还原黑DB染料的合成新进展

还原黑DB是以紫蒽酮作为骨架的黑色还原染料,通过紫蒽酮硝化制得,它原系绿色,经氧化后成为黑色,作为黑色还原染料应用,主要用于棉织物染色,还可以用于黏胶、丝绸和羊毛等的染色。通过几种合成实验线路的对比,寻求最佳合成线路,以进行工业化生产。     

美国化学文摘染料部分综合材料

捷克斯洛伐克,16455,Czech.149,062.四甲基紫蒽酮在 H_2SO_4-HNO_3中硝化(32℃),或用82%HNO_3在 ClCH_2COOH、Cl_2CHCOOH 混合物中硝化(32℃)。硝酸用量为2～2.4当量。     

5,6-二氨基苯并咪唑酮-2合成研究

以苯并咪唑酮-2为原料,经混酸硝化、催化加氢还原合成5,6-二氨基苯并咪唑酮-2,总收率62.1%。用单因素法优化了工艺条件,硝化反应:n(硝酸)/n(苯并咪唑酮-2)=2.2,0℃反应6 h,5,6-二硝基苯并咪唑酮-2收率为69%;催化加氢还原反应:m(Raney-Ni)/m(5,6-二硝基苯并咪唑酮-2)=0.09,于100℃、2.5 MPa下无水乙醇中反应9 h,5,6-二氨基苯并咪唑酮-2收率90%。中间体和目标产物用MS、HPLC、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR和元素分析等方法分析,确认其结构。     

5,6-二氨基苯并咪唑酮-2的合成

以苯并咪唑酮-2为原料,经混酸硝化、催化加氢还原合成5,6-二氨基苯并咪唑酮-2,总收率62.1%。用单因素法优化了工艺条件,硝化反应:n(硝酸)/n(苯并咪唑酮-2)=2.2,0℃反应6 h,5,6-二硝基苯并咪唑酮-2收率为69%;催化加氢还原反应:m(Raney-Ni)/m(5,6-二硝基苯并咪唑酮-2)=0.09,于100℃、2.5 MPa下无水乙醇中反应9 h,5,6-二氨基苯并咪唑酮-2收率90%。中间体和目标产物用MS、HPLC、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR和元素分析等方法分析,确认其结构。     

2-乙基蒽酮的合成研究

以锡粉和36%～38%盐酸还原2-乙基蒽醌来合成2-乙基蒽酮,对合成过程中加料方式、回流时间、原料配比、溶剂种类等影响因素进行考察,并采用高效液相色谱对样品进行分析,得出较优的反应条件为:以冰乙酸为溶剂,n(2-乙基蒽醌)∶n(锡粉)=1∶2,每隔10min加一次盐酸,约在2h加完,回流1.5h,在此条件下合成的2-乙基蒽酮的总含量为86%。     

5-硝基愈创木酚钠合成中的硝化工艺研究

研究了以愈创木酚为起始原料 ,经酰化、硝化、水解反应合成 5 硝基愈创木酚钠的工艺。对合成工艺中的硝化过程进行了重点实验研究 ,得出了最佳工艺条件为 :硝酸用量为愈创木酚体积的 1 2倍 ,硝酸和冰乙酸所组成的混酸 (体积比为 1 8∶1)为硝化剂 ,硝化时间 6 0min ,硝化温度为 95℃。 5 硝基愈创木酚钠的收率达到 70 %以上     

还原染料中间体苯绕蒽酮合成工艺优化

以次磷酸钠为还原剂,合成了还原染料中间体苯绕蒽酮,并对合成工艺进行了优化。优化条件为:n(甘油)∶n(蒽醌)=1.5∶1,反应温度为120～125℃,保温1 h。在此条件下,目标产物纯度符合标准要求。采用熔点测定、红外光谱(IR)、液相色谱(HLPC)进行分析和结构表征。     

对羟基苯乙酸酯还原法制备对羟基苯乙醇的工艺研究

对羟基苯乙醇是一种重要的医药中间体,但目前的合成方法存在着成本高、难以工业化等不足。研究了硼氢化钾系列的多种还原体系将对羟基苯乙酸甲酯还原为对羟基苯乙醇的反应。研究发现,KBH4-ZnCl2体系在对羟基苯乙酸甲酯的还原中显示出较好的实验结果,其优惠工艺条件为n(对羟基苯乙酸甲酯)∶n(硼氢化钾)=1∶1.5,n(硼氢化钾)∶n(氯化锌)=1.5∶1,反应时间为6h,反应温度66℃(回流)。此工艺条件下对羟基苯乙醇的收率为82.7%,纯度为98.6%。     

还原黄3RT合成工艺优化

以邻二氯苯为溶剂,合成了还原染料还原黄3RT,并对合成工艺进行了优化。优化条件为:反应温度为180℃,保温3 h,n(四氯化钛)∶n(亚胺)=2.0∶1,在此条件下,目标产物测试后的色光和相对强度符合标准要求。采用红外光谱(IR)进行分析和结构表征。     

2-硝基芴酮的合成

以煤焦油分离产品芴为原料,通过氧化、硝化反应合成了2-硝基芴酮,并对硝化过程中硝酸的浓度及其用量、硫酸的用量、水的用量、反应温度和反应时间对产率的影响进行了优化选择。较佳的硝化反应条件为:水作为溶剂,m(芴酮)∶m(H2O)=1∶1.1,n(芴酮)∶n(HNO3)∶n(H2SO4)=1∶2.87∶3.60,硝酸质量分数为65%,硫酸质量分数为96%,85℃反应2 h,所得2-硝基芴酮的产率为91.7%,质量分数高于98.0%。产物结构用IR、1HNMR作了表征。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。