油膜轴承传动轴系动载系数计算方法

针对传动轴系动载荷变化难以准确用数学函数描述的问题,基于刚体动力学理论,综合考虑轴系刚性与弹性振动特性,提出近似求解动载荷的分析方法,建立轴系动载荷分析模型。通过分析现有油膜轴承试验装置中传动轴系的机械结构组成,推导传动轴系在启制动工况突变时的动载系数计算公式;根据传动轴系的结构参数,确定动载系数取值范围;同时给出该动载系数模型在工程应用中的典型形式。计算表明：轴系在启制动之前,相比没有静压润滑的情况,使用静压润滑的油膜轴承的动载系数相对较小,振动对其油膜稳定性的影响较小。     

A novel nonlinear model of rotor/bearing/seal system and numerical analysis

A novel nonlinear model of rotor/bearing/seal system based on the Hamilton principle is proposed for steam turbine systems in power plants. The Musznyska model and unsteady bearing oil-film force model were applied to describe the nonlinear steam excitation force and oil-film force. The Runge-Kutta method was used to solve the motion equation of the rotor/seal/bearing system. The dynamic characteristics of the rotor/bearing/seal system were analyzed with bifurcation diagrams, time-history diagrams, trajectory diagrams, Poincare maps and frequency spectrums. The numerical analysis indicates that the seal force and the oil-film force influence the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the rotor system. With the increase of rotation speed, the rotor system exhibits rich forms of periodic, double-periodic, multi-periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic motion. The combined impact of steam excitation force and bearing oil-film force may cause a severe vibration which seriously affects the safety and stability of the rotor. The presented model provides a theoretic foundation for further research on the ultra-supercritical steam turbines.     

由特征压力识别轴承油膜力的算法及软件

由特征压力识别轴承油膜力的技术在旋转机械状态监测及故障诊断中越来越受到重视。在实践基础上,提出了一套包含线性和非线性映射关系的油膜力识别算法,该算法包括直接解法和拟合公式法。直接解法直接利用特征压力和轴承油膜力之间的关系曲线,也就是参数间的映射是非线性的;而拟合公式法中包含用线性函数表征的在一定范围内适用的参数间的线性映射。鉴于工程中分析轴承-转子系统动态行为主要运用线性动力学理论,因而上述线性映射算法构成的识别技术易于与现有技术相融合。根据特征压力识别轴承油膜力的算法编制了相关软件,并成功用于多个电厂的轴承负荷识别、轴系稳定性分析和疑难故障诊断。     

The Effect of Perturbation Amplitudes on Eight Force Coefficients of Journal Bearings

This paper investigates the relationship between eight linear oil-film force coefficients of circular journal bearings and the perturbation amplitudes. The force coefficients are calculated by the finite perturbation method and compared with those calculated by the infinitesimal perturbation method. Numerical experiments show that the calculated results from both finite perturbation and infinitesimal perturbation methods are very close (with a variation less than 0.1 %) when the perturbation amplitudes are less than 0.02c (displacement) or 0.02ωc (velocity) for normal bearing eccentricities. For eccentricities between 0.2 and 0.8, the calculated coefficients by the finite perturbation method will differ less than 2.5 % from the results by the infinitesimal perturbation method if the perturbation amplitude is less than 0.05c or 0.04ωc. The bearing coefficients calculated by the finite perturbation method under different perturbation amplitudes are presented graphically.     

两种转子-轴承系统模型的油膜失稳故障仿真

以单跨双盘转子系统为研究对象,针对滑动轴承在高转速时容易出现的油膜失稳问题,分别建立了考虑陀螺影响的转子系统集中质量和有限元模型,系统中含油石墨轴承和滑动轴承分别采用弹簧-阻尼模型和短轴承非线性油膜力模型,通过三维谱图、轴心轨迹和频谱图,对比分析了两种不同数学模型在不同载荷工况下（两圆盘偏心率同向和反向）的油膜失稳规律及系统复杂非线性动力学特性.两种数学模型的仿真结果均表明：油膜失稳会激起复杂的转频和失稳频率的组合频率成分,反向偏心比同向偏心提高了失稳转速,且在较高转速时能激起系统第2阶油膜振荡,并激发与前2阶油膜振荡频率有关的组合频率成分,二者的差异在于有限元模型的失稳转速略低于集中质量模型.研究结果可为转子油膜失稳故障机理及故障诊断提供依据.     

伪随机码辨识滑动轴承动力特性系数的实验研究

本文介绍了用机械式伪随机码激振法辨识滑动轴承动力特性的理论、方法及实验结果。用伪随机码进行宽带激励,可以直接得到轴承的传递函数,据此可估算轴承八个动力特性系数。和其他方法比较,此法激励时间短,力幅值不必很大,不影响机组正常运行,因而适于现场测定。机械式伪随机码激振器是一种新型激振器,它具有能量大,工作可靠,价格低廉等特点。实践证明,它可以有效地用于油膜系数测定,是一种实用的动力系统研究手段。     

考虑激振频率的可倾瓦推力轴承动特性理论与试验研究

为了研究激振频率对可倾瓦推力轴承动特性的影响,提出考虑激振频率的动特性建模方法和试验方法。依据可倾瓦轴承刚度和阻尼定义,将激振频率引入可倾瓦推力轴承动特性计算过程,通过建立轴向扰动下的膜厚方程、雷诺方程及瓦块运动方程,推导出包含激振频率的可倾瓦推力轴承动特性数学模型,计算分析刚度和阻尼随扰动频率(激振频率与主轴转频的比值)、转速及载荷的变化规律;采用脉冲激振法在可倾瓦推力轴承试验台进行动特性试验,得到不同激振频率、转速及载荷条件下刚度、阻尼的试验结果,并和相应的理论计算值进行对比分析。结果表明：当扰动频率较小时,可倾瓦推力轴承刚度随其增加而逐步增大,阻尼随其增加而逐步减小;当扰动频率增加到一定程度后,其刚度和阻尼逐步趋于稳定。此外,转速和载荷对其刚度和阻尼随扰动频率的变化幅度基本无影响。     

An analytical model for complete dynamical coefficients of a tilting-pad journal bearing

An analytical model as well as calculation method is presented for the complete dynamic characteristics of tilting-pad journal bearing. Using this model, the global oil-film forces, stiffness and damping coefficients acting on the journal and all pads can be calculated in a highly concise expression. To improve the computational efficiency, a fast algorithm for calculating the oil-film force and Jacobian of the local pad system is proposed and the Newton–Raphson method is used for solving the equilibrium positions of the journal and all pads. Taking a rigid rotor symmetrically supported on two identical five-shoe tilting-pad journal bearing as an example, the complete dynamic characteristics, damping natural frequency and the stability are calculated. Compared with the traditional reduced model, the numerical results show that the dynamic characteristics can be calculated efficiently and succinctly. The stability can also be overestimated by using the reduced model.     

Dynamic characteristics of a hydrostatic journal bearing

The results of experimental investigations into the performance of a six-pocket hydrostatic journal bearing subjected to a range of dynamic loads are presented. The bearing performance was studied in terms of the load-carrying capacity and oil-film stiffness. The experimental results show that the test bearing has a better load-carrying capacity under dynamic load than under static load and that the load-carrying capacity and stiffness of the bearing are only limited by its mechanical strength.     

Dynamic Characteristics and Stability Analysis of a Wavy Thrust Bearing

A numerical procedure to analyze wavy thrust bearings is described. The numerical model is developed by assuming that two circular plates rotate relative to each other. The upper plate is assumed to be flat and rotating, whereas the lower plate is assumed to be stationary and wavy in surface geometry. A Reynolds-equation-based procedure is used to simulate the dynamics engendered by various wavy geometries and loading conditions. The equilibrium position of the journal results from the equilibrium between the forces generated by the fluid-film pressures and the externally applied loads. A numerical small perturbation technique is applied to calculate the linear stiffness and damping characteristics of the bearing at the equilibrium position. Using a three-degrees-of-freedom system with one axial and two rotational displacements, nine linear stiffness coefficients (three principal and six cross-coupled coefficients) and nine linear damping coefficients are calculated. These linear coefficients are then used to calculate the eigenvalues of the system by solving the homogeneous equations of motion. The stability of the bearing system is then expressed using the lowest logarithmic decrement obtained from these eigenvalues. Using this procedure, a parametric study is carried out to examine the effects of external load, location of the applied load, bearing number, and bearing wave amplitude on journal equilibrium position, bearing linear stiffness, damping characteristics, and bearing stability.     

轴承油膜力识别的原理及测点分析

通过测量一点或多点油膜压力识别油膜力的技术是实现滑动轴承状态监测及故障诊断的关键技术。阐明了通过油膜压力识别油膜力的原理,以短轴承理论为基础给出了油膜力识别方程,从理论上研究了测点压力与油膜力之间的内在联系和相互转换的曲线,并讨论了识别技术成立的条件和限制,丰富了原理的内涵。以大型汽轮发电机组为例,对轴承油膜力识别的测点和相关技术问题进行了分析。     

由振动引起的螺栓连接预紧力松脱的数学模型

引入一种数学模型以研究螺纹连接在横向振动作用下引起的松脱.此横向振动激励会引起螺纹接触面间的滑动以及螺栓头与支撑表面之间的滑动.式中包括剪切力、支撑力以及螺纹摩擦阻力矩,它们均与振动速度相关,当所施加横向振动激励足够大时,螺纹连接会出现松脱现象.本文研究了螺栓预紧力、支撑力及螺纹摩擦系数、横向振动激励以及螺栓头下部弯矩...     

试验台约束对滑动轴承动特性识别精度的影响

在滑动轴承的动特性测试中,试验台参数对动特性测试精度有重要的影响。以某倒置式轴承动特性试验台为研究对象,基于轴承动力学正反问题,提出滑动轴承动特性系数识别精度的仿真评估方法,分析不同激振频率时试验台约束参数对轴承动特性系数识别精度的影响规律,并对激振频率和约束参数的取值范围进行优选。结果表明：在较低激振频率的条件下,当约束刚度和约束阻尼取值较小时,动特性系数的识别精度受测试误差的影响不大,随着约束刚度和约束阻尼取值增大到一定值,动特性系数的识别精度受测试误差的影响迅速增大。针对研究的试验台,选择激振频率在30~300 Hz之间,选择试验台约束刚度小于试验轴承刚度的0.3%,试验台约束阻尼小于试验轴承阻尼的7%时,能够保证较好的轴承动特性系数的测试精度。     

单跨双圆盘不平衡转子-轴承系统的非线性动力学分析

根据30万kW发电机组模型试验台第一跨高中压转子的实际结构,考虑基于短轴承假设的非线性油膜力模型,建立了单跨双圆盘转子动力学模型。用数值方法进行了质量不平衡及油膜失稳条件下的动力学特性分析,得到系统稳态响应和分岔结果。讨论了非线性油膜的刚度特点。这些结果与试验基本一致。对转子-轴承系统的动态设计与故障诊断提供参考。     

油膜轴承锥套过盈装配过程中的压力分布及损伤

针对1580 PC热板带连轧机油膜轴承在装拆与使用过程中的锥套损伤问题,建立锥套装配的边界元力学模型及边界条件。利用三维弹塑性接触问题边界元法定量分析轧机油膜轴承锥套与轧辊辊颈过盈装配过程中的变形和载荷特性,通过设定不同加载模型的参数,对锥套装拆过程进行数值模拟。讨论油膜轴承偏载时锥套接触应力和变形对锥套与辊颈损伤的影响,得出装拆过程中不同胀型压力和轴向推力条件下的应力和应变变化规律,找出导致锥套损伤的根本原因,给出防止锥套与辊颈装配过程损伤的具体改进措施。利用制造出的两台轧机油膜轴承样机试验验证理论分析结果的正确性,并且找到油膜轴承损伤的根本原因。     

Non-contact electromagnetic exciter design with linear control method

A non-contact type force actuator is necessary for studying the dynamic performance of a high-speed spindle system owing to its high-speed operating conditions. A non-contact electromagnetic exciter is designed for identifying the dynamic coefficients of journal bearings in high-speed grinding spindles. A linear force control method is developed based on PID controller. The influence of amplitude and frequency of current, misalignment and rotational speed on magnetic field and excitation force is investigated based on two-dimensional finite element analysis. The electromagnetic excitation force is measured with the auxiliary coils and calibrated by load cells. The design is validated by the experimental results. Theoretical and experimental investigations show that the proposed design can accurately generate linear excitation force with sufficiently large amplitude and higher signal to noise ratio. Moreover, the fluctuations in force amplitude are reduced to a greater extent with the designed linear control method even when the air gap changes due to the rotor vibration at high-speed conditions. Besides, it is possible to apply various types of excitations: constant, synchronous, and non-synchronous excitation forces based on the proposed linear control method. This exciter can be used as linear-force exciting and controlling system for dynamic performance study of different high-speed rotor-bearing systems.     

Assessment of techniques for estimating oil-film bearing coefficients

In recent years methods have been developed for estimating oil-film stiffness and damping coefficients based upon techniques drawn from the field of control engineering. The stage has been reached where these new methods need to be evaluated, in relation to more traditional approaches as a prelude to future developments. That is the purpose of this paper.Experiments performed on a squeeze-film bearing rig are used to explain the new methods. Some current trends are described; in particular, an approach is outlined for estimating oil-film coefficients from operational data without introducing a test signal.     

适用于参数识别的一种非线性油膜力表达式

基于求解非线性方程的摄动法思想,将油膜力沿轴心轨迹展开成小参数的三阶多次项的形式,用最小二乘回归方法求得动态系数。通过仿真比较非线性非稳态油膜力、线性油膜力、三阶多项式油膜力三种模型下的不平衡响应,由计算结果知三阶多项式油膜力模型与非线性非稳态油膜力模型吻合较好。这种非线性油膜力的三次多项式模型可用于非线性转子轴承系统的参数识别和不平衡量识别。     

可倾瓦推力轴承系统的稳定性和失稳转速分析

以可倾瓦推力轴承系统为研究对象,建立了油膜厚度方程、瞬态压力方程、油膜力的Taylor级数展开式,推导出了油膜对镜板的作用力和油膜作用于可倾瓦块的力矩刚度和阻尼动力学系数。分析了系统的稳定性,根据失稳频率的概念,提出了求解系统失稳频率的一种新颖而又简单的方法,并据此求出了失稳转速。     

升降速过程中转子系统油膜失稳规律

以某悬臂转子-轴承系统为研究对象,基于有限元方法建立了转子-轴承系统动力学模型。通过时域图、三维谱图和幅频响应图得到了转子系统升降速过程中出现的油膜失稳特征,分析了不同角加速度值在升降速过程中对1阶和2阶油膜失稳规律的影响。研究发现:升降速过程中产生的切向惯性力会改变油膜失稳转速,与稳态情况(角加速度为零)相比,升降速情况下2阶油膜失稳转速有所延迟;升速过程中随着角加速度值的增大2阶油膜失稳转速略有增加、降速过程略有减小;降速过程与升速过程相比,出现明显的迟滞效应。