Effects of vanadium supported on ZrO2 and sulfolane on the synthesis of phenol by hydroxylation of benzene with oxygen and acetic acid on palladium catalyst

The catalyst system consisting of Pd, transition metal-modified ZrO₂ and acetic acid was found to catalyze the hydroxylation of benzene with molecular oxygen without hydrogen and phenol was formed. Of transition metals employed, only vanadium additive was found to be effective for improving the rate of phenol formation as well as the selectivity, while any other transition metals such as iron, molybdenym, tungsten and yttrium were not promotive. Support effects on vanadium were in the order: V/ZrO₂> V/Al₂O₃> V/SiO₂. The highest rate of phenol formation was obtained at 0.5wt%V/ZrO₂ catalyst. Phenol selectivity was dramatically improved by the addition of sulfolane, while benzene conversion and STY of phenol formation decreased. It is assumed that Pd(II) and Pd(IV) intermediates derived from acetic acid, oxygen and palladium acetate could play an important role in hydroxylation of benzene.     

水处理提高MOF-199催化苯羟基化反应性能

以一水合乙酸铜和均苯三酸为原料,采用常温搅拌法合成金属有机框架化合物MOF-199,用XRD、IR、BET对其表征.将MOF-199用水处理后作为催化剂用于苯羟基化反应,考察了催化剂的用量、反应温度、反应时间、双氧水添加量对催化反应的影响.较优反应条件为:MOF-199(140mg,0.23mmol)、乙腈4mL、苯1.1mL、H₂O₂3.3mL,在60℃的水浴中反应30min,所得苯的氧化物的产率为23.3%,苯酚的选择性为53.1%,转化频率(TOF值)为25.0h^-1.水处理显著提高了MOF-199的催化活性,并形成了一种新的氧化模式,在一定程度上保护了MOF-199的框架结构.     

Fe-D72树脂催化苯酚羟基化反应实验研究

利用D72离子交换树脂作为载体与铁离子进行离子交换制备Fe-D72树脂催化剂,将其运用到苯酚羟基化反应中。通过单因素法研究催化剂的含铁量、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、苯酚（PH）/过氧化氢（H₂O₂）物质的量之比对苯酚羟基化反应的影响;采用L₉（3⁴）正交表设计正交试验,结果表明：n（PH）/n（H₂O₂）和反应温度对苯二酚收率的影响最大;在考察的正交范围内,n（PH）/n（H₂O₂）=1,反应温度为70 ℃,反应时间为1 h,催化剂量为0.1 g时催化效果最好,此时苯酚转化率为42.4%,苯二酚选择性为94.1%,苯二酚收率为39.8%。Fe-D72催化剂连续重复利用4次,催化稳定性较好。     

Influence of oxygen supply rates on performances of catalytic membrane reactors: Application to the oxidative coupling of methane

The impact of oxygen permeability using an ionic oxygen conducting membrane reactor with surface catalyst was investigated for the oxidative coupling of methane to higher hydrocarbons. Dense Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ (BSCFO), Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Mn_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ (BSMFO) and BaBi_0.4Fe_0.6O₃ (BBFO) membrane disks with Pt/MgO catalysts were prepared by sol–gel deposition or wash-coating. It is demonstrated that the oxygen supply by permeation needs to fit to the consumption during the coupling reaction. In case of insufficient oxygen supply comparably poor conversions are observed while higher oxygen fluxes lead to increased methane conversions, especially in the presence of an efficient catalyst. Generally, increasing catalytic activity leads to lower C₂ selectivity, especially for low oxygen permeation fluxes. The concept of a reactor employing dense catalytic membranes is viable, but the present study identifies further potential when the activity of the catalyst for the oxidative coupling is improved, leading to an overall enhanced performance of the membrane reactor.     

Direct synthesis of phenol from benzene over hydroxyapatite catalysts

The direct synthesis of phenol from benzene in the gas phase was studied over hydroxyapatite catalysts. The reaction was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor at atmospheric pressure and reaction temperature of 450°C in the presence of ammonia. A high selectivity (about 97%) of phenol formation at about 3.5% conversion of benzene was achieved over catalysts containing Ca and Cu ions in the cation part of hydroxyapatite. Besides phenol as the main reaction product, aniline is also formed. The reaction mechanism involves formation of N₂O from NH₃ in the first step of reaction. Benzene is oxidized by active oxygen species which are formed on the catalyst by decomposition of N₂O.     

Reaction and oxygen permeation studies in Sm0.4Ba0.6Fe0.8Co0.2O3 − δ membrane reactor for partial oxidation of methane to syngas

A disk-type Sm_0.4Ba_0.6Co_0.2Fe_0.8O_3 − δ perovskite-type mixed-conducting membrane was applied to a membrane reactor for the partial oxidation of methane to syngas (CO + H₂). The reaction was carried out using Rh (1 wt%)/MgO catalyst by feeding CH₄ diluted with Ar. While CH₄ conversion increased and CO selectivity slightly decreased with increasing temperature, a high level of CH₄ conversion (90%) and a high selectivity to CO (98%) were observed at 1173 K. The oxygen flux was increased under the conditions for the catalytic partial oxidation of CH₄ compared with that measured when Ar was fed to the permeation side. We investigated the reaction pathways in the membrane reactor using different membrane reactor configurations and different kinds of gas. In the membrane reactor without the catalyst, the oxygen flux was not improved even when CH₄ was fed to the permeation side, whereas the oxygen flux was enhanced when CO or H₂ was fed. It is implied that the oxidation of CO and H₂ with the surface oxygen on the permeation side improves the oxygen flux through the membrane, and that CO₂ and H₂O react with CH₄ by reforming reactions to form syngas.     

Effect of Zr-doping on Pd/CexZr1-xO2 catalysts for oxidative carbonylation of phenol

Ce-Zr solid solution (Ce_xZr_1-xO₂, CZO) was prepared by the citric acid sol-gel method. The CZO was then used as a support for Pd/CZO catalysts for the oxidative carbonylation of phenol to diphenyl carbonate. The Pd/CZO catalyst showed enhanced activity and diphenyl carbonate selectivity compared with the Pd/CeO₂ catalyst. The catalytic performance of Pd/CZO was influenced by the calcination temperature of the CZO support. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption-desorption measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and H₂ temperature-programmed reduction measurements were used to investigate the effects of Zr doping and calcination temperature. The catalytic performance of Pd/CZO and Pd/CeO₂ for the oxidative carbonylation of phenol was affected by several factors, including the specific surface area, Ce³⁺ and/or oxygen vacancy content, oxygen species type and Pd(II) content of the catalyst. All these properties were influenced by Zr doping and the calcination temperature of the CZO support.     

Direct hydroxylation of aromatic compounds by a palladium membrane reactor

Direct hydroxylation of aromatic compounds was effectively achieved by using a newly developed Pd membrane reactor in which the Pd membrane is thin enough (ca. 1 μm) to allow permeation of hydrogen below 500 K. In this reactor, the active oxygen species is formed on the surface of Pd via the reaction between oxygen and permeated hydrogen from opposite sides of the membrane. Hydroxylation occurs on the surface of Pd via reaction of the aromatic compound and active oxygen. In the reaction of benzene at a reaction temperature of 423 K, the reactor achieved a benzene conversion of 15% and a phenol selectivity of 95%. An increase in reaction temperature, however, caused simultaneous hydrogenation. In the reaction of methyl benzoate, the reaction products were not only methyl salicylate, which is a hydroxylation product, but also numerous hydrogenation and oxidation compounds via side reactions. These side reactions were related to the gas balance between oxygen and hydrogen; oxygen-rich conditions caused complete oxidation, whereas oxygen-poor conditions (i.e., high amount of permeated hydrogen) induced high hydrogenation activity.     

Ce在负载Pd催化苯酚氧化羰基化合成碳酸二苯酯反应中的作用

采用微乳液法制备了Ce为助剂的Pd-Ce-O/SiO₂催化剂,用于苯酚氧化羰基化合成碳酸二苯酯（DPC）反应。活性评价结果显示,催化剂性能随着Ce用量的增加而提高,当Ce/Pd摩尔比为10/1时,苯酚转化率为64.4%,碳酸二苯酯选择性为83.4%。利用XRD表征发现,部分Ce⁴⁺进入到PdO晶格中,使得失活Pd原子中的电子更容易向Ce转移,从而易于再生,表现出更好的催化性能。根据上述结果,设计制备了Pd-O/CeO₂催化剂用于本反应,苯酚转化率和碳酸二苯酯选择性分别仅为24.0%和23.3%。表征发现,在Pd-Ce-O/SiO₂催化剂表面,Pd物种主要是PdO,而Pd-O/CeO₂表面的Pd物种则以PdO₂为主。由于苯酚氧化羰基化反应的活性中心为Pd(Ⅱ),所以Pd-O/CeO₂催化性能较差。并且,由于Pd与CeO₂之间存在强相互作用,催化剂表面Pd含量较低,这也是Pd-O/CeO₂催化活性较差的原因之一。     

Benzene electro-oxidation in a PEMFC for phenol and electricity cogeneration

In the present investigation, the electrochemically-assisted oxidation of benzene in a H₂–O₂ proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), for electricity and phenol cogeneration is studied. Experiments were carried out in a PEMFC electrochemical reactor using Pd black as cathode electrocatalyst at 60 and 80 °C, respectively and 1 atm back pressure. Indeed, it was found that the only product detected under the examined experimental conditions was phenol. The online GC product analysis revealed that it is impossible to produce phenol when the fuel cell circuit is open (I = 0) under all the examined experimental conditions. When the fuel cell circuit was closed, however, the phenol yield was found to follow a volcano-type dependence on the current of the external circuit. It was found that the maximum phenol yield was 0.35% at 100 mA/cm² at 80 °C. At the same time, the PEMFC performance was also investigated during the phenol generation process. Furthermore, experiments with the rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE) technique showed that the intermediate oxidation product, i.e. H₂O₂ existed during the oxygen electro-reduction process. The cyclic voltammograms showed that benzene was strongly adsorbed on the Pd surface, leading to a degradation of the PEMFC performance.     

Selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene catalyzed by Ru supported catalysts: Influence of the alkali promoters on kinetics, selectivity and yield

The selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene in the presence of Ru supported catalysts has been investigated in a tetraphase slurry reactor at 423 K, at 5 MPa of pressure, in the presence of two liquid phases: benzene and an aqueous solution of ZnSO₄ (0.6 mol l⁻¹). A study of the influence of the transport phenomena on the reactivity of the catalyst has been carried out. But no correlation between Carberry and Wheeler–Weisz numbers and the selectivity of the catalysts has been found. The main features of the catalysts are the strong dependence between the catalysts preparation procedure and their activity and selectivity. The best results have been observed with Ru/ZrO₂ catalysts. The influence of the bases employed in the precipitation of the catalysts precursor has also been investigated. KOH is the most effective, yield of 41% and initial selectivity of 80% of cyclohexene has been observed.     

High performance Pd/beta catalyst for the production of gasoline-range iso-paraffins via a modified Fischer–Tropsch reaction

The direct synthesis of gasoline-range iso-paraffins from synthesis gas (CO + H₂, syngas) via a modified Fischer–Tropsch (FT) reaction was intensively studied under a wide range of reaction conditions by the combination of Co/SiO₂ and Pd/beta in a consecutive dual reactor system. Results indicate that high selectivity of gasoline-range iso-paraffins (iso-paraffins relative to C₄+ hydrocarbons was about 80%) could be achieved with the presence of Pd/beta catalyst in the lower reactor. Moreover, the performance of the Pd/beta catalyst for the titled reaction and the product composition can be significantly regulated by independently changing the reaction conditions such as catalyst amount, reaction temperature, and hydrogen partial pressure in the lower reactor. It was found that the Pd/beta catalyst used in this work was very active and stable even at a reaction temperature as low as 503 K. With the increase of hydrogen partial pressure in the lower reactor, the long-term stability of the Pd/beta catalyst was significantly enhanced.     

Cloth catalysts for water denitrification: II. Removal of nitrates using Pd–Cu supported on glass fibers

The use of glass fibers in the form of woven cloth (GFC), as a new type of catalytic support, was studied for the reduction of aqueous nitrate solutions using a Pd/Cu–GFC catalyst. The activity (per gram Pd) and selectivity to nitrogen were found to be comparable with those found for Pd–Cu catalysts supported on the other carriers. The maximal initial removal activity was found for a catalyst with a Pd/(Pd+Cu) ratio of 0.81. The corresponding activity was 0.7 mmol min⁻¹ (g_Pd)⁻¹, and the selectivity was 97 mol% at 25°C and pH 6.5 for initial nitrate concentration of 100 mg l⁻¹. The selectivity to nitrogen declined at high conversions of nitrate and high pH.     

Oxidative coupling of methane in Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ tubular membrane reactors

A dense membrane tube made of Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ (BSCF) was prepared by plastic extrusion from BSCF oxide synthesized by the complexing EDTA-citrate method. The membrane tube was used in a catalytic membrane reactor for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to C₂ without an additional catalyst. At high methane concentration (93%), about 62% C₂ selectivity was obtained, which is higher than that achieved in a conventional reactor using the BSCF as a catalyst. The dependence of the OCM reaction on temperature and methane concentration indicates that the C₂ selectivity in the BSCF membrane reactor is limited by high ion recombination rates. If an active OCM catalyst (La-Sr/CaO) was packed in the membrane tube, C₂ selectivity and CH₄ conversion increased compared to the blank run. The highest C₂ yield in the BSCF membrane reactor in presence of the La-Sr/CaO catalyst was about 15%, similar to that in a packed-bed reactor with the same catalyst under the same conditions. However, the ratio of C₂H₄/C₂H₆ in the membrane reactor was much higher than that in the packed-bed reactor, which is an advantage of the membrane reactor.     

Influence of operating parameters on photocatalytic degradation of phenol in UV/TiO2 process

The use of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) for improved photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous suspension of commercial TiO₂ powders (Degussa P-25) was investigated. Photodegradation was compared using direct photolysis (UV alone), H₂O₂/UV, TiO₂/UV, and H₂O₂/TiO₂/UV processes in a batch reactor with high-pressure mercury lamp irradiation. The effects of operating parameters such as catalyst dosage, light intensity, pH of the solution, the initial phenol, and H₂O₂ concentrations on photodegradation process were examined. It was shown that photodegradation using H₂O₂/TiO₂/UV process was much more effective than using either H₂O₂/UV or TiO₂/UV process. The effect of the initial phenol concentration on TOC removal was also studied, demonstrating that more than 8 h was required to completely mineralize phenol into water and carbon dioxide. For all the four oxidation processes studied, photodegradation followed the first-order kinetics. The apparent rate constants with 400-W UV ranged from 5.0 × 10⁻⁴ min⁻¹ by direct photolysis to 1.4 × 10⁻² min⁻¹ using H₂O₂/TiO₂/UV process. The role of H₂O₂ on such enhanced photodegradation of phenol in aqueous solution was finally discussed.     

含铁模拟酶催化苯羟基化反应

对比测试了多种含铁模拟酶对苯羟基化反应的催化性能,发现能同时提供氮和氧配位原子的乙二胺四乙酸([FeIII(EDTA)]-)表现出非常高的催化活性. 以分子氧为氧化剂,抗坏血酸为还原剂,在[FeIII(EDTA)]-的催化下,苯酚的产率和选择性分别达到了15.8%和100%. 考察了氧气压力、反应温度和反应时间对反应的影响,并对其动力学和机理进行了初步探讨. 氧气和苯对该反应均为一级反应. [FeIII(EDTA)]-在还原剂的作用下,能将分子氧活化为羟基自由基与苯进行羟基化反应.     

Fe-SBA-16介孔分子筛的制备及其催化苯酚羟基化反应性能

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,F127为模板剂,采用水热合成法直接合成不同铁含量的Fe-SBA-16分子筛。通过X射线衍射、N₂物理吸附-脱附、红外光谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱等分析手段对催化剂的结构进行表征。研究了Fe-SBA-16在以H₂O为溶剂,H₂O₂为氧化剂的苯酚羟基化反应中的催化活性并考察了不同的反应条件（Fe含量、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、反应物配比）对催化性能的影响。结果表明,在一定铁含量的条件下合成出的Fe-SBA-16样品均保持了SBA-16介孔分子筛的立方笼状介孔结构和高的比表面积,且Fe被成功地引入到SBA-16骨架上。当Si/Fe=30时,Fe-SBA-16催化剂表现出良好的催化活性和选择性。反应温度为65℃,反应时间为2h,苯酚：双氧水为1：0.4时催化活性最好,苯酚的转化率为30.8%,邻苯二酚与对苯二酚的选择性分别为64.3%与30.5%。     

Palladium–sulfated zirconium pillared montmorillonite: Catalytic evaluation in light naphtha hydroisomerization reaction

The present work is an evaluation of 1 wt.% Pd/sulfated zirconium pillared montmorillonite catalyst in the hydroisomerization reaction of two fractions of light naphtha composed mainly of C₅ and C₆ paraffins (feeds 1 and 2). Catalyst activity test was carried out in a fixed-bed flow reactor at reaction temperature of 300 °C, under atmospheric hydrogen pressure and weight hourly space velocity of 0.825 h⁻¹.

The reaction products showed high isomer and cyclane selectivity. Monobranched and multibranched isomers were formed as well as C5 and C6 cyclane products. After the catalytic reaction, the total amount of benzene and cyclohexane decreased by 30% for the “feed 1” and by 40% for the “feed 2” leading to methylcyclopentane formation in the products. A long-term performance test catalyst for the two light naphtha fractions was also performed and we observed an improving of the research octane number (RON) by 15–17 for, respectively, feeds 1 and 2.     

Solvent-free oxidation of benzyl alcohol using titania-supported gold–palladium catalysts: Effect of Au–Pd ratio on catalytic performance

The oxidation of benzyl alcohol with molecular oxygen under solvent-free conditions has been investigated using a range of titania-supported Au–Pd alloy catalysts to examine the effect of the Au–Pd ratio on the conversion and selectivity. The catalysts have been compared at high reaction temperature (160 °C) as well as at 100 °C, to determine the effect on selectivity since at lower reaction temperature the range of by-products that are formed are limited. Under these conditions the 2.5 wt.% Au–2.5 wt.% Pd/TiO₂ was found to be the most active catalyst, whereas the Au/TiO₂ catalyst demonstrated the highest selectivity to benzaldehyde. Toluene, formed via either a hydrogen transfer process or an oxygen transfer process, was observed as a major by-product under these forcing conditions.     

Ni对Cu-Ni/γ-Al_2O_3苯羟基化催化剂的影响

通过程序升温还原方法合成了Cu/γ-Al2O3和Cu-Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂,使苯直接羟基化制苯酚。该反应过程中,温度和溶剂对Cu-Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂的反应性能影响进行了探讨。采用H2-TPR、XRD、EDS等表征技术考察了Ni对催化剂结构和性质的影响。结果表明,Ni使催化剂前驱体还原温度增加、活性组分Cu单晶粒度降低、催化剂表面Cu原子数增加;当反应温度为70°C、以水作反应溶剂时,Cu-Ni/γ-Al2O3比Cu/γ-Al2O3催化剂有较高反应活性和选择性,苯转化率为32.4%,苯酚选择性为93.3%,苯酚收率为30.2%。