THE PARTICLE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN A RISER OF DILUTE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

This paper presents an experimental study on the radial and axial profiles of local particle velocity of flu-idized catalyst(FCC)particles in a circulating fluidized bed of 8000mm in height and 186mm in inside diameterwith a Fiber-Optic Probe Laser Doppler Velocimetry.It has been found that the radial profiles of local particlevelocity are parabolic,even in the centre region and steep in the region near the bed wall,and that the length ofparticle acceleration along the bed height is longer than expected.The following formula has been recommended to correlate the 1 ocal particle velocity with dilute gas-solidflow in the bed:where a,b,c and e are functions of radial positions.     

以非晶态合金催化剂SRNA-4为固相的气液固磁稳定床的界面传质研究

1 INTRODUCTION Magnetically stabilized beds (MSB) exhibit an unique combination of packed-bed and fluidized-bed properties. Gas-liquid-solid (G-L-S) three-phase MSB has recently attracted more attention in the field of biotechnology processes (such as bioseparation or immobilized enzyme systems) and chemical engi- neering(such as the hydrogenation reaction system). The interphase mass transfer behavior plays an im- portant role in the optimal operation of practical MSB. However, many…     

Coal Gasification in Moving Bed Reactor with a Draft Tube

1 INTRODUCTIONMany different types of reactors,for example,fixed bed,moving bed,fluidized bed and spoutedbed,have been used in industrial production and laboratory in research studies.Althougheach of these coal gasifiers has its own specific advantages,there exists,generally speaking,certainwaste gas in product gas because of the direct burning of coal with oxygen or air to provide heatneeded in the endothermic process of coal gasification in gasifiers.A new type of moving bed     

耦合反应器提升管段颗粒速度分布及约束特性

A large-scale cold model experimental setup of a riser-fluidized bed coupled reactor was established according to the olefin reduction technology with an auxiliary reactor for FCC naphtha upgrading.Distributions of particle velocity in the riser section were experimentally investigated in the setup.Furthermore,the restriction index of particle velocity was defined to quantitatively show the restriction effects of the riser outlet lotus-shaped distributor and the upper fluidized bed on the particle flow behavior in the riser.The experimental results showed that the riser could be divided into two regions in the longitudinal direction,i.e.,lower traditional transport region and upper restriction region.In the longitudinal direction,the averaged cross-sectional particle velocity in the traditional transport region increased firstly,and then tended to be smooth,while decreased in the restriction region.With the increase of static bed height in the upper fluidized bed,the local particle velocity decreased,and the tendency of change in the core region is more than that in the wall region.Restriction effects of the lotus-shaped distributor and the upper fluidized bed on particle flow behavior enhanced with the increases of superficial gas velocity,solids flux and static bed height in the upper fluidized bed.In the same cross-section,outlet restriction effects enhanced with the increase of the dimensionless radial position r/R,and would not change when r/R≥0.5.     

二维双支腿流化床内气体混合特性

Experiments of gas mixing between two half-beds were performed in a dual-leg circulating fluidized bed(DL-CFB)240 mm in width,40 mm in depth and 2000 mm in height by using glass beads with diameter of 0.25-0.28 mm as bed material.SO₂ and CO as the gas tracers entering the left and right distributors separately were used to simulate the gas mixing between the two legs.MSD(mean square displacement)model was adopted to calculate the gas dispersion coefficient(D_w)which was used to investigate the effect of fluidization velocity and bed material inventory on gas mixing in the DL-CFB.The experimental results showed that D_w was about 50-300 cm²穝^-1 at different fluidization velocities and bed material inventories.A higher fluidization velocity benefited particles exchange between two half-beds,which intensified the gas-solids interactions at the region with higher solids volume fraction.The gas mixing in the lower region of the DL-CFB was stronger than that in the upper region of the bed.A higher bed inventory was helpful to gas mixing at a lower fluidization velocity,while a higher fluidization velocity weakened gas mixing because of higher solids concentration in the center of the bed that prevented gas mixing.     

组合式流化床中以高钙镁钛渣为原料制取TiCl4

This paper describes a new method for producing TiCl4 by chloridizing materials of high content CaO and MgO, in which a combined fluidized bed is used as a reactor to avoid agglomeration between particles caused by molten CaCl2 and MgCl2. The combined fluidized bed consists of at least a riser tube and a semi-circulating fluidized bed. Two kinds of high titanium slag, in which the total mass content of CaO and MgO is 2.03% and 9.09% respectively, are employed to examine the anti-agglomeration effect and the conversion of the materials when the temperature ranges are between 923.15K and 1073.15K, gas apparent velocity 0.7-1.1m·s-1, and inlet amount of solid materials is 4.6-7.0kg·h-1. It is found that the anti-agglomeration effect in the combined fluidized bed is satisfactory and the new method can achieve a TiCl4 production capacity of 14.0-75.4t·m-2·d-1 in relation to 25.0-40.0t·m-2·d-1 from the conventional bubble bed. Furthermore, low-temperature chloridization, for example, at 923K or 973K, can also be used to produce TiCl4 and avoid agglomeration.     

The Ejffect of Vertical Internal Baffles on Fluidization Hydrodynamics and Grain Drying Characteristics

The effect of vertical internal baffles on the particle mixing and grain drying characteristics in a batch fluidized bed column is investigated. Experimental work was carried out in a 3m high rectangular fluidized bed dryer of cross sectional area of 0.15 m×0.61 m at different operating conditions using paddy, a group D particle, as the fluidizing material. The results of the study showed that the fluidized bed dryer system with vertical internal baffles gave better particle mixing effect in the bed of particles than that without vertical internal baffles. This is due to the fact that the vertical internal baffle act as gas bubble breakers by breaking up the large gas bubbles into smaller ones. The smaller bubbles cause a more vigorous mixing in the bed of particles before finally erupting at the bed surface. This improves the contacting efficiency and enhanced the heat and mass transfer of the fluidized bed system. Thus a higher drying rate was obtained in the falling rate period because the higher con     

PREDICTION OF BREAKTHROUGH CURVES FOR FIXED BEDS

A simple, easy-to-use approximate equation, in the form of normal probability distribution function, was derived and proposed for breakthrough curves of fixed bed reactors and adsorbers. The equation predicts breakthrough curves and evolution in time of concentration and temperature distribution in fixed bed with accuracy higher than or comparable to the best of the other equations previously proposed.     

Hydrodynamics of three-phase fluidization of homogeneous ternary mixture in a conical conduit——Experimental and statistical analysis

Hydrodynamics of conical fluidized bed differ from that of columnar beds by the fact that a velocity gradient exists along the axial direction of the bed.The gas–liquid–solid fluidized bed has emerged in recent years as one of the most promising devices for three-phase operations.Such a device is of considerable industrial importance as evident from its wide applications in chemical,refining,petrochemical,biochemical processing,pharmaceutical and food industries.To explore this,a series of experiments have been carried out for homogeneous well-mixed ternary mixtures of dolomite of varying compositions in a three-phase conical fluidized bed.The hydrodynamic characteristics determined included the bed pressure drop,bed fluctuation and bed expansion ratios.The single and combined effects of operating parameters such as superficial gas velocity,superficial liquid velocity,initial static bed height,average particle size and cone angle on the responses have been analyzed using response surface methodology(RSM).A 25 full factorial central composite experimental design has been employed.Analysis of variance(ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination value and satisfactory prediction second-order regression models have been derived.Experimental values of bed pressure drop,bed fluctuation and bed expansion ratios have been found to agree well with the developed correlations.     

垂直内挡板对流态化流体动力学及谷物干燥特性之影响

The effect of vertical internal baffles on the particle mixing and grain drying characteristics in a batch fluidized bed column is investigated. Experimental work was carried out in a 3 m high rectangular fluidized bed dryer of cross sectional area of 0.15 mx0.61 m at different operating conditions using paddy, a group D particle, as the fluidizing material. The results of the study showed that the fluidized bed dryer system with vertical internal baffles gave better particle mixing effect in the bed of particles than that without vertical internal baffles. This is due to the fact that the vertical internal baffle act as gas bubble breakers by breaking up the large gas bubbles into smaller ones. The smaller bubbles cause a more vigorous mixing in the bed of particles before finally erupting at the bed surface. This improves the contacting efficiency and enhanced the heat and mass transfer of the fluidized bed system. Thus a higher drying rate was obtained in the falling rate period because the higher contactin efficiency increases the evaporation rate at the particle surface. However, the drying rate in the diffusion regiol shows little improvement because the moisture diffusivity does not depend on the contacting efficiency. The fluidized bed dryer with vertical internal baffles could therefore be used in the initial rapid drying stage in a two stage drying strategy for paddy. The insertion of vertical internal baffles into a fluidized bed system improves the processing of Group D particles in a fluidized bed system especially if the system is large in scale.     

液固磁稳定床中固含率分布与液相返混特性

固含率分布和液相返混系数是液固磁稳定反应器放大与优化所必需的基础数据。采用床层膨胀高度法、光电法及瞬态点源示踪技术,研究了以SRNA-4催化剂为固相的液固磁稳定床中固含率分布和液相返混特性。试验结果表明,固含率轴向分布基本均匀,径向为“扁-陡曲线”分布。固含率随磁场强度和颗粒尺寸的增大而增大,随液体粘度和空塔液速的增大而减小。轴向液相返混系数随磁场强度和液体粘度的增大而减小,随空塔液速和颗粒尺寸的增大而增大。回归得到了固含率和轴向普朗特准数的关联式,预测值与试验值吻合良好。     

气液固三相提升管中液相扩散特性

对气液固三相提升管内液相扩散行为进行了实验研究,考察了气速、液速以及颗粒循环量等操作因素对液相扩散系数的影响规律.实验研究结果表明,轴向、径向扩散系数随气速的增大均增大;轴向扩散系数随液速的变化基本保持不变,径向扩散系数随液速的增大而减小;轴向、径向扩散系数随颗粒循环量的增大均增大.与传统的气液固三相流化床相比,气液固三相提升管反应器更接近理想的平推流反应器.     

液固磁稳定床中的传热与传质特性研究

以电化学方法测定了SRNA-4催化剂为固相的液固磁稳定床中的液固传质系数,采用浸没的微型传热探头测量了液固传热系数。实验结果表明：随磁场强度、液体黏度的增大,液固传质系数及传热系数减小;增加表观液速,传质系数、传热系数均增大。进而建立了由物性参数及操作参数估算液固传质Sherwood数及液固传热Nusselt数的关联式,实验值与预测值吻合良好,可为磁稳定床反应器的放大设计和操作优化提供一定的依据。     

Phase holdup and liquid dispersion in gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized beds

Axial and radial profiles of gas and solids holdups have been studied in agas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed at 140mm i.d..Experimental results indicate that the axialand radial profiles of gas and solids holdups are more uniform than those in a conventionalfluidized bed.Axial and radial liquid dispersion coefficients in the gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidizedbed are investigated for the first time.It is found that axial and radial liquid dispersioncoefficients increases with increaes in gas velocity and solids holdup.The liquid velocity has littleinfluence on the axial liquid dispersion coefficient,but would adversely affect the redial liquiddispersion coefficient.It can be concluded that the gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed hasadvantages such as better interphase contact and lower liquid dispersion along the axial directionover the expanded bed.     

γ射线透射技术测量气液鼓泡塔内气含率的轴向分布

引　言鼓泡床反应器以其具有良好的传热、传质、相间充分接触和高效的可连续操作等特点在许多领域得到了广泛的应用 ,如氧化、加氢、烷基化、污水处理等工业过程 .在鼓泡反应器中气体以分散相的形式存在 ,轴向气含率分布是反映气泡在鼓泡塔反应器内运动行为的重要参数之一 .虽然采用了各种测量方法对流体力学行为进行了大量研究[1～ 3] ,取得了一定的研究成果 ,但工业过程往往是在高温高压的条件下操作 ,大部分的测量方法难以适应这种条件 ,所以探求新的测试技术尤为重要 .　　γ射线透射技术不仅用于塔设备的故障检测 ,而且用于其他的石油…     

气—液—固三相磁性流化床混沌特性研究

运用确定性混沌分析技术,研究了气－液＝固三相磁性流化床系统压力波动时间序列的混沌特性。在给定表观气、液速下,非一特征参数如最大李雅谱诺夫指数和Ｋ熵都大于零,并且随磁场强度的增加而减小,表明该系统具有混沌行为：磁场作用使气－液－因三相流动更趋有序。研究还表明,气－液－固三相磁性流化床的三个流区（散流区、链流区及磁聚区）变化可由混沌特征参数值的变化来体现。     

气升式内环流反应器内局部气含率径向分布

The local gas holdup profiles in an internal-loop airlift reactor were studied experimentally by using dual electrical conductivity probe under different conditions,including superficial velocity,surface tension and liquid viscosity.The results showed that the radial gas holdup profile has a parabolic shape,which was consistent with the empirical model of Luo.Local gas holdup distribution parameters were obviously influenced by flow regime and almost remained unchanged in the same flow regime.In the gas distributor region,the profiles were steeper in the homogenous flow regime than in the heterogeneous flow regime.However,in the stable region,there was an inverse change trend in two flow regimes.The increase of surface tension,superficial velocity and liquid viscosity made the profile of local gas holdup steeper in two flow regimes.     

Bubble Behavior of a Large‐Scale Bubble Column with Elevated Pressure

Gas holdups and the rising velocity of large and small bubbles are measured using the dynamic gas disengagement approach in a pressured bubble column of 0.3 m in diameter and 6.6 m in height. The effects of superficial gas velocity, liquid surface tension, liquid viscosity, and system pressure on the gas holdups and the rising velocity of small and large bubbles are investigated. The holdup of large bubbles and the rising velocity of small bubbles increase with increasing liquid viscosity and liquid surface tension. Meanwhile, the holdup of small bubbles and the rising velocity of a swarm of large bubbles decrease. Moreover, the holdup of large bubbles and the rising velocity of a swarm of small bubbles decrease with increasing system pressure. A correlation for the holdup of small bubbles is obtained from experimental data.