新型变极性等离子弧横焊热-力特性及成形研究

针对铝合金穿孔型等离子弧横向焊接,开展新型变极性等离子电弧热-力特性及横焊成形研究。通过设计变极性等离子弧喷嘴,控制电弧热-力特性来提高横焊穿孔稳定性。对不同热-力特性进行研究,比较三种喷嘴的电弧形态、电弧力和电弧阳极电流密度的数值与分布,分析认为新型电弧的热-力特性在横焊穿孔成形稳定性方面具有优势。依据电弧压力波形稳定性和穿孔稳定性进一步验证新型等离子电弧的作用效果,验证得出新型等离子电弧瞬间电弧压力波动较小,背面穿孔形状似圆形,且穿孔面积变化较小。通过分析穿孔熔池宏观轮廓,得到新型热-力特性对熔池行为的直接影响。利用高速摄像捕捉横焊穿孔熔池的稳定形成过程,证明较高电弧能量、较低电弧压力相配合更有利于穿孔熔池形成和稳定;同时观察到横焊熔池的稳定流动过程,并对熔池金属进行受力分析,认为新型热-力特性容易满足横焊熔池金属在流动过程中达到受力平衡,最终实现了8 mm铝合金穿孔等离子弧横焊稳定成形。     

大厚度铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊技术

研制以16位单片机为控制核心的双逆变型铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊专用设备,测试并分析变极性等离子电弧力学特性,对变极性等离子弧稳定性、电弧力和电弧能量的传递特征进行了深入的探讨。研究发现铝合金变极性等离子穿孔焊接中正极性电弧对力更具影响,而反极性电弧对热更具影响,实时保持穿孔熔池上热和力的平衡是厚板变极性等离子弧稳定穿孔焊接关键所在。用自行研制的设备成功实现了15 mm LD10铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺,研究结果对于将变极性等离子弧焊接工艺应用到我国航空航天等领域具有重要的现实意义。     

变极性等离子弧焊接熔透信息的检测与分析

通过对铝合金3003变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊熔池振荡行为的研究,发现熔池振荡频率与焊接熔透之间的内在规律。在变极性电流的作用下,焊接熔池产生振荡,可以通过对电弧电压频谱分析获得熔池固有振荡频率。分别建立变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊未熔透及完全熔透熔池模型,并分析焊接电流的变化对熔池固有振荡频率的影响,发现焊接电流大小对其影响很小,可以忽略。为了验证该模型的准确性,进行理论与实测分析,结果表明,理论值与实测值相吻合。熔池固有振荡频率主要取决于熔池宽度、深度及材料密度等参数,而其他焊接参数对其没有直接影响。因此,熔池振荡频率可间接反映焊接熔透信息,为焊接质量自动控制提供了理论支持。     

变极性等离子双弧及其控制

等离子电弧由于受机械压缩、热压缩和电磁压缩三种压缩效应,电位梯度高,当焊接参数不当时易出现双弧。在铝合金变极性等离子弧焊接反极性期间由于电弧相对正极性期间电弧发散,更易出现双弧。焊接电流与离子气流量的合理匹配、喷嘴孔径与电极内缩量的配合以及变极性等离子弧焊接电源结构等是影响变极性等离子弧双弧的主要因素。通过改进焊接电源的结构及控制方法,即在维弧电源主回路上串接MOSFET管,通过MOSFET管的开通与关断来实现对维弧电源主回路的通断控制,从而避免了铝合金变极性等离子弧焊接反极性期间维弧电源分流形成双弧。通过合理选择焊接参数有效解决了铝合金变极性等离子弧焊接时的双弧现象,在厚板铝合金变极性等离子弧焊接中获得了理想的焊接质量。     

维弧对变极性等离子电弧特性的影响

变极性等离子弧(Variable polarity plasma arc, VPPA)焊接在厚板铝合金焊接中具有独特的优势.维弧及其维弧电源对变极性等离子电弧形态、力学特性和电弧静特性等有重要影响.通过高速摄像、压力传感器和基于工控机的信号检测系统,分析了维弧对变极性等离子电弧形态、电弧力和焊接工艺的影响规律.发现在变极性等离子弧反极性期间由于维弧电源的分流作用,电弧力下降,并易造成双弧和降低电弧电压等现象.试验结果对变极性等离子弧焊接工艺稳定性及其焊接过程控制有重要的理论指导意义.     

铝合金LB-VPPA复合焊接热源模型

激光-变极性等离子弧(Laser beam-variable polarity plasma arc,LB-VPPA)属双高能束新型复合焊接热源。采用Y4-S2型高速摄像检测了LB-VPPA复合焊接热源形态,在理论分析复合热源产热机理的基础上,利用Fortran语言对SYSWELD软件热源模型进行二次开发,建立能够实现正、反极性循环加载的LB-VPPA复合焊接热源模型。经与实际焊接熔池形状对比研究发现,熔池上部采用双椭球体热源,下部采用三维锥体热源,同时在小孔根部植入圆柱体热源的组合式热源模型与实际LB-VPPA复合焊接热源吻合。从模拟6 mm厚7A52铝合金板的VPPA焊和LB-VPPA复合焊接温度场分布结果发现,LB-VPPA复合焊能量更为集中,可以在平焊位置下实现穿孔型焊接。经实际焊接工艺试验验证了上述模拟结果的准确性。因此建立精确的LB-VPPA复合焊接热源模型对开展厚板铝合金LB-VPPA复合高效焊接提供强有力的理论支持。     

基于双层同轴复合电弧的穿孔焊工艺可行性研究

单电极单电弧热源存在热力耦合的固有特性,制约了对熔池热力行为的精确调控,需要改进成弧方式来缓解电弧热力输出的耦合效应.提出双层电弧同轴复合成弧技术,基于等离子弧焊枪,设计了新型喷嘴,将环形自由电弧与中心的压缩电弧同轴复合.电弧燃烧试验测试发现,所设计的焊枪能够形成稳定的复合电弧,电弧宽度可由环形电弧电流调节;将复合电弧与纯压缩电弧进行初步的穿孔焊接对比试验,复合电弧能够实现稳定的穿孔焊接,焊接过程中的小孔行为和焊缝结果与常规压缩电弧基本一致.开展的试验结果初步验证了双层同轴复合电弧焊的可行性,为后续改善穿孔焊接小孔稳定性奠定基础.     

变极性等离子弧立焊穿孔熔池的稳定建立

改进焊接工艺控制时序,编制起弧系统控制平台及信号采集程序。采用改进的起弧系统对2219铝合金和LF6铝合金薄板及中厚板进行变极性等离子弧立焊工艺试验,利用红外线测温仪检测起弧过程中焊接熔池区域附近的点随预热时间的温度变化,并把该曲线上的临界温度作为检测穿孔熔池是否形成的标志,计算机根据穿孔时刻的临界温度控制焊件行走的使能信号。研究表明：改进的起弧系统能够简化设备操作,提高自动化程度与工作效率;在穿孔形成的瞬间,检测点的温度有一个从高到低的突变过程(穿孔前的瞬间温度达到临界值),而且对于同一检测点,多次测量得到的临界温度基本稳定;起弧阶段向主焊接阶段过渡稳定,能够实现穿孔熔池的稳定建立,从而验证改进的起弧控制系统的可行性及可靠性。     

铝合金变极性等离子弧焊温度场数值模拟

通过高速摄像对正、负极性等离子弧形态进行分析,并分析变极性等离子电弧正、反极性不同产热机理的基础上,采用“高斯+双椭球”组合热源模型,建立正、反极性期间不同热源模型。采用ANSYS参数化设计语言(ANSYS parametric design language, APDL)编程语言实现与实际变极性焊接参数对应热载荷的循环交替加载,计算出铝合金变极性等离子弧焊接温度场及熔池形状。对比分析不同变极性电流和焊接速度条件下焊接熔池的穿透深度,并通过实际焊接试验验证热源模型的准确性。研究结果为准确掌握铝合金变极性等离子弧热源形态、产热机理和等离子弧力等特性,并合理选择焊接工艺参数提供理论依据。     

穿孔型双面电弧焊的传热与小孔形成

建立了穿孔型双面电弧焊小孔形态和传热的数学模型,考虑了作用于熔池上的各种力学因素,并采用帖体曲线坐标系处理复杂的熔池表面和小孔与熔池的边界。计算结果表明,熔透是穿孔的必要条件,熔透之后穿孔的速度远远大于熔透之前的。随着板厚的增加,熔透和穿孔所需的时间增加,并且熔透到穿孔的时间间隔也增大,但熔池的最小跨距变化不大,熔池的最小跨距可作为小孔建立的评价指标。小孔的形成使得焊接能量更加集中于电弧中心线附近,从而可以采用较小的焊接热输入,不开坡口一次焊透焊件。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF DROPLET TRANSFER IN CO2 LASER-MIG HYBRID WELDING WITH SHORT-CIRCUITING MODE

LF6 aluminum alloy plates with 4.5 mm thickness are welded in this experiment.Welding is carried out by using the CO2 laser-MIG paraxial hybrid welding in flat position. The experimental results indicate that the inherent droplet transfer cycle time of conventional MIG arc is changed due to the interaction between CO2 laser beam and MIG arc in the short-circuiting mode of laser-MIG hybrid welding. Because of the preheating action of CO2 laser to electrode and base material, the droplet transfer frequency of MIG arc is increased in the hybrid welding process. When laser power is increased to a certain degree, the droplet transfer frequency is decreased due to the effect of laser-induced keyhole. Furthermore, through analyzing the MIG welding current and arc voltage waveforms and the characteristics of droplet transfer in the hybrid welding process, the effect of laser energy and the action point between laser beam and arc on the frequency of droplet transfer and weld appearance is investigated in details.     

Investigation on droplet momentum in VPPA-GMAW hybrid welding of aluminum alloys

Variable polarity plasma arc-gas metal arc welding (VPPA-GMAW) is a superior technology for welding thick plates of high-strength aluminum alloys. It integrates the advantages of energy focusing and high penetration depth in VPPA welding, and those of high welding efficiency and wide range of technological parameters in GMAW process. In this work, we investigated the droplet momentum in paraxial VPPA-GMAW hybrid welding of 7A52 aluminum alloys, and the technological parameters of welding process was also optimized. The images of droplet transfer were captured by high-speed camera, while the droplet speeds and sizes were statistically analyzed by t tests of independent samples. The results showed that the speeds of droplet arriving at the weld pool were significantly between GMAW and VPPA-GMAW processes, and the droplet speed increases with increasing plasma currents within a certain range. Meanwhile, the droplet momentum in VPPA-GMAW process is larger than that in conventional GMAW process. We also found that as the droplet momentum increased, the depression of weld pool grew more obvious and greatly facilitated the deep-penetration welding. In VPPA-GMAW process, it became more and more easier for the droplet to fall off the wire when the electromagnetic force gradually increased during pulse period. Droplet movement through the arc zone was further accelerated since the central pressure of arc column increased during base period. This research can provide some theoretical support for thick plate welding of high-strength aluminum alloys and help for deeper understanding of the hybrid arc coupling mechanism.     

Effect of pulsed current welding on mechanical properties of high strength aluminum alloy

High strength aluminum alloys (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys) have gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of lightweight structures requiring high strength-to-weight ratio, such as transportable bridge girders, military vehicles, road tankers and railway transport systems. The preferred welding processes of high strength aluminum alloy are frequently the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process and the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process due to their comparatively easy applicability and better economy. Weld fusion zones typically exhibit coarse columnar grains because of the prevailing thermal conditions during weld metal solidification. This often results in inferior weld mechanical properties and poor resistance to hot cracking. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to refine the fusion zone grains by applying a pulsed current welding technique. Rolled plates of 6 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single pass welded joints. A single ‘V’ butt joint configuration was prepared for joining the plates. The filler metal used for joining the plates was AA 5356 (Al-5Mg (wt%)) grade aluminum alloy. Four different welding techniques were used to fabricate the joints: (1) continuous current GTAW (CCGTAW), (2) pulsed current GTAW (PCGTAW), (3) continuous current GMAW (CCGMAW) and (4) pulsed current GMAW (PCGMAW). Argon (99.99% pure) was used as the shielding gas. Tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated by conducting tensile tests using a 100 kN electro-mechanical controlled universal testing machine. Current pulsing leads to relatively finer and more equi-axed grain structure in GTA and GMA welds. In contrast, conventional continuous current welding resulted in predominantly columnar grain structures. Grain refinement is accompanied by an increase in tensile strength and tensile ductility.     

等离子弧焊接穿孔行为的声信号传感

使用高精度传声器采集穿孔型等离子弧焊接过程中的声音信号 ,围绕焊接过程中出现的“小孔效应” ,开展了等离子弧焊接熔透的声音信号传感方法的研究。结果表明 ,焊接过程中的声音信号在熔池的过渡阶段产生了剧烈的低频振动 ,与熔池的振动有关 ,说明声音信号的低频段分量中包含有熔池穿孔状态的信息。频域分析表明 ,声音信号的低频段分量 (0～ 10 0Hz) ,在熔池处于不同阶段时有明显的变化 ,熔池处于过渡阶段时其值大 ,穿孔后小 ,未穿孔时居中。据此 ,设计出了声音信号的A算法 ,用于识别焊接过程中熔池的穿孔状态 ,该算法可靠性较高 ,为等离子弧焊接熔透质量监测及闭环控制提供了前提条件     

排布方式对铝合金激光-MIG复合横向焊接特性的影响

采用常规激光-熔化极惰性气体保护电弧(Metal inert gas,MIG)复合横向焊接铝合金过程中,焊缝表面极易出现咬边和下塌等缺陷,由此开展排布方式对激光-MIG电弧复合横向焊接铝合金焊接特性的影响研究。分析二者的排布方式对熔池特征、熔滴过渡形式以及焊缝成形规律的影响。试验结果表明,异面引导复合焊接方式对焊缝成形有明显改善作用,焊缝表面熔宽减少、中心线偏移和咬边缺陷得到有效抑制。采用同面引导复合方式时,熔滴过渡到匙孔后方,熔池下侧熔融金属大量堆积并产生周期性的波动,导致焊缝结晶组织出现了分层现象;而采用异面引导复合方式时,熔滴过渡到匙孔下方,并且熔滴在熔池中的落点位置与同面引导方式相比要偏上,熔滴过渡频率稍低,此时熔池中熔融金属分布较为均匀,熔池下部堆积金属较少,有效抑制了焊缝的下塌和咬边缺陷。     

铝合金MIG+激光复合焊接工艺研究

研究轻量化轿车用3A21铝合金M IG 激光复合焊接工艺,探讨工艺参数对焊缝成型的影响规律及激光与电弧的复合作用。试验结果表明,采用M IG 激光复合焊接工艺可以显著提高熔深和焊速,达到采用小功率激光焊机实现铝合金的激光焊接。在比较宽的工艺参数范围内M IG YAG激光复合焊接铝合金具有焊缝成型美观等优点,熔深和焊速均显著提高,大大提高生产率。     

Experimental Analysis on the Variable Polarity Plasma Arc Pressure

Arc pressure is one of the key factors for variable polarity plasma arc(VPPA) and welding pool formation. In this paper, VPPA pressure is measured by pressure transducer and U-tube barometer methods, and advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are compared. The effects of welding parameters, including with straight polarity(SP) current, reverse polarity(RP) current, time ratio of SP to RP, plasma gas flow rate, on VPPA pressure are investigated by using an orthogonal design. The experimental results indicate that the influencing degree of the welding parameters are in the order of plasma gas flow rate, SP current, time ratio of SP to RP, RP current. These results are important to researches of VPPA welding process and its mechanism. The physics behavior of VPPA is taken into account when the above influence mechanisms are analyzed. Firstly, according to the mechanism of the cooling compression to the arc, the compression to VPPA is enhanced with the increase of plasma gas flow, so the VPPA pressure would increase obviously. Secondly, although the temperature of VPPA is as a function of the welding current, the radius of VPPA is also enhanced. So the effects of SP current on VPPA pressure are inferior to the effects of plasma gas flow. Thirdly, VPPA pressure increases as a function of time ratio of SP to RP because the frequency of welding current influences the arc pressure to the some degree; Finally, the RP intervals are farther less than the SP intervals, so the influence to the pressure is minimal.     

Effect of welding processes on tensile properties of AA6061 aluminium alloy joints

The present investigation is aimed at to study the effect of welding processes such as GTAW, GMAW and FSW on mechanical properties of AA6061 aluminium alloy. The preferred welding processes of these alloys are frequently gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) due to their comparatively easier applicability and better economy. In this alloy, the weld fusion zones typically exhibit coarse columnar grains because of the prevailing thermal conditions during weld metal solidification. This often causes inferior weld mechanical properties and poor resistance to hot cracking. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid phase welding technique developed primarily for welding metals and alloys that heretofore had been difficult to weld using more traditional fusion techniques. Rolled plates of 6 mm thickness have been used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. The filler metal used for joining the plates is AA4043 (Al-5Si (wt%)) grade aluminium alloy. In the present work, tensile properties, micro hardness, microstructure and fracture surface morphology of the GMAW, GTAW and FSW joints have been evaluated, and the results are compared. From this investigation, it is found that FSW joints of AA6061 aluminium alloy showed superior mechanical properties compared with GTAW and GMAW joints, and this is mainly due to the formation of very fine, equiaxed microstructure in the weld zone.