Variable cosine windowing of intrinsic mode functions: Application to gear fault diagnosis

Gear pair is used for speed reduction or increasing torque and/or to change the direction of rotation. Gears are considered critical element in various mechanical systems. When gears are in use, the multi component vibration signals are generated. These vibration signals can be captured by mounting accelerometers at suitable locations. Vibration signal analysis is very effective tool in finding gear fault at early stage. The methods based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) have been used for gear fault diagnosis in mechanical systems. The EMD method decomposes an original signal into different frequency-bands in time domain, known as intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). A serious problem in application of EMD is boundary distortion of IMFs. While doing statistical analysis of IMFs, boundary distortion may provide high values of statistical indicator (e.g. kurtosis, S_r, S_α), even if fault is not present. Several extension-based methods are employed to eliminate the boundary distortion problem. Extension-based methods cannot completely eliminate the boundary distortion, especially when the low-frequency component of the analyzed signal is weak. Recently, cosine window-based method has been proposed by which the boundary distortion can be controlled in boundaries of the signal and the middle component of it can be exactly decomposed into IMFs. The cosine window-based method works only for a particular IMF depending on the size of window. Since, in EMD process, the boundary distortion of successive IMFs increases, a variable cosine window is proposed in this paper to address the increasing boundary distortion problem. In the proposed method boundary distortion problem is minimized by using variable cosine window for all IMFs. The simulation and experimental results for three statistical indicators viz. kurtosis, S_r, S_α show that the proposed method based on variable cosine window is a powerful and reliable technique for fault diagnosis.     

基于改进EMD的旋转机械耦合故障诊断方法研究

提出一种基于改进EMD的旋转机械耦合故障诊断方法。该方法结合相似极值延拓和加余弦窗函数运算的优点,解决了延拓部分不精确和加窗函数后使原信号发生改变的问题,提高了EMD方法的运算精度。应用该方法对存在裂纹碰摩故障的转子－轴承系统振动信号进行了特征提取,并进行了故障诊断,与单一故障特性相比,诊断出的振动信号既有裂纹引起的高频成分,也有碰摩引起的低频成分,得到的耦合故障特征证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于时序分析的经验模式分解法及其应用

经验模式分解方法可以将非线性非平稳信号分解为有限的固有模式函数,在故障诊断中这个固有模式函数常常就是故障信号。但当两侧端点不为极值点时,会造成三次样条拟合的极值包络线大大偏离实际值,并且随着分解的不断进行向内“污染”。提出采用时间序列建模与预测方法,对原信号两端点进行预测,有效地消除了端点效应。指出经验模式分解具有分解的自适应性特点。最后,给出了齿轮箱振动信号的应用实例。     

A novel fault diagnosis model for gearbox based on wavelet support vector machine with immune genetic algorithm

A novel intelligent diagnosis model based on wavelet support vector machine (WSVM) and immune genetic algorithm (IGA) for gearbox fault diagnosis is proposed. Wavelet support vector machine is a powerful novel tool for solving the diagnosis problem with small sampling, nonlinearity and high dimension. Immune genetic algorithm is developed in this study to determine the optimal parameters for WSVM with the highest accuracy and generalization ability. Moreover, the feature vectors for fault diagnosis are obtained from vibration signal that preprocessed by empirical mode decomposition (EMD). The experimental results indicate that this proposed approach is an effective method for gearbox fault diagnosis, which has more strong generalization ability and can achieve higher diagnostic accuracy than that of the artificial neural network and the SVM which has randomly extracted parameters.     

Application of the EEMD method to rotor fault diagnosis of rotating machinery

Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is a self-adaptive analysis method for nonlinear and non-stationary signals. It may decompose a complicated signal into a collection of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) based on the local characteristic time scale of the signal. The EMD method has attracted considerable attention and been widely applied to fault diagnosis of rotating machinery recently. However, it cannot reveal the signal characteristic information accurately because of the problem of mode mixing. To alleviate the mode mixing problem occurring in EMD, ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) is presented. With EEMD, the components with truly physical meaning can be extracted from the signal. Utilizing the advantage of EEMD, this paper proposes a new EEMD-based method for fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. First, a simulation signal is used to test the performance of the method based on EEMD. Then, the proposed method is applied to rub-impact fault diagnosis of a power generator and early rub-impact fault diagnosis of a heavy oil catalytic cracking machine set. Finally, by comparing its application results with those of the EMD method, the superiority of the proposed method based on EEMD is demonstrated in extracting fault characteristic information of rotating machinery.     

Multi-fault diagnosis study on roller bearing based on multi-kernel support vector machine with chaotic particle swarm optimization

A novel intelligent fault diagnosis model based on multi-kernel support vector machine (MSVM) with chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO) for roller bearing fault diagnosis is proposed. Multi-kernel support vector machine is a powerful new tool for roller bearing fault diagnosis with small sampling, nonlinearity and high dimension. Chaotic particle swarm optimization is developed in this study to determine the optimal parameters for MSVM with high accuracy and great generalization ability. Moreover, the feature vectors for fault diagnosis are obtained from vibration signal that preprocessed by time-domain, frequency-domain and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and the typical manifold learning method LTSA is used to select salient features. The experimental results indicate that this proposed approach is an effective method for roller bearing fault diagnosis, which has more strong generalization ability and can achieve higher diagnostic accuracy than that of the single kernel SVM or the MSVM which parameters are randomly extracted.     

基于经验模式分解和谱峭度的滚动轴承故障诊断

滚动轴承的振动信号是强背景噪声下的非平稳非线性信号,其特征提取是滚动轴承故障诊断的难点。为了提高滚动轴承的故障诊断效果,提出了基于经验模式分解(Empirical Mode Decomposi-tion,EMD)和谱峭度(Spectrum Kurtosis,SK)的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先利用EMD方法对轴承故障信号进行分解,剔除趋势项,利用归一化白噪声分量的统计特性来滤除信号中的噪声分量,然后利用谱峭度方法估计带通滤波器的中心频率和带宽,最后对剩余的信号执行带通滤波和包络解调进行故障诊断。对滚动轴承故障诊断的结果表明,本文提出的方法能够有效地提高轴承故障诊断的效果。     

基于多元经验模态分解的旋转机械早期故障诊断方法*

针对旋转机械早期微弱故障诊断问题,提出了基于多元经验模态分解的旋转机械早期故障诊断新方法。首先将多个加速度传感器合理布置在轴承座的关键位置,同步采集多通道振动信息;再利用多元经验模态分解同时对多通道振动信号进行自适应分解,得到一系列多元IMF分量;最后,依据峭度准则和相关系数从中选取包含故障主要信息的IMF分量进行信号重构,提取故障特征。多元经验模态分解方法克服了EMD等方法在进行多通道数据融合时缺乏理论依据的局限性。仿真信号和旋转机械故障信号的实验结果表明,该方法明显优于EEMD方法,对齿轮和滚动轴承故障的检测精度更高,可以在强背景噪声情况下更好地提取出故障冲击特征。     

基于EMD和SVM的刀具故障诊断方法

为了解决刀具在切削过程中出现的故障,提出了基于经验模态分解(EMD)和支持向量机(SVM)的刀具故障诊断方法.该方法首先将经过标准化的声发射信号进行经验模态分解,将其分解为有限个固有模态函数(IMF)和残余量之和,然后对每个IMF分量通过一定的削减算法增强故障类型特征,计算每个IMF和残余项的能量以及整个信号的削减比作...     

基于EMD和峭度的Hilbert包络解调在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用分析

针对直接运用快速傅里叶变换（FFT）无法有效提取具有非线性非平稳特性的滚动轴承振动信号故障特征频率的问题,提出了一种基于经验模式分解和峭度指标的Hilbert包络解调方法.首先对滚动轴承的振动信号进行了经验模式分解（EMD）,得到了包含轴承故障特征信息的各阶本征模态函数（IMF）,再计算各阶IMF的峭度值,选取了峭度值较大的几阶IMF分量重构信号,并对重构信号进行了Hilbert包络解调分析,从而获得了滚动轴承的准确故障特征信息.分别对仿真模拟信号和实际滚动轴承发生内圈故障的振动信号进行了分析,清晰地得到了故障特征频率.研究结果表明,利用融合EMD、峭度系数和Hilbert包络解调的诊断方法能够快速、准确地提取滚动轴承的故障特征频率,从而可以对滚动轴承进行有效地故障诊断.     

基于EMD和支持向量机的柴油机故障诊断

为了解决传统小波或小波包变换方法对柴油机振动信号频率分辨率不高、易受邻近谐波分量间交叠影响的缺陷,提出了一种基于经验模态分解和支持向量机的故障诊断方法。该方法首先对振动信号进行经验模态分解,分别提取能量最大的几个基本模式分量的小波包特征;然后采用支持向量机在每个独立的特征子集中进行训练,并按该子集对应的基本模式分量的能量权重进行加权融合。试验中将该方法应用于6135型柴油机的故障诊断,结果表明,针对每个基本模式分量分别进行故障分析是可行的,能够对6135型柴油机常见故障模式进行准确识别。     

EMD方法在烟机摩擦故障诊断中的应用

提出了一种将经验模式分解（Empirical Mode Decomposition，简称EMD）方法与传统信号处理技术相结合的故障诊断方法。首先将原始信号分解为若干基本模式分量（Intrinsic Mode Functions，简称IMFs），通过希尔波特变换得到每个IMF相应的瞬时频率，再对此瞬时频率曲线做傅里叶变换得到其频谱图，该频谱图即表示了对应IMF的调频频率。利用对应IMF组合成基于EMD的滤波轴心轨迹，这种轴心轨迹可以准确反映轴心的实际运行状况。将该方法应用于某炼油厂烟机摩擦故障诊断中，发现摩擦故障信号具有有色噪声分量存在、工频IMF的调频现象和基于EMD轴心轨迹的反转现象等特征。结果表明提出的方法在旋转设备摩擦故障诊断中非常有效。     

EMD端点效应抑制方法

针对经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,简称EMD)中的端点效应问题,在研究总结了现有端点效应抑制方法的基础上,提出一种新的方法——基于支持向量机(support vector machine,简称SVM)延拓和窗函数相结合的方法,弥补了SVM延拓依然找不到端点以及窗函数会改变原始信号的缺点。首先,采用SVM对原始信号两端分别进行延拓,将延拓后的数据进行加窗处理(中间加矩形窗,延拓数据加海明窗);然后,利用EMD方法对加窗后的信号进行分解,得到若干个内禀模态函数(intrinsic mode function,简称IMF);最后,将IMF分量的两端延拓部分去掉,以此来达到抑制端点效应的目的。以正交性为量化评价指标,对比分析了不同方法的性能,通过仿真和实验结果表明,该方法可以更好地抑制端点效应的发生。     

基于EMD和信息熵的滚动轴承故障诊断

提出了一种基于EMD和信息熵的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。利用EMD将滚动轴承振动信号分解为多个IMF分量,计算各个IMF分量的信息熵,设定有效的熵阈值来取舍IMF分量,利用保留的IMF分量重构信号,并对重构信号进行Hilbert包络谱分析,提取滚动轴承故障特征频率。对实测滚动轴承振动信号分析表明,该方法能有效提取滚动轴承的故障特征频率。     

变分模态分解在转子故障诊断中的应用

针对转子故障诊断问题,提出一种基于变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,简称VMD)的信号处理方法。该方法在获取分解分量的过程中通过迭代搜寻变分模型最优解来确定每个分量的频率中心及带宽,从而能够自适应地实现信号的频域剖分及各分量的有效分离,对各单分量信号进行希尔伯特变换,即可得到瞬时的频率和幅值信息。对仿真信号和典型转子故障信号进行VMD方法和经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,简称EMD)方法的分析比较,以验证所提方法的有效性。仿真信号的分解结果表明,变分模态能够准确分离出信号中的固有模态分量且不存在模态混叠;转子故障实验信号的分析结果表明,所提方法能够有效提取出明显的故障特征,从而准确诊断出转子存在的故障。     

基于改进全息希尔伯特谱分析的旋转机械故障诊断方法

时频分析方法能够有效同时提取故障设备振动信号的时间和频率信息,但在全面反映非线性振动信号幅值调制与频率调制特征之间的跨尺度耦合关系方面仍存在局限,且容易受到噪声干扰。对此,创新性地将全息希尔伯特谱分析(Holo-Hilbert spectral analysis,HHSA)方法引入到机械故障诊断中。HHSA通过双层经验模态分解(EMD)结构可完整地描述振动信号的内部调制特性,非常适合机械局部故障的检测。同时,为了进一步提升HHSA的诊断精度、抑制EMD模态混叠和噪声干扰,提出一种基于改进再生相移正弦辅助经验模式分解(Improved regenerated phase-shifted sinusoid-assisted EMD,IRPSEMD)的改进HHSA方法(IHHSA)。通过仿真信号验证IHHSA方法用于局部故障检测和诊断的有效性。最后,将IHHSA应用于齿轮裂纹故障和滚动轴承局部故障诊断中,结果表明,提出的IHHSA方法能够更全面地反映和呈现非线性故障振动信号的内部调制关系,且具有更好的故障识别能力。     

Optimization of the End Effect of Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT)

In fault diagnosis of rotating machinery, Hilbert-Huang transform(HHT) is often used to extract the fault characteristic signal and analyze decomposition results in time-frequency domain. However, end effect occurs in HHT, which leads to a series of problems such as modal aliasing and false IMF(Intrinsic Mode Function). To counter such problems in HHT, a new method is put forward to process signal by combining the generalized regression neural network(GRNN) with the boundary local characteristic-scale continuation(BLCC).Firstly, the improved EMD(Empirical Mode Decomposition) method is used to inhibit the end effect problem that appeared in conventional EMD. Secondly, the generated IMF components are used in HHT. Simulation and measurement experiment for the cases of time domain,frequency domain and related parameters of HilbertHuang spectrum show that the method described here can restrain the end effect compared with the results obtained through mirror continuation, as the absolute percentage of the maximum mean of the beginning end point offset and the terminal point offset are reduced from 30.113% and27.603% to 0.510% and 6.039% respectively, thus reducing the modal aliasing, and eliminating the false IMF components of HHT. The proposed method can effectively inhibit end effect, reduce modal aliasing and false IMF components, and show the real structure of signal components accurately.     

基于EMD的能量算子解调方法及其在机械故障诊断中的应用

为了提取多分量的AM-FM信号的频率和幅值信息,提出了基于EMD (Empirical mode decomposition)的能量算子解调法,并将它应用于机械故障诊断中。该方法首先采用EMD将多分量的AM-FM信号分解成若干个IMF(Intrinsic mode function)分量之和,然后对每一个IMF分量进行能量算子解调,从而提取多分量的AM-FM信号的幅值和频率信息。对机械故障振动信号的分析结果表明,基于EMD的能量算子解调法能有效地提取机械故障振动信号的特征。     

The application of energy operator demodulation approach based on EMD in machinery fault diagnosis

An energy operator demodulation approach based on EMD (Empirical Mode Decomposition) is proposed to extract the instantaneous frequencies and amplitudes of the multi-component amplitude-modulated and frequency-modulated (AM-FM) signals. Furthermore the proposed approach is applied to machinery fault diagnosis. Firstly, EMD method is used to decompose a multi-component AM-FM signal into a number of intrinsic mode functions (IFMs). Secondly, the energy operator demodulation method is applied to each IMF and the instantaneous amplitudes and frequencies of a multi-component AM-FM signal are extracted. Finally, the spectrum analysis is applied to each instantaneous amplitude in order to obtain envelope spectra from which the mechanical fault can be diagnosed. The analysis results show that the energy operator demodulation approach based on EMD can extract the characteristic of machinery fault vibration signals efficiently.