高性能滑动电接触实验机的设计与研制

为了对电力机车受电弓滑板与接触网导线的载流磨耗特性进行实验研究,分析了磨耗稳定态出现的规律,制作了一台高性能滑动电接触实验机。实验机实现了电气化铁路受电弓滑板与接触网导线之间的实际载流磨耗运行环境的模拟,在不同的配对关系和实验条件下,通过下位机检测出所有待测量参数并与上位机进行串行通信。上位机对采集数据进行分类保存,并对测量结果进行分析处理,生成所需各种波形曲线。结果表明,实验机结构设计合理、参数测量准确,能够模拟多种实际运行环境。     

高速受电弓浸金属碳滑板载流摩擦磨损机制研究*

高速受电弓滑板面临高滑动速度、高电压、大电流等极限运行环境,运行环境的复杂性势必对滑板的使用寿命造成影响。为研究高速受电弓浸金属碳滑板载流摩擦磨损机制,通过对某高速列车受电弓浸金属碳滑板进行实车跟踪监测分析,得出高速受电弓滑板的真实工作条件,并通过扫面电子显微镜、电子探针、白光干涉仪对高速运行磨损后的浸金属滑板表面进行微观形貌分析、表面元素分布分析、表面粗糙度分析。结果显示：浸金属碳滑板的主要磨损机制为黏着磨损;浸金属碳滑板中间异常光亮的区域主要是由大量碳元素排列组成,且可能是由于滑板在进出站以及车辆段滑动时接触网未设置拉出,造成滑板中间磨耗较其他区域明显异常。磨耗后滑板表面成分分析可以得出,滑板表面氧元素原子占比较高,说明滑板表面发生了一定的氧化还原反应。     

地铁刚性弓网系统接触线磨损特性试验研究

为研究地铁刚性接触网系统接触线磨损的规律,以地铁刚性接触网系统常用的浸金属碳滑板/铜银合金接触线作为摩擦副,通过模拟地铁弓网系统运行参数,使用载流摩擦磨损试验机研究有、无电火花放电情况下,浸金属碳滑板与铜银合金接触线直流电滑动过程中磨损量、摩擦因数、载流效率随滑动距离的变化。试验结果表明：电火花放电会使得接触线与浸金属碳滑板磨损量显著上升,出现电火花放电时摩擦因数较小,弓网系统载流效率会明显降低同时出现大幅波动。试验后对碳滑板和接触线表面形貌的观察可知：电火花放电会使得浸金属碳滑板表面烧蚀坑数量和尺寸大小增加,同时会出现滑板材料大面积剥落和表面裂纹增多的问题,接触线表面形貌变得更加粗糙。     

表面粗糙度对滑动电接触磨损率的影响

在电气化铁路弓网系统中,磨损率是衡量列车运行状态与接触导线使用状态的重要指标。为了充分模拟弓网系统中磨损率情况,利用自行搭建的滑动电接触摩擦磨损试验机对滑板和接触导线进行摩擦磨损试验,分析滑板表面粗糙度、法向压力、接触电流与运行速度对磨损率的影响。得出结论:滑板磨损率随滑板初始表面粗糙度、接触电流、法向压力、运行速度的增加而增加,而高载荷下粗糙度对于磨损率的影响降低;滑板摩擦从磨合期进入稳定摩擦期存在一个临界表面粗糙度,当滑板初始表面粗糙度值等于临界粗糙度值时,其磨损率最低;不同初始表面粗糙度的滑板在跑合期内磨损过程不同,在稳定摩擦期内磨损过程趋于一致,且摩擦试验后滑板表面粗糙度也接近。     

不同表面形貌的接触线对浸金属碳滑板载流摩擦磨损性能的影响

在受电弓-接触网载流摩擦磨损过程中,接触线会产生不同的横截面形状,而接触线形貌的改变可能会影响弓网间的接触关系,进而影响弓网间的载流摩擦磨损性能。为研究不同表面形貌的接触线对浸金属碳滑板载流摩擦磨损性能的影响,利用环-块式高速载流摩擦磨损试验机,研究载流条件下常规形貌、麻点形貌、斜切形貌的接触线与浸金属碳滑板的摩擦磨损性能,比较采用不同形貌接触线时的摩擦因数、电弧能量和浸金属碳滑板的磨损量、表面形貌。试验结果表明：在直流电情况下,常规接触线与浸金属碳滑板组成的摩擦副的摩擦因数最小,滑板磨损量最低;采用斜切形貌接触线时的摩擦因数最大,滑板磨损量最大。通过SEM电镜观测浸金属碳滑板表面的磨损形貌,发现接触线为常规形貌时,滑板以氧化磨损为主,有较多的氧化物产生;接触线为麻点形貌时,滑板以电弧烧蚀和磨粒磨损为主,产生了细小裂纹和烧蚀坑,有较多的磨屑和剥落层出现;接触线为斜切形貌时,滑板以电弧烧蚀为主,有大裂纹和犁沟产生,并且烧蚀区域出现了较多的白色小球。研究表明,当接触线的形貌发生改变时,会导致滑板磨耗增加并加剧接触副电弧放电,从而恶化接触副的状态。因此,当接触线磨损变形严重时,应及时进行更换...     

受电弓状态未知问题的分析及改造建议

受电弓是地铁车辆从接触网上受流的装置,通过碳滑板与接触网导线的直接接触,从接触网导线上受取电源,为车辆提供牵引、空调、照明、控制等,因此,受电弓的状态直接影响列车的安全、可靠运行。通过对受电弓状态的实时监控,可及时、准确地发现受电弓出现问题的区域,了解弓网异常或受损情况。本文以南京S7号线高压电器箱内高速断路器HSCB断开后导致受电弓状态未知的问题为例,展开详细分析,并提出了改造建议。     

几种受电弓滑板/接触线材料载流摩擦磨损行为的比较

在销-盘摩擦磨损试验机上研究浸金属碳/纯铜、纯碳/不锈钢、浸金属碳/不锈钢、纯碳/纯铜4种受电弓滑板/接触线的载流摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:浸金属碳/纯铜的摩擦因数比其他3对配副的摩擦因数都大,且其配副的碳滑板材料磨损量比其他3对配副的磨损量都高;4对配副的主要磨损机制是电弧烧蚀、磨粒磨损和氧化磨损,而浸金属碳/纯铜还出现黏着磨损。浸金属碳/纯铜因磨损严重,且电滑动中发出异常噪声,应避免作为受电弓滑板/接触线材料。     

地铁受电弓碳滑板冬季异常磨耗特点微观研究

以国内某地铁线路在冬季运行中出现异常磨耗的受电弓浸铜碳滑板为研究对象，借助多种微观测试手段，比较其表面形貌、微观组织、化学成分等与正常磨耗状态的碳滑板表面的差异，探究碳滑板出现异常磨耗的原因及机制。结果表明：与正常磨耗状态碳滑板相比，异常磨耗状态下碳滑板表面三维形貌崎岖且粗糙，其接触条件显著恶化，机械磨损、磨粒磨损、电弧烧蚀、材料转移等形式的磨损量均有增加；在进入秋冬季节后，碳滑板表面润滑条件发生改变、磨粒数量增加、直径增大、接触副温度上升，从而加剧了磨粒磨损和电弧烧蚀，造成碳滑板出现异常磨耗现象。对地铁运营过程进行跟踪监测后发现，碳滑板异常磨耗的出现与隧道内环境湿度的下降存在一定关联。     

从电力机车受电弓滑板标准看滑板材料的发展现状

受电弓滑板是电力牵引机车的关键零部件和主要消耗件,关系到列车的运行安全与成本。做为铁路专用产品,受电弓滑板有严格的产品技术条件与标准。随着电气化铁路高速化发展,受电弓滑板经历了不同的发展阶段,本文从我国受电弓滑板标准出发,系统阐述了受电弓滑板材料的发展现状,展望了未来高端受电弓滑板发展方向。     

地铁车辆受电弓故障分析

以南京地铁2号线车辆为例,针对车辆受电弓常见的上框架出现裂纹和碳滑板出现异常磨耗的问题进行分析。得出导致上框架出现裂纹的原因主要是焊接质量问题和网线的异常冲击问题,碳滑板出现异常磨耗的原因是由于受电弓碳滑板与接触网之间受流工况的不同,导致碳滑板在使用中会出现断裂、剥离、掉块、裂纹、灼烧、偏摩等异常问题。提出了针对受电弓上框架出现裂纹和碳滑板异常磨耗问题的故障处理以及预防和整改措施。     

The in‐situ observation of friction and wear phenomena under electric current

In electric railroads, the wear of contact strips and trolley wires is a major problem. However, the high voltage and large current make it difficult to investigate the contact members. Therefore, we observe the friction under exposure to electric current with much smaller values than the actual conditions on a railroad. Throughout our experiments, we investigate the influence of electric current and contact loss between contact members and of friction and wear. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of arc discharge on the wear rate and wear mode transition of a copper-impregnated metallized carbon contact strip sliding against a copper disk

Wear of the contact strip on the pantograph of electric railway vehicles is governed mainly by arc discharge occurring simultaneously with break of contact between the strip and trolley wire. As a step to clarify the wear mechanism of metallized carbon contact strips under the occurrence of contact break arc discharge, a detailed sliding wear test of 30 min duration was carried out for the combination of a copper-impregnated carbon strip and a copper disk at a sliding speed of 100 km/h. The worn surfaces of the strip and disk were observed every 5 min. The voltage drop and electric current were measured throughout the test, and the occurrence and energy of the arc discharge were evaluated for each revolution of the disk. The wear process is considered in terms of the wear mode transition, and the effect of arc discharge on the mode transition and wear rate of the strip is discussed.     

Thermomechanical wear modelling

It is assumed that the contact between bodies in sliding motion produces a stress field and frictional heat source that may induce severe wear from material yielding or fracture. For this situation, a thermomechanical wear model is used to develop a wear transition equation for identifying the dominant factors that will reduce or control such wear, by employing thermoelasticity analyses and contact mechanics. This equation is used to construct wear maps for ease of analysis. Studies are used to substantiate the thermomechanical wear model with experimental results that emphasise the transition from mild to severe wear for dry and lubricated metallic and ceramic sliding contacts under load.     

Mechanism of wavy wear of high speed railway trolley wires

Wavy wear of the sliding surface of a high speed railway trolley wire develops through a sequential sliding contact between the trolley wire and a pantograph. Results of research on wavy wear on the new Tokaido line are presented. An appropriate mathematical model of the dynamic evolution mechanism of wavy wear of the trolley wire and pantograph system is introduced to interpret the transition in the power spectral density of the sliding surface unevenness of the wire obtained from research on the actual conditions. In the model, wear is assumed to be proportional to the contact force acting on the wire. The harmonics of wavy wear correspond to an interval between two contact points of a pantograph in a higher frequency range. A design method for pantographs to suppress the evolution of wavy wear is proposed.     

On the analysis of steady-state sliding wear processes

The transient wear process on the frictional interface of two elastic bodies in relative steady sliding motion induces shape evolution of the contact interface and tends to a steady state in which the wear develops at constant contact stress and strain distribution. Such a steady state may be attained experimentally or in numerical analysis by integrating the wear rate in the transient wear period. An alternative method of analysis was proposed in previous papers [Páczelt I, Mróz Z. On optimal contact shapes generated by wear. Int J Numer Methods Eng 2005;63:1310-47; Páczelt I, Mróz Z. Optimal shapes of contact interfaces due to sliding wear in the steady relative motion. Int J Solids Struct 2007;44:895-925] by applying a variational procedure and minimizing a response functional corresponding to the wear-dissipation power. The present paper provides an extension of this approach and new applications to the analysis of steady states in disk and drum brakes. The wear rule is assumed as a non-linear relation of wear rate to shear stress and relative sliding velocity. The specification of steady wear states is of engineering importance as it allows for optimal shape design of contacting interfaces in order to avoid the transient run-in periods. The extension to cyclic translation cases can be generated by considering steady cyclic states of wear processes.     

A procedure for the wear prediction of collector strip and contact wire in pantograph–catenary system

The effects of friction and electrical phenomena like arcing and sparking govern the wear rate in the sliding contact between the contact wire and the collector strip, these two effects are mutually interconnected in a complex manner. A means of investigating the wear of the collector strip and the contact wire is to carry out laboratory tests that allow to perform comparative tests between different material combinations and to establish the dependence on the main parameters such as sliding speed, contact force and current intensity. A problem to be considered in the application of the laboratory test results is their extrapolation to the real operating conditions, in order to assess the effective benefit among different solutions. In this paper, a procedure that combines a wear model for the contact between collector strip and contact wire with the simulation of the dynamic interaction between pantograph and catenary is proposed. The adopted wear model is based on the wear map concept, including the effect of electrical current flow, and it is tuned by means of the results obtained on laboratory test rig.The dependence of the electrical contact resistance on the contact force between each contact strip of the pantograph and the contact wire of the overhead line is considered and the corresponding electrical current on each of the two collectors of the pantograph is evaluated. Instantaneous values of contact forces and electrical current are then fed into the wear model and the amount of the wear of the collector strips and of the contact wire along the overhead line is calculated, generating an irregular profile of the contact wire.The proposed procedure is applied to two cases: in the first one the wear of the contact wire using copper collector strips and graphite collector strips for dc line are compared. In the second one, the consequence of the variation of the mechanical tension of the contact wire on the wear levels is predicted.     

A system for wear prediction in lubricated sliding contacts

A system of analysis is developed to predict the rate of wear in sliding contacts. The essence of the approach is the proposal that the rate of wear can be predicted only in probabilistic terms. Therefore, the estimation of the probability of wear, which can be regarded as synonymous with the probability of surface asperity contacts, precedes the calculation of the wear rate. Further, recognising the fact that wear takes place within the actual area of contact, it is argued that this area consists of plastic and elastic contacts between asperities which, in turn, have different shear strengths and contribute differently to the wear process. In the case of lubricated contact, a frictional film defect represents the influence of a lubricant on the wear process. Moreover, as in this type of contact the load is supported by both lubricating film and contacting asperities, a special procedure is provided to estimate the load supported by the asperities, because it is only that part of the load which contributes to the wear. The catastrophic form of wear in lubricated contacts, that is termed ‘scuffing’, is also considered, and the probability of scuffing, under a given set of operating conditions, is estimated. The predictive system has been tested and its predictions are compared with available experimental results.     

Thermal wear and electrical sliding wear behaviors of the polyimide modified polymer-matrix pantograph contact strip

In the present study, the polyimide resin (PI)/cashew-modified resin (YM) polymer-matrix pantograph contact strip (PMPCS) was prepared by using hot repressing, hydro-solidification and dipping treatment processes. The thermal properties of cured resins were studied by thermogravimetry analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry. The thermal wear and electrical sliding wear behaviors of PMPCS against copper were evaluated by a ring block wear tester at elevated temperature under dry sliding conditions and a wear tester which simulated the train motion under laboratory conditions, respectively. Worn surfaces and wear debris of PMPCS were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer, and the wear mechanism was discussed. It has been found that the thermal stability of the PI/YM is superior to that of the YM under the same testing conditions. The results also showed that PI/YM-PMPCS had superior wear resistance than that of YM-PMPCS at elevated temperature and with electrical current. At elevated temperature, the wear mechanism of tribological pair evolved from adhesive wear to oxidative wear with mild delamination wear. Arc erosion wear, oxidative wear, and adhesive wear were the dominant mechanisms of tribological pair during the electrical wearing process.