned tomatoes, with 168.8 mg/100 g, and the lowest to corn, with 7.6 mg/100 g.     

Suitability of wild underexploited vegetables from the Argentine Chaco as a food resource

The nutritional value of wild underexploited vegetable samples collected in the Argentine Chaco was investigated. Leaves from Hipochaeris sp.-, Coronopus didimus and Portulaca olearacea; fruits from Zyziphus sativa, Brumelia obtusifolia and Eugenia uniflora; and roots of Canna coccinea were included in this work; several separate samples being taken at least during two consecutive harvesting seasons. Values for moisture, protein, total lipids, crude fiber, ash, reducing and total sugars, starch, total pectins and energy are given. Mineral micronutrient contents are reported for calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron and phosphorus, as well as vitamin values (ascorbic acid and beta-carotene). Higher concentrations of macronutrients were found in the leafy vegetables (32-50 Kcal/100 g) than in commercially exploited cultivars (14-30 Kcal/100 g), as shown by an increased energy value, the protein content of Portulaca olearacea (3.74 g/100 g) being highly remarkable. Unusually high micronutrient figures were also determined in Coronopus didimus, with 172.3; 3.98, and 46.7 mg/100 g, for calcium, iron and magnesium, respectively. In general, fruits also showed higher macronutrient contents, with the exception of proteins, with less but constant values (1.58 to 1.74 g/100 g), although contributing more energy than commercial cultivars (70 to 147 Kcal/100 g). Equally important proved to be the provitamin A content in Eugenia uniflora (11.98 mg/100 g). Roots of Canna coccinea revealed the lowest energy value (34 Kcal/100 g) but surprisingly, the highest content of phosphorus of all the species under study.     

Risk-benefit of some mollusks and processed fishes in the renal patient's diet

The renal diet must include limited amounts of high quality protein, phosphorus P and potassium K. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA EPA and DHA), present in fishes and mollusks, render beneficial properties against progression of renal damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate protein PR, phosphorus P, potassium K, calcium Ca and n-3PUFA in processed fishes and mollusks as an alimentary option for renal patients. Canned tuna (water AA and oil AC), sardine in tomate sauce ST and chipotle SC and smoked salmon SA, fresh jumbo flying squid CA, common octopus PU and oyster OS were evaluated. Significant difference was detected (p <.0.05) for K between different types of fish. SA contained 38g/100g PR, 307 mg/100g of P, 371 mg/ 100g K and 106 mg/100g n-3PUFA. Sardines contained (279-304 mg/100g of P and 283-322 mg/100g K and tunas 142-160 mg/100g P and 141-154 mg/100g K. Tunas and sardines had elevated concentration of n-3PUFA (4114 and 4790 mg/ 100g respectively), P:n-3PUFA and K:n-3PUFA ratio was low in tunas (0.03) and sardines (0.06). AA and AC contained (10.1 and 11.1 mgP/gPR), while ST and SC provided 26.4-19.1 mg/P/gPR. n-3PUFA/gPR were similar for tunas and sardines (302-424mg/gPR). Mollusks: CA presented the highest values of P and PR (2.4 mg/100g and 18.4g/100g). n-3PUFA ranged from 4.3 to 79 mg/100g in PU and OS respectively. Among processed fishes, only canned tunas are recommended for the diet of renal patients, in an individualized basis. The risk-benefit ratio of sardines in the renal diet should be evaluated, due to their high content of P and n-3PUFA. Salmon and mollusks are not recommended for the renal diet.     

Chemical characterization and liberation of pentose sugars from brewer's spent grain

The chemical composition of brewer's spent grain (BSG), generated from a process using 100% malted barley, was investigated. BSG is mainly composed of (g kg^?1) hemicellulose (284), lignin (278), cellulose (168) and protein (152.5), but it also contains extractives and ashes in smaller proportions. Minerals in BSG include calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, barium, strontium, manganese, copper, zinc, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium and silicon. In order to find alternative uses for BSG, this by‐product was subjected to acid hydrolysis process to recover the hemicellulosic sugars, which have a large number of industrial applications. The process was carried out under different conditions of liquid‐to‐solid ratio and acid concentration to evaluate the influence of these two variables on BSG hemicellulose hydrolysis. Under all the hydrolysis conditions evaluated, arabinose was recovered with higher efficiency than xylose. Under the best evaluated reaction conditions (liquid‐to‐solid ratio of 10 g g^?1 and 120 mg H₂SO₄ g^?1 dry matter) 76.2% of the hemicellulose was hydrolyzed and the xylose and arabinose sugars were recovered with 67 and 97.8% efficiency, respectively. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

The content and yield of six elements in four grasses as affected by nitrogen application and interval between harvests

Effects of three levels of applied nitrogen and 4- and 8-week intervals between cuts on the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium content and yield of four grasses grown in field swards were studied in three full harvest years. Concentrations of elements in herbage lower than those required by some classes of livestock were found as follows: in the case of phosphorus, where high yields of grass were obtained without any very recent application of phosphorus; in the case of calcium, mainly at harvests in late April/early May; in the case of magnesium, in most of the grass harvested in April, May, June and July; in the case of sodium, where no nitrogen or the intermediate level was applied, except at the October/November harvests; in the case of nitrogen, at harvests in May and July with the 8-week interval and no applied N. Suggestions are made as to ways of raising the concentrations where necessary. The concentration of potassium in herbage was greatly in excess of animal requirements; possible ways of economizing on potassium application are considered. Applied nitrogen (as Nitro-chalk) greatly reduced extractable soil potassium, reduced soil magnesium, and had little or no effect on soil calcium, sodium or pH.     

Mineral content of the honey produced in Zulia state, Venezuela

The mineral content of the honey produced in five zones of the Zulia state, Venezuela, during dry and rainy seasons was determined. The analyzed elements were: sodium, potassium (by emission spectroscopy), calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese (by atomic absorption spectroscopy), phosphorus (phosphate ions, by colorimetric method), and ash content of raw honey samples directly collected from different beekeepers. The mean values for Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and P were 353+84; 1774+138; 237+66; 52+24; 0.76+0.43; 13.5+10.23; 0.92+0.42 and 1642+323 mg/kg respectively. The mean ash content was 0.431+0.15%. Potassium was the most abundant of the elements determined. This results confirm that Zulian honey can be considered a good source of minerals.     

Integral bread development with soybean, chia, linseed, and folic acid as a functional food for women

Six bread formulations were developed, using different proportions of whole-wheat flour, chia seeds and flaxseed flour. All of our formulations were added with folic acid. Sensorial and texture evaluations were performed, showing good acceptance of the products. Proximal chemical analysis was carried out; in addition, the following parameters were determined: calcium, phosphorus, total dietary fiber, folic acid, water hydration capacity, Glucose Dialysis Retardation Index (GDRI) and fatty acids. The results obtained showed higher protein levels in the developed breads (23.23-30.24 (g/100g dry matter) as compared to a control (21.00% of proteins in bread elaborated without chia or flaxseed). Furthermore, the breads contained 10.07-12.15 of lipids (g/100g dry matter) (linoleic acid: 2.43-4.05%; linolenic acid: 1.12-4.46 %; oleic acid: 2.93-6.13 %), GDRI values were between 89.1 and 98.1 % and folic acid was in the range 699.44 - 991.3 (microg/100g dry matter). The same parameters were determined in the chia seed and in the flaxseed flour. It was concluded that; due to their high levels of protein, insaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6), dietary fiber and folic acid, these breads have a high nutritional value, so they could have special benefits for woman.     

海藻酸纤维对铜离子的吸附性能

为了研究不同各类的海藻酸纤维对铜离子的吸附性能,用盐酸及硫酸钠水溶液处理海藻钙纤维,分别得到海藻及海藻酸钙钠纤维,把三种纤维分别与含铜离子的水溶液接触后,在不同的时间段测试溶液中铜离子的深度,结果表示：海藻酸、海藻酸钙及海藻酸钙钠纤维对铜均有较好的吸附性能,其平衡吸附容易分别为68.6mg/g,81.7mg/g和71.0mg/g,海藻酸钙纤维的吸附容量在三种纤维中最高,由于海藻酸钙钠纤维遇水后可以很快地吸水膨胀,其吸附速度较其它两种纤维快.     

Concentration of elements in woody and herbaceous biomass as a function of the dry ashing temperature

The main purposes of the study presented in this paper are to select the optimal temperature of dry ashing and to carry out posterior analyses of elements in the ash formed. The concentration of elements from biomass was compared with the concentration of elements in ash obtained at 400, 500, 550, 600 and 800 °C, utilising four woody and herbaceous biomasses: pine chips, poplar chips, thistle and wheat straw.A dry ashing temperature in the 500-550 °C range was found to produce ashes low in organic carbon (less than 1 wt%) and to recover the greatest amount of the element contents present in the original biomass. A slight loss of potassium and sodium is determined in the ashes produced at temperatures as low as 400 °C for herbaceous biomass compared with the potassium and sodium analysed in biomass.     

Yield and chemical composition of the vegetal parts of the amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus, L.) at different physiological stages

The genus Amaranthus comprises species which, consumed as vegetables, provide essential nutrients to man; they also have a high acceptability among the population. These two factors justify the need to increase their cultivation. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to establish the most adequate physiological state of maturity, to harvest the leaves for human consumption. The field experiment utilized a randomized block design with three treatments and eight replications. These treatments consisted in harvesting the plants at 25, 40 and 60 days after emergence of the seedlings, samples which served to evaluate: plant height, number of leaves, leaf surface area, gross weight (leaves and stems), net weight (leaves), green matter and dry matter yield, as well as protein. The chemical composition of the harvested material was evaluated also in terms of moisture, protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, iron, beta-carotene and oxalates. The results obtained in the agronomic study were subjected to analysis of variance for the respective design, with significant differences found between treatments for all the variables studied. In its turn, the results of the chemical analysis were analyzed by a completely randomized design, with significant differences obtained for most of the variables studied, except for ether extract, calcium, iron and oxalates. From the nutritional point of view, the first harvest was the most acceptable due to the chemical composition of the plant, in particular protein (29.5%), beta-carotene (33.7 mg%), calcium (2,356.1 mg%), phosphorus (759.1 mg%) and due to its low crude fiber content, only 11.1 g%. It did not occur so from the agronomic point of view, since during this stage, very low yields of green matter (575.9 kg/ha), dry matter (66.6 kg/ha) and protein (19.7 kg/ha) were obtained. At the second harvest, besides obtaining adequate yields of green matter (6,530.4 kg/ha), dry matter (681.8 kg/ha) and protein 154.3 kg/ha), an acceptable composition in its protein content (22.7 g%), beta-carotene (24.1 mg%), calcium (2,279.8 mg%), phosphorus (740.9 mg%) and iron (52.7 mg%) was also obtained. The crude fiber content, on the other hand, was not excessively increased (14.3 g%), from which findings it was concluded that this is the best stage for harvesting, in comparison with the harvests carried out 25 and 60 days after emergence. Finally, it was observed that harvesting at 60 days gave the highest yields in green matter (24,272.8 kg/ha), dry matter (3,452.0 kg/ha) and protein (510.7 kg/ha).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Fatty acid concentration, proximate composition, and mineral composition in fishbone flour of Nile Tilapia

Nile tilapia (Oreochormis niloticus) fishbone is a fish part with unknown composition. After elaboration of flour fishbone of tilapia it was analysede. The results in 100 g of flour were: moisture (14.2%), protein (40.8%), total lipids (25.3%), and ash (18.3%), and mineral (in 100 g) was 2715.9 mg (calcium), 1.3 mg (iron), and 1132.7 mg (phosphorus). A total of 22 fatty acids were detected in fishbone flour total lipids (TL), being the major ones in (g) of total lipids: 16:0 (208.5 mg); 18:1n-9 (344.3 mg); and 18:2n-6 (109.6 mg). The concentration of linolenic acid--LNA (18:3n-3); eicopentaenoic acid--EPA (20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid--DHA (22:6n-3) were (29.9 mg), (3.3 mg), and (12.9 mg), respectively. The content to saturated (SFA) were (296.2 mg), monounsaturated (MUFA) 415.0 mg, and polyunsaturated (PUFA) 175.6 mg. The ratio PUFA:MUFA:SFA was 1:2.4:1.7, and the ratio omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids were 2.8. The last is within the recommended values. The results show low concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids in flour. The value caloric and calcium, iron, phosphorus, and protein content the fishbone flour of tilapia may results a valuable alternative food in the human diet.     

蜂蜜中金属元素含量的测定

采用了火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定东北蜂蜜和槐花蜂蜜中金属元素钾、钠、镁、钙、锌、铁、铜、锰.样品预处理采用湿法消解与干法灰化两种方法进行对比.测定结果为东北蜂蜜湿法消解:80.58、5.24、2.90、7.29、0.52(mg/100 g);干法灰化:69.66、5.09、2.11、3.94、0.43(mg/100g).槐花蜂蜜湿法消解:22.01、8.03、2.12、8.05、0.12(mg/100 g);干法灰化:16.32、3.55、0.71、3.05、0.06(mg/100g),其余元素低于检出限未检出.回收率:90%~112%,RSD:1%~4%.     

The acerola fruit: composition, productive characteristics and economic importance

The acerola (Malpighia emarginata Sessé y Moci?o ex DC) is a wild plant grown in zones of tropical and subtropical climate. Acerola is origin from South of Mexico, Central America and Septentrional area of South America. Its scientific name was adopted in 1986 by the International Council of Vegetable Genetic Resources. Malpighia emarginata has a subglobulose drupa fruit with three seeds which account between the 19 - 25% of the total weight. The diameter and weight of the fruit varies between 1 - 4 cm and 2 - 15 g, respectively. The fruit shows green color when it is developing, which changes to yellow and red tones when it is mature. Each plant produces annually 20 - 30 kg of fruits. This fruit contents macro and micronutrients: proteins (0.21-0.80 g/100 g), fats (0.23-0.80 g/100 g), carbohydrates (3.6-7.80 g/100 g), mineral salts (iron 0.24, calcium 11.7, phosphorus 17.1 mg/100 g) and vitamins (thiamine 0.02, riboflavine 0.07, piridoxine 8.7 mg/100 g). Its high content in vitamin C (695 a 4827 mg/100 g) is remarkable, therefore acerola has an increasing economic value by its great consume during last years. Acerola also presents carotenoids and bioflavonoids which provide important nutritive value and its potential use as antioxidant. Brazil has a climate and soil appropriate for the culture of acerola, thus this country is the main mundial productor. Acerola is commercialised as juices, jams, ices, gelatins, sweets or liquors. Bibliographical data have been mainly supplied by Electronic Resources of the University of Seville and the University do Vale do Itajaí (Santa Catarina, Brazil).     

Effect of dietary calcium during pregnancy and lactation on zinc levels in blood and bone, in rats

The effect of dietary calcium (Ca) level on maternal zinc (Zn) nutritional status was studied. Female Wistar rats, weighing 250-350 g, were fed during pregnancy and lactation with an experimental diet containing/100 g different levels of calcium: 0.2 g (low calcium: LCa), 0.6 g (normal calcium: NCa) or 0.9 (high calcium: HCa). Maternal blood samples were drawn from the tail at delivery and at the end of lactation. Laboratory determinations were: Zn in whole blood (WB) at delivery and weaning; Zn (ZnF) and Ca (CaF) in the ashed femur at weaning. The results (mean +/- SEM) were: ZnWB (microgram/ml) at delivery and weaning: LCa: 8.73 +/- 1.05; 12.8 +/- 2.02; NCa: 3.49 +/- 0.19; 3.73 +/- 0.37; HCa: 3.21 +/- 0.19; 3.85 +/- 0.27. CaF (mg/100 mg): LCa: 19.2 +/- 0.8; NCa: 21.4 +/- 0.6; HCa: 20.4 +/- 1.1. ZnF (microgram/100 mg): LCa: 30.2 +/- 0.9; NCa: 24.1 +/- 0.3; HCa: 24.1 +/- 0.9. ZnWB was significantly higher in LCa (p < 0.0001) regarding NCa and Hca. ZnF showed an increase and CaF a decrease in LCa regarding NCa and HCa (p < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in ZnWB, ZnF and CaF between NCa and HCa These results show that: there was no detrimental effect when dietary Ca content was increased by 50% above the normal requirements of the rat.; low dietary Ca during pregnancy and lactation produced an increase of Zn utilization, reflected in maternal blood Zn and in ZnF content.     

Evaluation of a new instrument offering sodium,potassium, and ionized calcium in combination with haematocrit,pH and blood gas analysis; the performance of the Nova Stat Profile 1

The Nova Stat Profile 1 analyser, a combined sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, haematocrit and conventional blood gas analyser, was evaluated over a four month period. In addition to assessing and demonstrating that the instrument met analytical requirements, an appreciation of the use of ionised calcium (iCa) was made. Prospective costs were characterised and practical problems of iCa measurement addressed.     

杨桃中微量元素的测定

以钼酸铵分光光度法测定杨桃中磷的含量,以火焰原子吸收法测定其中钙与铁的含量,实验结果为：杨桃中磷的含量为39．70mg／100g,钙的含量为1．476mg／100g,铁的含量为0．672mg／100g,钙铁磷的回收率在96．3％～102．4％范围内。     

Preparation and Adsorption Properties of λ-MnO2-Cellulose Hybrid-Type lon-Exchanger for Lithium Ion. Application to the Enrichment of Lithium Ion from Seawater

Abstract

spherical beads of a hybrid-type ion-exchanger (HIE) have been prepared by dispersing microcrystalline λ-MnO2 in macroporous cellulose gel beads. The beads were 0.1 to 0.3 mm in diameter and contained 0.71 g λ-MnO2/g dry HIE. The ion-exchange behaviors of HIE for lithium and sodium ions were investigated by batch and column methods. The uptakes for lithium and sodium ions were 2.8 and 0.1 mmol/g dry HIE, respectively, at pH 12.3 by the batch method and 1.0 and 0.1 mmol/g dry HIE at pH 11.6-11.8, respectively, by the column method. When 1.52 L seawater was passed through a column containing 0.05g wet HIE at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, 2.0 mg lithium/g dry HIE was recovered, indicating that the enrichment ratio for lithium ion was 1.3 × 10⁴ mL/g and the enrichment factors for lithium ion to sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions were 7.1 × 10⁴, 1.7 × 10³, 1.0 × 10³, and 6.9 × 10³, respectively.