Effects of loading mode and water chemistry on stress corrosion crack growth behavior of 316L HAZ and weld metal materials in high temperature pure water

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) growth rates of 316L weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal materials in high temperature pure water at 288 °C were measured using contoured double cantilever beam (CDCB) specimens and an alternating current potential drop (ACPD) in situ crack-length monitoring system. The effects of loading mode and dissolved oxygen and hydrogen on crack growth rate (CGR) were experimentally quantified. Typical intergranular SCC was found in the HAZ specimen and interdendritic SCC was identified in the weld metal specimen. The HAZ specimen and the weld metal specimen showed quite a similar response to the applied loading modes and the water chemistry, even though their absolute CGR values were different. The crack growth rates under trapezoidal loading were moderately higher than those under constant loading by several tenths percent. Switching the water chemistry from the oxygen-bearing water to the hydrogen-bearing water drastically decreased the electrochemical potential and the crack growth rate, and vice versa. A time-lag period for crack growth was observed after switching the water chemistry back to the oxygen-bearing water, where the crack growth rate was low even the dissolved oxygen concentration and the electrochemical potential had become high. Strain hardening and the resultant uneven distribution of deformation contribute to the enhanced intergranular SCC growth behavior in the HAZ area. The crack growth kinetics is analyzed based on the deformation/oxidation interaction at the crack tip, considering the importance of the electric-charge transfer, mass transport kinetics and the crack tip strain rate.     

Effects of water chemistry and loading conditions on stress corrosion cracking of cold-rolled 316NG stainless steel in high temperature water

The effects of electrode potential, stress intensity factor and loading history on stress corrosion cracking growth of a cold-rolled 316NG stainless steel in 288 °C pure water were investigated. Crack branching and intergranular stress corrosion cracking along random grain boundaries were observed by electron-back scattering diffraction. A strong dependence of crack growth rate on stress intensity factor is observed. A single-cycle overloading produced a retarded transient cracking growth period. The mild inhibiting effect of decreasing electrode potential on crack growth of cold-rolled 316NG SS is analyzed based on the interaction between crack tip mechanics and crack tip oxidation kinetics.     

Fatigue crack growth behavior of laser-processed 304 stainless steel in air and gaseous hydrogen

Fatigue crack growth test was performed to evaluate fatigue behavior of 304 stainless steel specimens with or without laser processing (welding and surface treatment) in air and gaseous hydrogen. As the crack propagation normal to the laser welding or scan direction, the laser-processed specimens exhibited a higher resistance to crack growth in the low stress intensity factor range (ΔK) than the as-received steel plates regardless of testing environments. However, the marked retardation of crack growth behavior vanished for welded specimens subjected to a 850 °C/h stress relief treatment or with a shorter distance from notch tip to the weld centerline in the test.Fatigue-fractured appearance of the steel plate tested in air was composed of mainly transgranular fatigue fracture and some flat facets, along with a small amount of intergranular fracture. While quasi-cleavage fracture and few twin boundary separations were observed for the same specimen in hydrogen. On the other hand, the lower crack growth rate of laser-processed specimens in both air and hydrogen was accompanied with rubbed areas on the fracture surfaces. It was found that the extent of quasi-cleavage fracture was related to the formation of strain-induced martensite, which would contribute to an increased fatigue crack growth rate of all specimens in gaseous hydrogen.     

Tensile properties and fatigue crack propagation of solution-annealed and aged superaustenitic stainless steel

The effect of aging in air at 650°C for 100~1000 h on the tensile properties of superaustenitic stainless steel in the range RT-750°C and the fatigue crack growth behaviour at RT and 650°C was studied. Yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were almost the same between the as-received and the aged specimen. The fracture strain, however, decreased significantly from aging, and the fracture surface of the aged specimen at RT test was intergranular. The fatigue crack growth rate at RT is enhanced by aging at the high stress intensity factor range. This is due to the occurrence of an intergranular fracture in the aged specimen. At 650°C the fatigue crack growth behaviour of both the as-received and the aged specimen was almost same with no intergranular fracture.     

基于TPE-XGBoost算法的镍基600合金应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率预测模型

运行经验表明,应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)是镍基600合金在压水堆核电站一回路高温高压水环境中的主要失效形式。针对镍基600合金SCC影响因素多、机理复杂,现有预测模型应用性不高的问题,利用TPE-XGBoost算法,通过机器学习挖掘应力强度因子、温度、屈服强度、溶解氢含量、裂纹扩展方向、载荷类型、热处理工艺等影响因素与裂纹扩展速率之间的关系,建立反映多维数据关联关系的非参数镍基600合金应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率预测模型。结果表明,TPE-XGBoost算法可以实现高维度数据集超参数快速优化,且有效避免优化结果陷入局部最优解,使得预测模型具有良好的泛化能力,将应用于压水堆核电站镍基600合金部件反应堆冷却剂条件应力腐蚀裂纹扩展工程预测。     

不锈钢在循环扭转载荷下近门槛值的疲劳裂纹扩展行为

研究了带环状预裂纹不锈钢圆棒试样在循环扭转载荷下、门槛值附近的疲劳裂纹扩展行为,用应力强度因子表征了裂纹扩展开始的门槛值．随着裂纹的扩展,裂纹扩展速率由于裂纹面的滑移接触而减小．通过外插裂纹扩展速率与裂纹长度之间的关系,可近似得到裂纹长度为零时无裂纹面滑移接触影响的裂纹扩展速率．施加的应力强度因子范围可分解为推动裂纹扩展的有效值和由于裂纹面的滑移接触而屏蔽掉的两部分．预测了疲劳裂纹的萌生和断裂极限,预测值和实验值相当一致．     

The effect of prior deformation on stress corrosion cracking growth rates of Alloy 600 materials in a simulated pressurized water reactor primary water

The effect of prior deformation on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) growth rates of Alloy 600 materials in a simulated pressurized water reactor primary water environment is studied. The prior deformation was introduced by welding procedure or by cold working. Values of Vickers hardness in the Alloy 600 weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) and in the cold worked (CW) Alloy 600 materials are higher than that in the base metal. The significantly hardened area in the HAZ is within a distance of about 2-3 mm away from the fusion line. Electron backscatter diffraction (EPSD) results show significant amounts of plastic strain in the Alloy 600 HAZ and in the cold worked Alloy 600 materials. Stress corrosion cracking growth rate tests were performed in a simulated pressurized water reactor primary water environment. Extensive intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) was found in the Alloy 600 HAZ, 8% and 20% CW Alloy 600 specimens. The crack growth rate in the Alloy 600 HAZ is close to that in the 8% CW base metal, which is significantly lower than that in the 20% CW base metal, but much higher than that in the as-received base metal. Mixed intergranular and transgranular SCC was found in the 40% CW Alloy 600 specimen. The crack growth rate in the 40% CW Alloy 600 was lower than that in the 20% CW Alloy 600. The effect of hardening on crack growth rate can be related to the crack tip mechanics, the sub-microstructure (or subdivision of grain) after cross-rolling, and their interactions with the oxidation kinetics.     

Fatigue crack propagation in a low alloy steel in a de-aerated distilled water environment

A study has been made of corrosion fatigue in a 0.5Cr0.5Mo0.25V low alloy steel in a de-aerated distilled water environment at various test temperatures, using the change of specimen compliance with fatigue crack growth as a method of monitoring the crack length. The fatigue crack growth rates and fracture surfaces are compared with those obtained in a dry argon reference environment.The corrosion fatigue is shown to be controlled by a thermally activated process, with an apparent activaton energy independent of the crack tip stress intensity. The percentage of intergranular failure is correlated with the increase in the fatigue crack growth rate due to the aqueous environment.     

Simulation of crack growth during hydrostatic testing of pipeline steel in near-neutral pH environment

The objective of this investigation was to understand the role of crack dimension, hydrogen, room-temperature creep and loading procedure on crack growth during hydrostatic testing of pipeline steels in near-neutral pH aqueous soil environments. Crack growth was found during hydrotesting, but was not linearly related to the stress intensity factor at the crack tip. Crack growth is mainly driven through the internal-hydrogen-assisted-cracking mechanism, instead of the hydrogen-environmental-assisted-cracking mechanism. Excessive plastic deformation induced by room-temperature creep prior to hydrotesting reduces crack advance during hydrotesting. Lower loading rate generally induces larger crack growth by hydrostatic loading. More crack growth occurs during loading in high stress regime.     

GH2036高温合金平板裂纹闭合效应及裂纹扩展模型

为探明GH2036高温合金的低循环疲劳裂纹扩展机理,对GH2036高温合金平板在550℃、不同应力比下的低循环疲劳裂纹扩展特性进行了试验研究,采用数字图像相关(DIC)方法确定了GH2036高温合金的张开应力强度因子。结果表明,温度550℃、应力比大于0.7时GH2036高温合金无裂纹闭合现象,在此基础上建立了以残余裂尖张开位移、应力比为参量的GH2036高温合金裂纹闭合模型。而后,断口的SEM分析表明:随着应力比的增加,裂纹扩展区由穿晶断裂向沿晶断裂转化。最后,基于GH2036高温合金的裂纹闭合模型,建立了GH2036高温合金平板的低循环疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测方法,与试验数据吻合良好,验证了方法的准确性。     

Kinetics of stress corrosion crack propagation in AA 7039 using double cantilever beam specimens

Abstract

The kinetics of stress corrosion (SC) crack propagation in region II of the crack propagation rate versus stress intensity factor curve for AA 7039 has been studied as a function of temperature and sodium chloride concentration using double cantilever beam specimens. Stress corrosion cracking tests were carried out over the range 298–328K in solutions containing 0, 2, and 3·5 wt-%NaCI. Crack propagation rate increased with increasing chloride ion concentration and temperature. Activation energies for theSC crack propagation processes in region II were found to be 32 kJ mol^?1 in distilled water and 54 kJ mol^?1 in 2·0–3·5 wt-%NaCI solution respectively. The rate controlling steps for SC crack propagation are discussed in terms of anodic dissolution at the crack tip, ion transport within the crack tip solution, creep at the crack tip, and hydrogen diffusion within the metal. From the relation between SC crack propagation rate and stress intensity factor in region II, it is suggested that crack propagation is controlled by hydrogen transport within the metal in sodium chloride solutions, but by cation transport from the crack tip solution to the bulk solution in distilled water.     

The effect of iodine content and specimen orientation on stress corrosion crack growth rate in Zircaloy-4

The influence of specimen orientation, stress intensity factor (K_I), and iodine concentration on the iodine-induced stress corrosion cracking growth rates in Zircaloy-4 was investigated in iodized methanol solutions at ambient temperature. When K_I is lower than 20 MPa.m^1/2, the intergranular and mixed intergranular/transgranular crack propagation rates increase linearly with (K_I − K_I,th), K_I,th being the onset of propagation stress intensity factor. The increase in iodine content induces an increase of the crack growth rate for a given K_I, and a decrease of the K_I,th. The specimen orientation is a second order parameter. A crack propagation law, depending on iodine content, is proposed.     

铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展声发射监测

采用声发射(acoustic emission,AE)技术对7N01铝合金单边缺口三点弯曲试样不同应力比、不同峰值载荷下疲劳裂纹扩展过程中声发射信号进行了监测,建立了裂纹扩展速率、声发射计数(count)与应力强度因子之间的关系.结果表明,大部分的声发射信号主要产生于疲劳循环载荷的低应力阶段,这主要是低应力阶段的声发射活动主要与裂纹尖端的塑性变形和裂纹闭合现象有关,声发射计数与应力强度因子之间呈指数增长的关系.基于所建立的声发射计数率与裂纹扩展速率的关系,可以预测疲劳损伤结构的剩余寿命.     

Stress corrosion cracking of a low carbon ultra-high strength steel in humid environments

Discontinuous crack growth was observed in the stress corrosion cracking of SD 19 steel in aerated distilled water and several humid environments at 295K. Whereas additions of nitrogen or argon did not stop crack propagation in water vapour environments, crack growth in water vapour/oxygen mixtures depended on the water vapour and oxygen partial pressures, and the stress intensity to which the cracks were loaded. This behaviour is interpreted by a model which relates the cracking characteristics to the environmental conditions prevailing inside the crack. The role of hydrogen in the propagation of localized regions of crack front is also discussed.     

不均匀性对焊接接头应力腐蚀开裂的影响

通过试验，研究了模拟钢焊接接头的非均匀体在３．５％ＮａＣｌ溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂（ＳＣＣ）行为，讨论了力学不均匀性对应力腐蚀行为的影响规律，发现：（１）由于力学不均匀性的影响，由４３４０钢，１６Ｍｎ钢和Ａ３钢组成的不均匀体，其应力腐蚀裂纹的扩展速率ｄａ／ｄｔ│Ⅱ；（２）不均匀体发生ＳＣＣ的断口形貌为（沿晶＋少量撕裂纹）的混合型断口，应力强度因子Ｋ值较高或硬夹层较窄时，撕裂纹数量增加（３）１６Ｍｎ钢和     

A study of competitive anion adsorption at the tip of a crack in stress corrosion cracking of AI 27-1 alloy

A method to determine chloride ion concentration adsorbed at the tip of crack in stress corrosion cracking of AI27-1 aluminium alloy in chromic acid based solutions is discussed. The dependance of hydrogen permeability of passivating film at the tip of crack on the concentration of adsorbed chloride ions is the backbone of the method. Critical stress intensity factor, K_HE, and critical crack growth rate, V_cr data form an experimental base for the method and are a necessary prerequisite of hydrogen embrittlement as the main mechanism of cracking in stress corrosion conditions.     

划伤690TT合金在高温含氧水中应力腐蚀裂纹萌生的研究

利用划伤技术研究了690TT合金在325 ℃高温含氧硼锂水中的裂纹萌生和生长情况。试样表面和截面显微分析的结果表明,划伤沟槽底部局部萌生了典型的沿晶应力腐蚀裂纹。由于应力集中,在慢速率拉伸阶段划伤沟槽底部产生了机械裂纹,而机械裂纹成为恒载过程中690TT合金沿晶应力腐蚀裂纹萌生和生长的先导。尖端非常接近晶界或者沿着晶界的机械裂纹可继续形成沿晶应力腐蚀裂纹。690TT合金在恒载荷条件下对应力腐蚀开裂仍有一定的敏感性。     

氢扩散与裂纹尖端应力场耦合效应的有限元分析

目的研究氢鼓包形成过程中应力诱导下氢原子的扩散聚集行为,并考虑氢原子扩散聚集后对裂纹尖端区域应力场的影响,探究裂纹尖端区域氢浓度、氢气压强、应力强度因子随时间的演化历程。方法采用有限元软件ABAQUS,通过一个完全耦合分析,探究氢扩散与裂纹尖端区域应力场相互影响的动态过程。借助于断裂力学中的裂纹扩展判据判定氢鼓包是否会继续向前扩展。结果在应力诱导作用下,氢原子源源不断地向裂纹尖端高应力区域聚集,裂纹尖端区域的氢浓度、氢压、应力强度因子随时间呈指数型增长。结论在浓度梯度作用下,氢原子会向材料内部扩散。氢压引起的应力场会促进氢原子的扩散聚集行为,且应力场越大,促进作用越明显,使得缺陷处的氢浓度不断增大,氢压也就越来越大。当应力强度因子达到裂纹起裂的临界值时,就会导致开裂,形成氢鼓包,如此循环往复,直至氢鼓包开裂。     

A7N01铝合金复合加载下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为

利用CTS试样,研究了A7N01P-T4铝合金母材在I-II型复合加载下,不同加载角度时疲劳裂纹的扩展行为,利用有限元数值计算复合加载下裂纹尖端的应力强度因子(SIF, stress intensity factor)得到了加载角度与裂纹开裂方向的关系,并与由最大周向应力准则导出的关系进行了对比,二者吻合良好;根据疲劳试验和有限元计算的结果,并引入当量应力强度因子,分析了不同加载角下疲劳裂纹的扩展速率. 结果表明,经当量化处理后,各加载角下的裂纹扩展速率曲线基本重合,并且满足Paris公式.     

Anisotropic stress corrosion cracking behaviour of prestressing steel

This paper evaluates the anisotropic stress corrosion cracking behaviour of high-strength prestressing steel wires. To this end, two eutectoid steels in the form of hot rolled bar and cold drawn wire were subjected to stress corrosion cracking tests in aqueous environments using a constant strain technique and precracked three point bend specimens to measure the crack growth rate da/dt as a function of the stress intensity factor K_I under hydrogen embrittlement environmental conditions (pH = 12.5 E = − 1200 mV SCE). While the hot rolled bar presents an isotropic stress corrosion cracking behaviour associated with mode I crack growth, the cold drawn wire exhibits a change in crack propagation direction approaching that of the wire axis (cold drawing direction) and producing mixed mode crack growth. This anisotropic stress corrosion cracking behaviour is a consequence of manufacturing, since cold drawing affects the microstructure of the material and produces a preferential orientation of the pearlite lamellae aligned parallel to the wire axis. The differences of crack growth rate as a function of the crack propagation direction are discussed.