Clay‐Graphene Nanoplatelets Functional Conducting Composites

An approach to functionalize graphene‐based materials has been developed by assembling graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) with clay minerals. Under convenient sonomechanical treatment, clay–GNP mixtures may produce very stable water dispersions in particular using sepiolite fibrous clay. While in the absence of clay a rapid decantation of GNP in water is observed, in the presence of sepiolite the resulting dispersions remain stable during months without syneresis effects. Rigid but flexible self‐supported films are easily obtained by filtering of these dispersions. As the electrical percolation threshold corresponds to sepiolite/GNP composites of 0.5:1 in weight, doping these systems with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) significantly enhances their electrical conductivity. The particular microporosity of the sepiolite component allows interactions with molecules, such as organic dyes, as well as polymers, such as biopolymers, opening the way to functional materials for advanced applications due to their inherent conductivity afforded by the GNP and MWCNTs carbonaceous components. In fact, using very small amount of MWCNT together with GNP can obtain composites with significant electrical conductivity, maintaining the enhanced mechanical properties, at a lower cost.     

表面增强荧光效应研究进展

在外光场激励下,金属纳米结构衬底表面所形成的集体电子振荡模式可有效调制其局域电磁场分布,对居于衬底附近的荧光分子的荧光辐射产生调控。其影响因素主要取决于衬底金属表面所形成的电磁振荡模式和电磁场分布性质。归纳了光谱学中表面增强荧光效应研究的关键问题,指出了周期性有序衬底金属增强荧光及其金属纳米颗粒增强荧光研究的主要研究进展。基于局域电磁场增强机理模型,讨论了不同形貌衬底金属对荧光分子的荧光调控机理和影响因素。对表面增强荧光效应的研究前景进行了展望。     

具有分形结构Ag纳米衬底的荧光增强效应

利用电化学沉积方法,制备出具有分形结构的Ag纳米荧光增强衬底。实验中,采用532nm连续光激发居于Ag纳米结构衬底表面附近的罗丹明6G(Rh6G)荧光分子,结果表明,具有分形结构的Ag纳米金属衬底对沉积在其表面的Rh6G分子表现出明显的荧光增强效应。根据局域场增强理论对所得实验结果进行分析,经过电化学方法制备出的分形Ag纳米结构,在外电磁场激发下能够形成较强的局域电磁场分布,从而有效地激发Rh6G荧光分子,增强其荧光辐射强度。     

The colored revolution of bioimaging

This paper provides an overview of the main aspects of modern fluorescence microscopy. It covers the principles of fluorescence and highlights the key discoveries in the history of fluorescence microscopy. The paper also discusses the optics of fluorescence microscopes and examines the various types of detectors. It also discusses the signal and image processing challenges in fluorescence microscopy and highlights some of the present developments and future trends in the field.     

Templated Synthesis of Carbon Nanofibers from Polyacrylonitrile Using Sepiolite

Carbon nanofibers of ca. 1 μm by 20 nm dimensions have been successfully prepared by an improved route, consisting of the graphitization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) previously formed inside the nanosized pores of sepiolite. This natural microfibrous silicate contains structural tunnels extending along the whole fiber, which are able to include acrylonitrile (AN). This is polymerized to give polyacrylonitrile (PAN), which is further thermally treated to form carbon nanofibers inside the pores. We have clearly shown the mechanisms and the role of the structural tunnels of sepiolite in the adsorption, polymerization, and graphitization of AN by applying spectroscopic techniques as FTIR spectroscopy, ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, in‐situ EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), and other structural, textural, and analytical tools (powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (STEM–EDX), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), N₂ isotherms, etc.). The resulting solids constitute a new class of conductive carbon–clay nanocomposites, useful for applications in diverse electrochemical devices such as lithium batteries, sensors, or electrocatalysts.     

Robust Organoalkoxysilanes as Red Unconventional Fluorescent Platform

Unconventional fluorescent materials have attracted intense and continuous attention due to the facile processability, excellent biocompatibility, and high availability. However, for the lack of suitable unconventional fluorescent platform, unconventional luminophore‐based fluorescent probes have not been applied in the biological field, especially in the detection of bioactive molecules. In this work, unconventional red fluorescence is observed from a series of organoalkoxysilanes for the first time. Particularly, the unique fluorescence derived from smart Si–O bridged structures prompt the fluorescent probe design strategy. The strategy involves applying the Si–O bridge to provide desirable red unconventional fluorescence, and ratiometric detection of endogenous nitric oxide in lysosomes and in vivo. It is expected that this novel strategy will expand the applications of unconventional fluorescence to the bioimaging field, and further provide valid approach for the future evolution of unconventional fluorescent probes.     

Detecting solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from field radiance spectra based on the Fraunhofer line principle

It is difficult to quantify the amount of chlorophyll fluorescence emitted by a leaf or canopy under natural sunlight because the reflected light obscures the fluorescence signal. In this study, two diurnal experiments were conducted on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Japan Creeper (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) to detect the solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from field radiance spectra. In the separation of the fluorescence emissive signal from canopy radiance spectrum based on Fraunhofer lines, two Fraunhofer lines of the terrestrial oxygen absorption at 688 and 760 nm were observed in the radiance spectra by an Analytical Spectral Devices FieldSpec Pro NIR spectrometer, which largely overlaps the chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectrum of leaves. Therefore, Fraunhofer lines at 688 and 760 nm were selected to detect the emissive fluorescence. The diurnal changes of chlorophyll fluorescence in the two experiments were primarily affected by the diurnal changes of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR). The correlation coefficients (R/sup 2/) were greater than 0.9 for all the relationships between PAR and the solar-induced fluorescence of winter wheat and Japan Creeper at 688 and 760 nm based on Fraunhofer line-depth (FLD), suggesting that the solar-induced fluorescence could closely track the changes of PAR and chlorophyll fluorescence. The relative solar-induced fluorescence based on FLD was negatively related to Fv/Fm measured by an OS1-FL modulated chlorophyll fluorometer. The correlation coefficients (R/sup 2/) were 0.97 at 688 nm and 0.99 at 760 nm for winter wheat, and 0.79 at 688 nm and 0.78 at 760 nm for Japan Creeper. These results demonstrate that the solar-induced fluorescence from plant canopies can be detected from field radiance spectra based on the Fraunhofer line principle.     

微弱原子荧光光场测量系统的设计简

在原子光学、量子通信、生物医学、食品安全和激光测量研究等领域,常常需要对荧光信号进行测量.而这些荧光信号的强度往往十分微弱,一般的探测方法难以检测.因此,针对微弱原子荧光光场分布信息的探测需求,设计搭建了一套测量系统.选用硅光电倍增管作为测量系统的探测元件,设计了跨阻放大电路来实现微弱电流信号的放大,并利用MultiSim软件对电路进行仿真分析,最终完成了测量系统的搭建、实现了对微弱光场的测量.实验结果表明,该系统可以很好地满足微弱光场分布信息的测量需求.     

压缩感知实现快速超分辨荧光显微成像

为了发展能够同时兼顾超分辨、快速成像和视场的荧光显微镜, 以促进其在活细胞或微观动态过程成像的应用, 将压缩感知应用到超分辨荧光显微镜中, 利用投影梯度稀疏重构算法对单帧荧光宽场图像重构, 并进行了理论分析、仿真和实验验证。结果表明, 该方法能够突破光学衍射极限, 成像分辨率达到180nm, 相比衍射极限提高1.8倍。此结果说明压缩感知能够实现单帧宽场超分辨荧光显微成像, 相比现有的方法在成像速度上有巨大的提升。     

正常和异常奶牛血液激发荧光强度的实验研究

生命科学是当今科学研究的一个重要领域,本文针对奶牛血液检测这一研究课题,根据荧光分析技术,采用图像采集系统,对奶牛血液的荧光特性进行了研究,研究了正常和异常奶牛血液经不同的光激发后所产生的荧光及其变化情况。初步结果表明,异常奶牛血液的荧光强度比正常奶牛血液的荧光强度强。提出通过对奶牛血液的荧光强度进行分析,将其应用于奶牛疾病诊断这一国内外较少涉足的研究课题。本文提出的奶牛血液荧光强度分析方法具有检测方便、分析简单、快速、易于推广等优点。     

激光场噪声对原子共振荧光压缩性质的影响

研究了由相干场和随机场驱动的二能级原子荧光场的压缩谱.在强场驱动和大失谐条件下,荧光场正规噪音谱的in-phase振幅出现双模压缩,并且通过调节原子的拉比频率可以来控制压缩频率,同时压缩还随着随机强度的增大而减小,压缩谱还与相干场和随机场之间的相对相位有关.     

单分子荧光涨落系统的研制

报道一种单分子荧光涨落检测系统的实验装置的设计。该系统主要由激光共焦系统、微区激发系统、光电转换及数据采集和分析系统组成。本文另对共焦系统和数据采集系统的原理作了简要的说明。由于采用了共焦系统，这样就可以从一个视场深度比较窄的区域内采集生物信息，而不需要象普通荧光采集系统那样大范围采集，焦点外的荧光信号进行检测，这些工作也为在单分子水平上探索疾病机理和揭示生命现象的本质提供了一个有力的手段。     

荧光金纳米团簇探针的生物成像应用进展（特邀）

金纳米团簇（AuNCs）因兼具优异荧光特性、超小尺寸、精确化学组成及良好生物相容性等优势，使其成为近些年备受关注的新型荧光探针。为了推动荧光AuNCs在成像领域的应用，研究者们一直致力于发展高性能荧光AuNCs的设计与制备策略。基于对AuNCs结构与发光机制的理解，诸如提高荧光量子产率和细胞摄取率等策略陆续被提出以增强AuNCs的细胞成像效果，极大提升了其作为荧光成像探针的潜力，并将AuNCs的应用推广至荧光寿命成像、多光子成像等新兴荧光成像技术。近些年发展的具有近红外二区荧光的AuNCs进一步推动了其在活体成像的应用。文中概述了AuNCs的制备方法、提高AuNCs细胞荧光成像效果的各种策略，以及AuNCs荧光成像应用的最新进展，并对该领域的挑战和未来发展进行了展望。     

Detection of water stress in orchard trees with a high-resolution spectrometer through chlorophyll fluorescence in-filling of the O/sub 2/-A band

A high spectral resolution spectrometer with 0.065-nm full-width half-maximum was used for collecting spectral measurements in an orchard field under three water stress treatments. The study was part of the FluorMOD project funded by the European Space Agency to develop a leaf-canopy reflectance model to simulate the effects of fluorescence. Water deficit protocols generated a gradient in solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence emission and tree physiological measures. Diurnal steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence was measured from leaves in the field between June and November 2004 using the PAM-2100 fluorometer to study the effects of water stress on chlorophyll fluorescence. Spectral measurements of downwelling irradiance and upwelling crown radiance were conducted with the narrow-band spectrometer, enabling the canopy reflectance to be obtained at subnanometer spectral resolution and permitting the evaluation of the fluorescence in-filling effects on reflectance in trees under water stress conditions. Diurnal and seasonal measurements showed consistently lower steady-state fluorescence (Ft) and quantum yield /spl Delta/F/Fm' in water-stressed trees, yielding mean values of Ft=0.38 (well-irrigated) and Ft=0.21 (water-stressed trees). The agreement between Ft and water potential showed that steady-state fluorescence could be used to detect differences in water stress levels, with determination coefficients ranging between r/sup 2/=0.48 and r/sup 2/=0.81 for individual dates. Analysis in the 680-770-nm range showed that the chlorophyll fluorescence in-filling in the O/sub 2/-A band at 760 nm is sensitive to diurnal variations of fluorescence and water stress, yielding r/sup 2/=0.76 (well-watered treatment), r/sup 2/=0.89 (intermediate stress treatment), and r/sup 2/=0.7 (extreme stress treatment), demonstrating the close relationships between Ft and in-filling at the crown level.     

荧光寿命衰减曲线结合支持向量机的油种识别

作为一种重要检测手段, 主动荧光探测利用荧光寿命参数作为荧光探测的特征参数, 可以解决荧光强度易受 外界环境因素影响的问题。基于门控探测法测量荧光寿命的原理, 利用荧光寿命衰减曲线结合非线性最小二乘回归 拟合荧光寿命衰减函数来提取荧光平均寿命参数, 利用荧光寿命图谱绘制荧光物质的二维空间分布, 进而提出并实验 验证了结合支持向量机利用荧光寿命参数作为特征向量进行油种识别的方法。实验结果表明, 利用荧光平均寿命作 为参数, 激发区域中像素点荧光寿命值落入各自置信区间内的概率为 68% 以上, 结合支持向量机进行油种识别, 识别 概率在 77% 以上。利用荧光寿命参数进行油种识别具有可行性且具有良好的识别率, 同时结合支持向量机的识别方 法所需训练样本少, 因此利用荧光寿命衰减曲线结合支持向量机的油种识别方法有望为环境污染领域油种识别研究 提供另一种参考。     

流动分离与涡结构显示的激光诱导荧光水洞实验技术

开展激光诱导荧光水洞实验技术研究的目的是为流动分离与涡结构显示提供实用、直观、有效的观测手段。本项工作在1 m1 m水洞配置的连续片光设备基础上,针对532 nm波长激光光源特性,依据光学参数匹配原则选择了罗丹明B作为染色剂与荧光剂,围绕染色剂与荧光剂的配置方法,连续激光器的激光强度、试验段流速、染色线出孔压力之间的匹配关系,照相、摄像视场与流动结构对比度匹配关系等问题,建立了激光诱导荧光实验系统,对圆柱绕流及尾流结构、运输机全机模型的机翼绕流与尾流结构、运输机尾舱门周围流场旋涡结构开展了实验研究。典型的流动分离与涡结构显示结果表明:激光诱导荧光技术具备从边界层结构到空间分离以及尾流特性等全覆盖的流场结构显示能力,值得推广应用。     

Elucidating Structure and Function In Vivo With Hybrid Fluorescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

While the mathematics, physics, and technology behind magnetic resonance (MR) and fluorescence image formation are distinctively different, the two modalities have significant complementary features to impart strong preclinical and clinical application synergies. Traditionally, hybrid MR and fluorescence imaging implied the use of a system where optical and MR signals can be concurrently acquired. In this case, the common geometry allows for the superposition of fluorescence images of cellular and subcellular processes onto anatomical and functional MR images. More recently, a different hybrid imaging paradigm is strongly evolving by utilizing hybrid MR-fluorescence nanoparticles. This approach offers a second paradigm of hybrid visualization where the common underlying contrast enables the coregistration of MR and fluorescence images acquired under different geometries. We review herein progress with the evolving field of multimodality MR and fluorescence imaging and discuss how these strategies offer a highly promising outlook in established and in novel preclinical and clinical applications.     

BeO·3Al_2O_3:Cr~(+3)(BHA)晶体的能级和光谱特性

一、引言 Cr3+离子激活的中等品场材料的探索是终端声子激光基质研究的一个主要方面。Karyon[1]等对     

可逆饱和光转移过程的荧光超分辨显微术

基于可逆饱和光转移过程的荧光超分辨显微技术,从原理上打破了原有的光学远场衍射极限对光学系统极限分辨率的限制,在生物、化学、医学等多个学科拥有广泛的应用前景。回顾了近年来超分辨显微研究的历史,综述了目前常见的几种基于可逆饱和光转移过程的荧光超分辨显微方法,详细描述了各自的技术特点并对比了其优缺点,阐述了相关领域内最新的研究工作进展。     

飞秒激光成丝在火焰中诱导的荧光辐射及应用

飞秒激光脉冲在传输过程中, 克尔自聚焦和等离子体散焦相互作用形成了长距离的自导光通道, 该过程称为飞秒激光成丝。飞秒激光成丝在火焰中诱导的荧光辐射为燃烧诊断提供了新的可能性, 为理解燃烧过程、提高燃烧效率和减少污染物的产生提供了有用的信息。针对飞秒激光成丝诱导的荧光辐射在燃烧诊断中的应用, 介绍了飞秒激光在火焰中的传输特性以及成丝动力学过程, 陈述了飞秒激光成丝诱导非线性光谱的机理及其在高温燃烧场诊断应用中的研究现状和进展, 探讨了当前飞秒激光成丝在该领域所面临的挑战和应用前景。