考虑市场细分的闭环供应链生产与定价策略

基于市场细分建立闭环供应链模型,分析了决策变量随外生变量的变化规律,并比较了闭环供应链与不回收再制造情形的决策.结果表明!新制造和再制造产品的批发价随回购价的增加而增加,随回收价的增加而减少,零售价随回收价和回收努力程度的增加而增加;产品总量随消费者偏好系数的增加而增加,随再制造成本,回收努力程度及回收价的增加而减少,闭环供应链的新制造产品批发价和零售价均比不回收再制造时高,消费者偏好系数高于临界值时,回收再制造对于闭环供应链有利.

     

考虑生活垃圾可利用率的闭环供应链差别定价决策

基于可回收垃圾的可利用程度与消费者对其再制品的偏好性不同的实际情况,建立闭环供应链的差别定价模型,从而分析闭环供应链总利润随废品可利用率和消费者偏好的变化规律。结果发现,当再制品和残值单位总价值大于新产品的单位成本价格偏好时,总利润随着消费者偏好系数的增大而增大。但在分散决策情形下,会造成各企业节点之间效率的流失。据此,提出以集中决策下的均衡结果作为标准,建立了一种协调契约收益共享机制。最后通过算例分析,得到收益共享比例的具体取值范围,实现了供应链中各节点之间的有效协调。     

基于回收质量不确定与政府双参与的再制造闭环供应链定价策略研究

基于回收质量不确定的现实考虑,运用Stackelberg博弈论方法研究政府补贴和碳税双参与的再制造闭环供应链的定价问题,采用数值仿真的方法量化分析补贴额度和碳税率对再制造闭环供应链定价策略、供应链各成员利润、供应链碳排放量的影响,以及回收质量对再制造闭环供应链的影响。研究发现：政府补贴和碳税的双参与改善了由政府征收碳税而引起的市场不活跃现象,促进了闭环供应链的回收再制造,比单纯补贴或碳税更有效地引导了再制造闭环供应链;无论哪种手段参与,提高废旧产品的回收质量都有助于提高废旧产品的回收量、制造商的利润、第三方回收商的利润以及供应链的总利润,也有助于降低供应链的碳排放。     

基于第三方回收模式考虑互惠偏好的闭环供应链决策分析

研究制造商委托第三方进行产品回收模式,考虑制造商与零售商之间具有互惠偏好特征,以及这种互惠偏好特征对闭环供应链成员的利润及效用的影响,并利用Stackelberg 博弈模型对成员决策进行分析。最后使用数值仿真进行证明。研究表明,制造商与零售商之间的互惠偏好行为对闭环供应链系统利润是有利的,而零售商产品销售价格与制造商对零售商的互惠偏好行为呈负相关,第三方产品的回收率与制造商对零售商的互惠偏好行为呈正相关,零售商对制造商的互惠偏好行为对整个系统的影响效果不明显。     

考虑政府补贴及环境设计的再制造闭环供应链生产决策

在外包及授权再制造模式下,研究考虑政府补贴及制造商环境设计的再制造闭环供应链生产决策问题.构建4种闭环供应链决策模型,分析政府补贴及环境设计水平对制造商与再制造商竞合关系、闭环供应链绩效以及环境的影响.研究发现,制造商可以通过调节单位再制造外包费或专利许可费实现与再制造商共享政府补贴,因此政府不同补贴策略不会对闭环供应链最优生产决策及绩效产生影响.政府补贴与消费者对再制造产品的认知程度,并不总是有利于提高制造商环境设计水平,但均有助于促进再制造产品销售.制造商总是有动机进行环境设计,而再制造商只有在环境设计能为再制造产品带来更多成本节约时,才有动力接受制造商的环境设计方案.相比于授权再制造,制造商及再制造商均在外包再制造下获得更多的利润.另外,政府补贴与环境设计并不一定总能起到减少产品环境总影响程度的作用.     

再制造率随机的闭环供应链产品差别定价策略

考虑闭环供应链的差别定价问题, 制造商回收废旧产品, 并生产新产品和再制造产品, 再制造率随机. 采用Stackelberg 博弈方法, 研究集中决策和分散决策下相应产品的最优定价, 给出供应链各成员的最优利润. 结果表明:若制造商对产品延迟定价, 则集中决策下回收价格高于分散决策, 而销售价格均低于分散决策; 当零售商的保守利润不低于一定值时, 集中决策下总利润不低于分散决策, 制造商可以采用改进的两部定价契约协调供应链.

     

考虑中断风险与模糊定价的闭环供应链网络设计模型

为缓解供应中断对企业的打击,文中提出了在竞争环境下考虑模糊定价和中断风险的双目标闭环供应链网络模型。定义不确定需求为供应链及其竞争对手向客户提供的价格函数,使供应链在竞争环境中实现总利润最大化与碳排放量最小化。文中基于可能性理论求解所提模型,将双目标模型转换为单目标模型,最后使用真实案例进行数值算例分析。结果表明,所提模型不仅可以增强供应链抵御风险的能力,还有助于提高其在市场中的战略地位。     

混合回收渠道下的闭环供应链市场结构分析

研究了一个制造商领导市场、一个零售商和一个第三方回收商共同负责回收且跟随决策的再制造闭环供应链系统。对制造商领导博弈时的四种不同市场结构下(M→R+T、M→R→T、M→T→R和M→C)的闭环供应链的各方决策变量值以及利润值进行计算及分析,最后采用重复博弈方法对避免劣市场结构(M→C)成立的条件进行了讨论。研究表明,基于以上条件,M→C市场结构下的回收价最低,在M→R+T市场结构下最高;M→C市场结构下,制造商的利润与供应链利润最低;M→R+T市场结构下的制造商利润最高且供应链利润也最高。M→R→T和M→T→R市场结构的供应链总利润结果完全相同。集团C中的利润分配参数α具有不稳定性,使效率最低的M→C市场结构无法长期存在。     

考虑广告投入影响的再制造闭环供应链优化决策博弈模型研究

针对制造/再制造产品的市场竞争与合作问题, 考虑广告投入对产品消费者效用的增长效应及消费者环境偏好的影响, 在构建制造产品和再制造产品的市场需求函数基础上, 应用博弈方法比较分析合作博弈、纳什均衡博弈、Stackelberg主从博弈三种决策模式下制造/再制造产品的最优定价和广告投入策略, 并针对非合作博弈下的效率损失设计了闭环供应链中制造和再制造过程的利益协调机制。数值算例分析表明, 合作博弈决策下供应链总利润最优、制造和再制造产品市场销售价格最高, 而合作博弈和Stackelberg主从博弈都会以牺牲再制造产品利润为代价获得最优利润, 因此再制造部门会偏好纳什均衡博弈, 采取以自身利益最优为目标的竞争策略, 没有动机成为制造部门的跟随者。     

Process planning for closed-loop aerospace manufacturing supply chain and environmental impact reduction

A considerable amount of work has recently been applied to the development of processes to reduce negative environmental impacts of disposal products. Different waste reduction options such as direct reuse, repair, refurbishing, cannibalization, and remanufacturing were introduced to overcome these shortages. This paper studies an integrated system of manufacturing and remanufacturing using a capacitated facility in the aerospace industry, where products are returned after certain flight hours or cycles for overhaul. A mixed integer linear programming model is developed to maximize profit considering manufacturing, remanufacturing set-up, refurbishing, and inventory carrying costs. The model was tested through a set of experimental data. Further sensitivity analysis was conducted aiming at revealing the effects of certain factors on inventory carrying cost, profit, amount of scrap, and inventory turnover ratio.     

A customer-centric IoT-based novel closed-loop supply chain model for WEEE management

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been one of the widest and soaring solid wastes worldwide. Circular economy, as a sustainable paradigm, promotes closing the loop of e-products to prolong the life of WEEE. Hence, a sustainable Internet of things (IoT)-based closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) system is established considering the economic, environment and social dimensions. Due to the reality constraints, a simulation model with two scenarios is constructed to consider the customers’ behavior in the system. The attribute importance of customers’ behavior is analysed. Second-hand price and buy back price are shown to be two highly important factors, followed by peer pressure and social influence. Additionally, we present a sustainability assessment with the extant system using life cycle assessment, showing that our proposed system is more sustainable. Appropriate WEEE management using the proposed IoT-enabled system makes more profit and can reduce more greenhouse gas emissions and heavy metal contamination. In addition, with applying the proposed system, the number of people being protected from diseases caused by heavy metals can be significantly reduced.     

逆向物流流量不确定闭环供应链鲁棒运作策略设计

考虑一类同时具有再分销、再制造和再利用的闭环供应链在逆向物流流量不确定环境下的运作问题.采用具有已知概率的离散情景描述逆向物流流量的不确定性,利用基于情景分析的鲁棒线性优化方法建立该闭环供应链的多目标运作模型.设计了一个数值算例,其结果验证了运作策略的鲁棒性.在该算例基础上,分析了逆向物流流量的大小对闭环供应链系统运作性能的影响.     

互惠偏好下的闭环供应链系统定价决策分析

研究制造商和零售商互惠偏好行为下的最优定价策略和利润, 以及这种互惠偏好对决策行为和渠道效率的影响. 研究发现, 双方的互惠偏好程度对制造商废旧品回收比例呈正面影响; 零售商互惠偏好程度对制造商产品批发价格呈负面影响; 双方互惠偏好程度增加会导致零售商产品售价降低, 从而产品市场需求量增加; 系统成员的互惠偏好程度增加会导致自身收益减少和对方收益增加; 互惠偏好行为有利于闭环供应链系统收益和渠道效率的提高.

     

Competitive closed-loop supply chain network design under uncertainty

This paper studies the competition between two closed-loop supply chains including manufacturers, retailers and recyclers in an uncertain environment. The competition factors are the retail prices of new products and incentives paid to consumers for taking back the used products. Market demands are price sensitive and also the amount of returned products is sensitive to incentives. The primary goal of this paper is to investigate the impact of simultaneous and Stackelberg competitions between two closed-loop supply chains on their profits, demands and returns. A game theoretic approach which is empowered by possibility theory is applied to obtain the optimal solutions under uncertain condition. Finally the theoretical results are analyzed using sample data inspired by a real industrial case.     

Optimizing a closed-loop supply chain with manufacturing defects and quality dependent return rate

The paper considers a closed-loop serial supply chain consisting of a raw material supplier, a manufacturer, a retailer and a collector who collects the used product from consumers. The retailer's demand is met up by both manufacturing and remanufacturing. The manufacturing process is assumed to be imperfect as it can produce some defectives which are reworked in the same cycle itself. The remanufacturing of used items solely depends on the quality level of collected items. Two mathematical models are developed. The first model considers a single manufacturing–remanufacturing cycle, while the second model considers multiple manufacturing and remanufacturing cycles. Both the models are solved using algorithms developed for sequential and global optimizations. Numerical studies show that (i) the acceptance quality level of returned items and the length of the replenishment cycle for the retailer are lower in case of sequential optimization than those in global optimization, (ii) integration among supply chain members results in less number of shipments from the manufacturer to the retailer, and (iii) the joint total profit is higher when the integrated approach is adopted. The percentage increase in joint total profit with the integrated policy is 1.24% in the first model while it is 0.544% in the second model.     

闭环供应链混合切换库存控制模型研究

针对一类具有回收、再制造、再分销的闭环供应链系统,以再制造产品的补货能力为切换信号设计了基于再制造优先的混合切换库存控制策略,使得市场需求优先由再制造产品满足,并应用切换控制理论研究混合切换库存控制策略的性能特征,分析系统参数对闭环供应链系统的关键性能指标的影响。仿真分析表明,合理的切换控制策略可以有效抑制闭环供应链运作过程的波动,保证系统具有良好的“牛鞭效应”特征、平稳的库存管理成本以及较高的顾客服务水平。     

Inventory management in a two-echelon closed-loop supply chain with correlated demands and returns

Reverse logistics or closed-loop supply chains where product returns are integrated with traditional forward supply chains have been one of the major topics of research since about the last one and a half decades. In this paper, we address the inventory management issue in closed-loop supply chains, and develop deterministic and stochastic models for a two-echelon system with correlated demands and returns under generalized cost structures. In particular, we address the following questions – Do closed-loop supply chains cost more than traditional forward supply chains? Does a higher rate of return always translate into lower demand variability and hence lower expected costs? What is the relationship between expected costs and correlations between demands and returns? Models developed and numerical examples shown in the paper reveal that although a higher rate of return and a higher correlation between demand and return reduce the variability of net demand, it may not necessarily lead to cost savings; rather the movement of costs will depend on the values of system parameters. We also quantify the cost savings in case the actual demand and return information is available at the time of decision-making. We conclude the paper by providing managerial implications and directions for future research.