预拉伸条件下铝合金筒体焊接残余应力和变形的数值模拟

利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,分别对施加及不施加拉伸应力的铝合金筒体环焊缝对接焊接过程中的应力场及变形进行了模拟分析。计算结果表明:预拉伸焊接可以有效减小铝合金薄板的焊后残余应力和变形。当预拉伸应力为材料屈服强度的90%时,焊缝残余应力较无预拉伸的降低近52%,同时,铝合金筒体焊接残余变形也大幅减小。     

船用高强钢薄板焊接成形研究

探究了不同焊接工艺对3 mm船用高强钢薄板焊接成形质量的影响.结果表明:3 mm对接试板经不同方法焊接后均呈马鞍形变化.焊条电弧焊和手工气保焊焊接的试板变形严重,且两者变形量和残余应力基本相当,药芯焊丝CMT(cold metal transfer)自动焊接试板的焊缝内部存在夹渣缺陷.利用实心焊丝CMT自动焊接试板的焊缝均匀、内部无缺陷,焊缝中心残余应力明显降低,其变形量平均值比焊条电弧焊减小37.8%,且线能量仅为焊条电弧焊的22.4%.焊接试板变形量与其线能量大小的变化趋势一致.     

铝合金加筋壁板搅拌摩擦焊接残余应力及变形分析

目的对民机用铝合金加筋壁板搅拌摩擦焊接残余应力及变形进行研究。方法采用热-力耦合数值模拟方法,分析民机用铝合金加筋壁板搅拌摩擦焊接过程,分别模拟了采用3种焊接顺序进行蒙皮-长桁焊接时,壁板温度场分布规律及焊后残余应力及变形情况。结果铝合金壁板搅拌摩擦焊接后,沿焊缝方向残余应力为拉应力,由此导致长桁及与其连接的蒙皮产生向上的挠曲变形,垂直焊缝方向,焊缝两侧的壁板向上翘曲。结论对于3种焊接顺序,采用"先两侧、后中心"由外向里的焊接顺序,得到的壁板残余变形最小。     

随焊旋转冲击控制焊接变形新方法

提出了旋转冲击控制应力变形的新方法,并研制了一套旋转冲击装置.工作时通过电锤带动装配在其上的压杆施加旋转冲击作用于焊缝及焊趾部位,使其延展产生拉伸塑性应变来抵消焊接过程产生的残余压缩塑性应变,从而有效的控制了工件的焊接变形.应用所研制的装置,对2A12T4铝合金进行控制焊接变形的试验,发现旋转冲击可以起到减小焊后工件中残余变形、细化焊缝晶粒、提高强度的作用.     

焊接参数对TC4薄板焊接过程的影响

目的 揭示焊接参数对TC4薄板焊接过程中温度场、位移场及应力场的影响规律。方法 基于有限元（FEM）模拟方法,运用Fortran语言对焊接热源及焊接参数进行定义,以模拟不同焊接参数下TC4薄板的TIG对接焊过程。结果 在稳弧阶段,温度场为一组以焊接方向为长轴的椭圆,且存在温度梯度,随着焊接速度的增大,温度场峰值、温度场温度梯度、熔池宽度和熔池体积逐渐减小,而焊接效率和焊接电流对温度场的影响与焊接速度刚好相反;随着焊接速度的增大,薄板最大变形量逐渐减小,焊接角变形及挠度变形逐渐得到改善,而焊接效率和焊接电流对位移场的影响与焊接速度刚好相反。在稳弧阶段,焊缝位置的残余应力为拉应力,两侧为压应力,随着焊接速度和焊接电流的增大,纵向残余拉应力逐渐增大,焊缝处高应力集中区的宽度逐渐减小,而焊接效率对应力场的影响与焊接速度刚好相反。在高焊接速度、中等焊接效率、低焊接电流参数条件下,可获得熔池体积小及熔池宽度窄的焊缝,有利于减小焊后残余应力与变形。结论 上述研究结果可为TC4薄板的焊接过程提供一定的理论指导。     

冷-热源辅助对FSW残余应力影响的数值模拟

目的采用焊接中施加冷热源辅助的方式对焊接应力进行控制,以减小焊后残余应力。方法采用热机耦合数值模拟的方式对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程进行仿真,研究采用焊缝两侧加热且底部激冷的温差拉伸辅助工艺降低残余应力的效果。结果与常规工艺相比,温差拉伸时焊缝附近区域的温度梯度明显减小,焊缝区域温度峰值降低了75.3℃;搅拌头后方形成一个焊缝两侧温度高中间温度低的马鞍形温度场。两种工艺下的纵向残余应力峰值均位于焊缝边缘;相比于常规工艺,温差拉伸工艺下的残余应力峰值降低了23.4%。结论冷热源辅助可以有效减小搅拌摩擦焊接头的残余应力峰值。     

考虑夹持影响的铝合金板拉伸模拟及试验

为了优化铝合金预拉伸板拉伸过程中的工艺参数,对7075铝合金板淬火过程进行直接热力耦合数值模拟,在获得淬火残余应力分布规律的基础上开展考虑夹钳制约作用时铝合金拉伸过程数值模拟,研究了不同拉伸率时其残余应力消除效果,得出在夹钳制约作用下铝合金板材拉伸后变形3个区域--夹持区、过渡区和均匀区.采用盲孔法对夹持作用下铝合金板...     

铝合金氩弧焊与搅拌摩擦焊残余应力对比分析

铝合金材料由于其重量轻、耐腐蚀等优点被广泛应用于石油海洋工程中。铝合金的焊接及焊接接头的性能,备受关注。不同的焊接方法和焊接工艺产生的焊接残余应力对接头的疲劳寿命影响极大。以氩弧焊和搅拌摩擦焊工艺,选用不同的铝合金材料,采用小盲孔法测试焊接残余应力。比较了两种焊接方法、工艺所产生的接头焊接残余应力值,为今后铝合金焊接接头中,疲劳性能的计算提供初步的数据。试验结果表明,在铝合金的氩弧焊和搅拌摩擦焊对接接头中,残余应力的最大值均出现在焊缝中心到热影响区的范围内,随着与焊缝中心距离的增加,残余应力的数值逐渐减小。     

TC4钛合金激光焊接应力变形有限元分析

基于ANSYS有限元分析软件,采用三维移动热源,对TC4钛合金激光焊接残余应力和变形进行了数值模拟和实验研究.结果表明:钛合金激光焊接产生很大的纵向残余应力,而横向残余应力较小.激光焊接线能量增加时,纵向残余应力拉伸区域变宽,峰值应力降低;而横向残余应力随线能量的增加而升高.在临界焊透规范以上焊接时,随焊接线能量的增大,角变形随之而减小,而横向收缩变形增大.焊件被完全穿透时,线能量对角变形的影响作用降低.钛合金激光焊接变形和残余应力实验结果与数值计算结果吻合性较好.通过焊缝金相实验分析了焊接残余应力和变形与线能量的内在关系.     

6061-T6铝合金中厚板-节点套多层多道焊数值模拟

为研究铝合金中厚板-节点套接头在多层多道焊后的残余应力和变形分布,本文基于ABAQUS软件建立了该接头三维有限元模型,采用双椭球热源、生死单元法以及顺序耦合法,对6061-T6铝合金中厚板-节点套多层多道焊进行数值模拟,并分析了接头的温度场,以及在夹具约束下的焊接残余应力及变形的分布情况。研究结果表明:数值模拟与实际接头的熔池形状吻合度较高;摆动焊接过程中温度曲线呈多峰结构;焊件的升温速率明显大于冷却速率,且冷却速率随时间逐渐减小;焊接残余应力主要集中在焊缝及夹具区域,且小于6061-T6铝合金在室温下的屈服强度;接头的最大横向残余应力为129.9 MPa,中厚板上的横向残余应力大于节点套上的横向残余应力;接头的最大纵向残余应力为132.9 MPa,沿焊接方向,焊缝处的纵向残余应力呈山峰状分布;该接头在Y轴方向上的变形最大,为1.494 mm,该接头的最终变形结果为上凸变形。     

Numerical simulation on bucking distortion of aluminum alloy thin-plate weldment

In this paper, the welding residual distortion of aluminum alloy thin plates is predicted using the elasticity-plasticity finite element method (FEM). The factors contributing to the welding buckling distortion of thin plates are studied by investigating the formation and evolution process of welding stresses. Results of experiments and numerical simulations show that the buckling appearance of thin-plate aluminum alloy weldments is asymmetrical in the welding length direction, and the maximum longitudinal deflection appears at the position a certain distance from the middle point of the side edge towards the arc-starting end. The angular deformation direction of thin-plate weldments is not fixed, and such case as the angular deformation value of the arc-starting end being higher than that of the arc-blowout end exists.     

铝合金薄板焊件旋转挤压矫形研究

从焊接残余变形的产生机理出发,提出了能够矫正薄板焊件残余变形的旋转挤压法,并阐述了该法的工作原理及其控制焊接变形的机理.利用由铣床改造的试验装置对旋转挤压工艺进行了研究.试验结果表明,旋转挤压法能够显著降低2A12T4铝合金薄板的焊接残余变形,选择适当的工艺参数,该方法能将焊接残余变形控制在常规焊接状态的3%以下.旋转挤压控制焊接变形的效果与一些工艺参数有关,保持其它参数不变,工件的行走速度越慢,焊件的残余变形越小.另外,只有当焊缝和近缝区金属均能被挤压头充分延展时,才能取得良好的焊接变形控制效果.     

机械挤压矫正焊接变形的模拟与试验研究

利用自制的夹具对机械挤压矫正薄板焊接变形的效果进行了试验研究.采用有限元分析方法对常规焊件和机械挤压焊件的应力应变场及残余变形进行了模拟.试验和模拟结果均表明,对焊件施加平行于焊缝方向的纵向挤压力能够有效矫正薄板焊件的失稳变形.在适当的挤压力下,在远离焊缝的区域产生了纵向压缩塑性应变,而焊缝区由焊接过程导致的塑性应变值没有发生变化.机械挤压法能够降低薄板焊件焊缝区的纵向拉应力水平是其能够矫正焊接失稳变形的原因.     

Predicting residual distortion of aluminum alloy stiffened sheet after friction stir welding by numerical simulation

Friction stir welding (FSW) has been widely applied in aluminum alloy manufacturing with its advantages of low residual stress and small deformation. But some FSW cases indicated that the residual distortion was still significant if a large size sheet be welded. In order to reduce the residual distortion of large aluminum alloy sheet after FSW, a general method adopted in this paper was that some stiffeners were designed on the sheet before it be welded. The process of FS-welded structure (sheet with stiffeners) was numerically simulated by finite element analysis (FEA) method. Based on the numerical simulation, the residual distortion of the structure was predicted and the effect of stiffeners was investigated. First, a three-dimensional FEA model was developed to analyze the welding process on a sheet, and the simulation results were verified by FSW experiments. Then, the verified model was applied on structure to compute residual distortion. The prediction displayed that the distortion pattern of structure was convex in longitudinal direction and concave in transversal direction after FSW. In simulation results, the distortion shape of structure was similar to that of sheet, but the distortion value of structure was much smaller. The comparison of simulation results showed that the residual plastic strain generated by FSW on the sheet and the structure was nearly the same, so the part of distortion which was reduced by stiffeners was the distortion induced by buckling.     

Numerical analysis of residual stresses in welds of similar or dissimilar steel weldments under superimposed tensile loads

This paper presented the characteristics of residual stresses in welds of similar or dissimilar steel weldments by carrying out three-dimensional (3-D) thermal elastic–plastic finite element (FE) analyses. Moreover, residual stress behavior in welds of the weldments under superimposed tensile loads was further investigated. The materials used in this investigation were SM400, SM490, SM520 and SM570, widely used structural steels in welded structure. Results show that the maximum longitudinal residual stresses in welds of the similar steel weldments increase with increasing yield stress of the steel welded (SM400 < SM490 < SM520 < SM570). When tensile loads are superimposed to edges of the weldments, the maximum longitudinal residual stresses are increased to a higher value. In case of the dissimilar steel weldments, the difference between the longitudinal residual stresses in welds increases with increasing yield stress of the steel welded together with SM400 (SM490 < SM520 < SM570). When tensile loads are superimposed to edges of the weldments, same pattern is noted for the longitudinal stresses in welds and the difference is almost the same as that between the longitudinal residual stresses in welds.     

Influences of heat source model on welding residual stress and distortion in a multi-pass J-groove joint

Welding mechanical behaviors including residual stress and distortion are highly non-linear phenomena in nature. When numerical simulation methods such as thermal elastic plastic finite element method (FEM) are used to quantitatively predict welding residual stress and distortion, a long computational time is required especially for multi-pass joints. In real engineering structures, many weldments have large dimensions and complex shapes, and they are usually assembled by a multi-pass welding process. Therefore, it is necessary to develop time-effective computational approaches for practice engineering analysis. In this study, a method based on variable length heat sources was proposed for the analysis of thermo-mechanical behaviors for multi-pass joints. The welding residual stress field in a dissimilar metal J-groove joint with axis-symmetric geometrical shape, which was performed by a semi-circle balanced welding process, was investigated using the proposed method. The simulation results were compared with the measured data as well as the simulation results computed by a moving heat source. Meanwhile, the instantaneous line heat source was also employed to estimate the welding residual stresses in the same joint in an extreme case. The influences of heat source model (type) on welding residual stress and distortion were discussed.     

Distortion Analysis of Single V-groove Butt Welding on Heat Treatable Aluminum Alloys

In this study we conducted single V-groove butt welding (GTAW) on three types of heat treatable aluminum alloys 2024-T351, 6061-T6 and 7075-T6 and compared the angular distortion levels of the three aluminum alloys at different Vee preparation angles with or without restraint. Experimental results demonstrated that when the Vee preparation angle was 0° (I-shaped groove), the angular distortion level of the restrained weldment can exceed that of the unrestrained weldments. Moreover, when the Vee preparation angle was 45°, 60° or 90°, the restrained weldment had lower angular distortion than the unrestrained weldments. The single Vee preparation angle (amount of filler metal) in butt welding affected the angular distortion of the weldment. Without restraint, the angular distortion tended to increase with the single Vee preparation angle. Meanwhile, the angular distortion tended to decrease when the single Vee preparation angle was 60°. Additionally, a restrained weldment had high angular distortion when the single Vee preparation angle was 0°. Notably, the angular distortion tended to reduce with increasing single Vee preparation angle. The angular distortion of the weldment was minimized at an angle of 60°. However, the angular distortion increased when the Vee preparation angle exceeded 60°. The high-temperature yield strength of a material also affected its angular distortion. Angular distortion increased with high-temperature yield strength. Experimental results also showed that, from the strongest to the weakest, the high-temperature yield strength of the three types of aluminum alloys followed the order 6061-T6 and 2024-T351>7075-T6.     

Prediction of residual stresses in welds of similar and dissimilar steel weldments

The fabrication of structural member using dissimilar steels renders steel structures lighter and more economical. However, it always involves welding process and produces different residual stresses in welds as compared with welding of similar steels. This paper presents the characteristics of residual stresses in welds of similar and dissimilar steel weldments by carrying out three-dimensional (3-D) thermal elastic-plastic finite element (FE) analysis. The materials used in this investigation were SM400, SM490, SM520 and SM570, widely used structural steels in welded structure. Results show that the maximum longitudinal residual stresses in welds of the similar steel weldments increase with increasing yield stress of the steel welded (SM400 < SM490 < SM520 < SM570). In case of the dissimilar steel weldments, the difference between the longitudinal residual stresses in welds increases with increasing yield stress of the steel welded together with SM400 (SM490 < SM520 < SM570).