Annular wall layer thickness in circulating fluidized bed risers

The thickness of downward-flowing annular wall layers in circulating fluidized bed risers has been determined in the literature based on measured radial profiles of both local particle velocity and solids flux. The thickness of the wall layer is shown to be larger based on solids flux profiles than when based on particle velocity profiles, because fluctuations in local instantaneous particle velocity are correlated with fluctuations in local solids concentration. A new correlation is developed to predict the time-average thickness of the downflowing particle streamer layer based on solids flux measurements as a function of the cross-sectional average voidage. It successfully accounts for the variation of the wall layer thickness with axial location and solids circulation rate.     

保温层经济厚度的确定

将传热方程与经济核算相结合,导出了单层和双层保温层经济厚度的计算公式,介绍了有关参数的确定方法,对于合理选择绝热材料和确定保温层的厚度具有重要意义。     

Slip velocity and slip layer thickness in flow of concentrated suspensions

The rheological characterization of highly filled suspensions consisting of a Newtonian matrix (hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene), mixed with two different sizes of aluminum powder (30% and above by volume) and two different sizes of glass beads (50% and above by volume), was performed using a parallel disk rheometer with emphasis on the wall slip phenomenon. The effects of the solid content, particle size, type of solid particle material, and temperature on slip velocity and slip layer thickness were investigated. Suspensions of small particles of aluminum (mean diameter of 5.03 μm) did not show slip at any concentration up to the maximum packing fraction. However, suspensions of the other particles exhibited slip at the wall, at concentrations close to their maximum packing fraction. In these suspensions, the slip velocity increased linearly with the shear stress, and at constant shear stress, the slip velocity increased with increasing temperature. The slip layer thickness increased proportionally with increasing size of the particles for the glass beads. Up to a certain value of (filler content/maximum packing fraction), ϕ/ϕ_m, the slip layer thickness divided by the particle diameter, δ/D_P, was 0, but it suddenly increased and reached a value that was independent of ϕ/ϕ_m and the temperature. On average, the ratio of δ/D_P was 0.071 for aluminum and 0.037 for glass beads. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 515–522, 1998     

Effect of thickness of liquid layer on instability of absorption

The Marangoni instability in the non-steady-state absorption of a gas by a liquid layer with a finite thickness is considered. The critical time of reaching the unstable convective regime as a function of the physical characteristics of the process and the thickness of the liquid layer is studied. The dependence of the critical Marangoni number on the Lewis number is obtained numerically.     

Effect of cathode catalyst layer thickness on methanol cross-over in a DMFC

The effects of cathode catalyst layer (CCL) thickness on the detrimental effect of methanol cross-over in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) under various operating conditions are studied. Three membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) with different CCL thicknesses but identical catalyst loading and identical anode catalyst layer are used. The results show that, when a thicker CCL, approximately twice the thickness of the base case, is used, the fuel cell performance increases significantly. The increase in performance with a thicker CCL is attributed to the oxidation of the methanol crossed-over in part of the catalyst layer and leaving the rest of the catalyst layer free from methanol contamination, leading to mitigations of the effects of mixed potentials. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that the charge transfer resistance for the fuel cell with twice the thickness of CCL is 30% lower compared to that for the base case, indicating that the active catalyst area available for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is indeed greater. The results of the electrochemical active surface areas (ECA) show that without methanol contamination, the ECA of the thicker CCL is actually lower, indicating that the better performance and the lower charge transfer resistance are not caused by a higher original ECA, but a higher active area for ORR. A much thicker CCL, about 5 times of that for the base case, is also used and the cell performance is also higher than that for the base case. The experimental results show that there exists an optimum cathode catalyst layer thickness and the thickness of cathode catalyst layer has a significant effect on DMFC performance.     

Cu2ZnSnS4 as a hole-transport layer in triple-cation perovskite solar cells: Current density versus layer thickness

Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) is a good candidate for cost-effective perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its direct bandgap with a value of 1.4–1.5 eV. In this study, we investigate CZTS ink as an inorganic hole-transport-layer (HTL) in CsMAFAPbIBr mixed halide PSCs. We study the cell efficiency and hole extraction from the perovskite layer for different thicknesses of HTL. The optimized device exhibits better hole selectivity, and the best efficiency of the device (12.84%) is achieved for the CZTS layer with a thickness of 159 nm. The prepared samples were also tested by open-circuit voltage decay analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies. Results show that the optimized device effectively prohibits the electrons-holes recombination with a charge transfer resistance of 9.38 Ω cm². This work suggests that the optimal thickness of CZTS as an HTL in triple-cation PSC is about 159 nm by giving short-circuit current density of 23.69 mA cm^?2.     

基团贡献法推算表面张力和表面层厚度的研究

考查了现有的纯组分摩尔面积计算方法对醇水溶液表面张力预测精度的影响,并利用Suarez等提出的方法,重新拟合了5种醇类(甲醇、乙醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇、2-丁醇)的摩尔面积,在此基础上利用基团贡献法计算了二元体系醇水溶液的表面张力,绝对平均偏差在6%以内,尤其对于甲醇和乙醇水溶液能控制在2%以内。另外,利用二元溶液相对吉布斯吸附以及表面层厚度的估算模型分析了醇水溶液相对吉布斯吸附及相表面层厚度的变化规律:醇水溶液的相对吉布斯吸附随醇浓度增加(除甲醇外)、温度升高以及碳链增长而降低;表面层厚度随醇碳原子数的增加而降低,随温度的升高而增加。     

XPS测定减水剂吸附层厚度

通过XPS谱图和XPS信息深度的计算方法测定了减水剂在胶凝颗粒表面的吸附层厚度。结果显示,木质素磺酸盐减水剂（LS）、改性木质素磺酸盐减水剂（GCL1-T）、萘系减水剂（FDN）和氨基磺酸盐减水剂（ASP）在水泥颗粒表面的吸附层厚度分别为8.70、10.87、1.50、7.26 nm;GCL1-T和FDN在粉煤灰表面的吸附层厚度分别为6.76 nm和0.95 nm。此方法可较准确描述减水剂在胶凝颗粒表面吸附层厚度的相对大小。由测定结果可进一步推断,FDN的分散机理以静电斥力效应为主;而空间位阻效应在LS、GCL1-T和ASP的分散机理中不可忽略。     

提高PVC阻燃输送带覆盖层厚度及均匀性的探讨

<正>自整芯阻燃输送带MT914-2008标准发布以来,生产PVC输送带覆盖层厚度要求由原来的≥0.8mm提高为≥1.0mm,其主要原因是PVC输送带中带芯的寿命要远远高于覆盖层耐磨使用寿命,通过提高覆盖层厚度来提高PVC输送带的整体使用     

Effect of ash on maximum thickness of plastic layer of coals

A study of the effect of ash yield on the maximum thickness of the plastic layer (MTPL) of some coking coals (as measured by the Sapozhnikov plastometer) has revealed that with an increase in the former the latter in general decre?es. A rectilinear relation approximately exists between the ash percentage (dry basis) and log MTPL values of coals. For the samples studied, a multiple correlation incorporating the rank factor was found to be unnecessary. Higher Fe₂O₃ and SO₃ contents from the coal were found to be associated with higher MTPL values.     

Investigation of thickness and wax content of wax deposits in polyethylene pipe using a flow loop

In this study, the thickness and wax content of wax deposits were found to be thinner and lower in the polyethylene (PE) pipe than in the stainless steel (SS) pipe using a flow loop apparatus. The diffusivity of wax, radial thermal gradient, and wax precipitation rate in the PE and SS pipes were calculated and compared. It was found the diffusivity of wax in the PE pipe was higher and tended to enhance the wax deposition in the PE pipe, while the radial thermal gradient and wax precipitation rate were lower in the PE pipe and had the opposite effects. These factors are shown to be comparable with each other and the effect of the thermal gradient dominates the mass flux of wax from bulk to the oil-deposit interface and into the deposits finally, thus causing differences in thickness and wax content of deposits between the PE and SS pipes.     

Flow structure and thickness of annular downflow layer in a circulating fluidized bed riser

Flow structures were determined in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser (0.203 m i.d.×5.9 m high) of FCC particles (d_p=70 μm, ρ_s=1700 kg/m³). A momentum probe was used to measure radial momentum flux profiles at several levels and to distinguish between upward and downward flow regions. Time-mean dynamic pressure (ΔP_m) decreases towards the wall in the range U_g=5-8 m/s, G_s=10-340 kg/m² s. The thickness of the annular downflow layer based on ΔP_m=0 reaches a maximum with increasing height. The annular downflow layer disappears locally with increasing solids mass flux (G_s) at a constant gas velocity, with achievement of the dense suspension upflow (DSU) regime. A new correlation is developed to predict the time-mean thickness of solids down-flowing layer based on solids mass flux and momentum flux. It successfully accounts for the variation of the annular layer thickness with height and G_s, and covers a wide G_s range right up to near the onset of the DSU regime.     

红外光谱法用于含氟复合膜的膜层厚度研究

在含氟功能膜的研发、生产中,功能膜的厚度控制是最基本、最关键的技术之一.介绍了利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)快速测定含氟复合膜中膜层厚度的测试方法.该方法应用在实验室研发中,能够满足研发人员对膜层厚度进行精确定量控制的需求.另外,该方法也可以应用于工业生产,满足生产品控人员对于产品质量及时反馈的需求,保障产品质量的...     

Combustion of multilayer systems with random layer thickness distribution: Mathematical modeling

Profile of combustion front in structurally unordered heterogeneous media was found to depend on the character of distribution in scale characteristics of burning media. In case of continuum distribution, dispersion markedly affects a front structure in the vicinity of transition from homogeneous to relay-race combustion. Dispersion also narrows the range of quasi-homogeneous combustion. In case of normal size distribution, oscillations of front amplitude become irregular upon increase in dispersion; this is also accompanied by an increase in the magnitude of forced vibrations caused by system inhomogeneity. Steadiness of combustion was found to depend not only on model parameters but also on the type of size distribution function.     

Determination of the thickness of the protective layer of copper on mirrors

Glass and Ceramics -     

Transition from periodic to chaotic AC electroosmotic flows near electric double layer

Electroosmotic flows (EOFs) on insulated interfacial surface commonly exists as interfacial flows. Previously theoretical studies indicate that EOFs of Newtonian fluids on the insulated interfacial surface are steady in microchannels with symmetric zeta potentials (Suresh and Homsy, Physics of Fluids, 2004, 16, 2,349). Restricted by flow diagnostic methods in microfluidics, few velocity measurements of instantaneous EOFs have been reported, and the existence of unsteady EOFs on the insulated surface remains unclear. In this investigation, the velocity fluctuations of EOFs generated under AC electric field (named as ACFEOF) overlapped on a steady pressure-driven flow are measured by laser induced fluorescence photobleaching anemometer, at the diffuse electric double layer (EDL) on the bottom wall far from electrodes. Chaotic velocity fluctuations according to unsteady ACFEOF has been, for the first time, observed. Stokes number (St ) and electrical Reynolds number (Re_E ) related to oscillation and electro-inertial effect are suggested to control chaotic ACFEOF.