辽浑太河流域农业灌溉期水平衡测试研究

文章总结了辽浑太河流域连续4年开展的农业灌溉期水平衡测试研究,通过监视水库放水、支流来水、河道引排水情况,及研究灌溉期河道各种水源的量质变化过程,使河道上下游引用水更加科学、减少了河道水量损失,控制了水质和下游海水回灌。     

尼罗河西三角洲地区农业灌溉的启示

通过阐述尼罗河西三角洲地区农业灌溉现状、存在问题,和埃及现有地表水资源管理利用现状,分析了埃及灌溉用水量的确定方法,和其灌溉工程建设与管护机制,总结了埃及在农场化管理与发展、政府对地下水资源的保护、高标准灌溉工程建设等方面值得我国政府借鉴的经验做法。     

Effect of irrigation water quality on organic matter, Cd and Cu mobility in soils of Central Mexico.

Untreated wastewater has been used for irrigation since 1912 at the Irrigation District 03, Central Mexico. Accumulated heavy metals are dominantly bound to the organic soil fraction. In a field study we evaluated the effect of wastewater irrigation on the quality of soil organic matter and the amount of water extractable Cu and Cd. In a column experiment we tested if water treatment affects the leaching of both metals and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) out of soils that have been irrigated for more than 90 years with untreated wastewater. The field study shows that long term irrigation increases the mineralizable carbon fraction and the DOC concentrations. The water extractable Cu and Cd concentrations also increase and correlate with DOC. In the column leachates the Cu concentrations also correlate with DOC, the Cd concentrations correlate with the sum of cations, chloride and DOC concentrations. Water treatment reduced Cd leaching, but it did have no substantial effect on Cu leaching.     

Differentiation of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) from natural organic matter (NOM) using multiple analytical techniques.

Using three analytical techniques of size exclusion chromatography (SEC), fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM), and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) measurement, differentiating characteristics of effluent organic matter (EfOM) from natural organic matter (NOM) have been investigated. SEC reveals a wide range of molecular weight (MW) for EfOM and high amount of high MW polysaccharides, and low MW organic acids compared to NOM. Clear protein-like peaks using fluorescence EEM were a major feature of EfOM distinguishing it from NOM. Fluorescence index (FI), an indicator to distinguish autochthonous origin from allochthonous origin, differentiated EfOM from NOM by exhibiting higher values, indicating a microbial origin. In EfOM samples, DON present in higher amounts than NOM.     

农业灌溉经济风险的制度分析

以安徽省合肥市长丰县杜集水库灌区管理体制为例，并结合该灌区内典型用水农户，从效益与风险、现有灌溉制度效率、水资源配置的制度创新等方面进行了分析。     

彰武县水资源与农业灌溉

彰武县水资源总量少,为５．３５亿ｍ３,开发量较低,为１．７１亿ｍ３,具有一定的开发利用潜力。在采用先进灌溉技术和水资源科学管理的条件下,至２０５０年水浇地面积可达到５．３４万ｈｍ２,农业生产条件将得到很大的改善。     

灌区农业水价成本补偿机制探究

针对宝鸡峡灌区农业供水价格政策性亏损问题,以近10年来供水成本与农产品价格指数上涨、政府水价调整比例、农业供水的特性、地位和作用、价格承受力等因素为基础,结合当前水管单位体制改革情况进行了综合分析,提出了建立灌区农业供水成本补偿机制的建议,供农业供水价格决策部门参考。     

杭州市节水型农业灌溉的发展思路

根据杭州市节水型农业的发展现状，结合该市的实际情况，提出几种推广节水型灌溉技术以及促进节水灌溉可持续发展的对策。     

双山灌区农业供水计量的应用研究

完善农业供用水计量体系建设,是农业水价综合改革的基础性工作.本文通过介绍江西灌区计量设施建设现状及应用等,分析江西省农业供水计量体系存在的问题.以双山灌区作为典型案例,提出灌区供水计量设施的选型及布局,为江西灌区在农业水价综合改革中供水计量设施的选择和应用提供建议.     

洮北区农业灌溉的实践与思考

本文概括地阐述了洮北区的自然地理特点及其发展农业灌溉的必要性,从几方面揭示了当前灌溉存在的主要问题,并且有针对性地提出了对策及建议。     

Fate of effluent organic matter (EfOM) and natural organic matter (NOM) through riverbank filtration.

Understanding the fate of effluent organic matter (EfOM) and natural organic matter (NOM) through riverbank filtration is essential to assess the impact of wastewater effluent on the post treatment requirements of riverbank filtrates. Furthermore, their fate during drinking water treatment can significantly determine the process design. The objective of this study was to characterise bulk organic matter which consists of EfOM and NOM during riverbank filtration using a suite of innovative analytical tools. Wastewater effluent-derived surface water and surface water were used as source waters in experiments with soil columns. Results showed the preferential removal of non-humic substances (i.e. biopolymers) from wastewater effluent-derived surface water. The bulk organic matter characteristics of wastewater effluent-derived surface water and surface water were similar after 5 m soil passage in laboratory column experiment. Humic-like organic matter in surface water and wastewater effluent-derived surface water persisted through the soil passage. More than 50% of total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal with significant reduction of dissolved oxygen (DO) was observed in the top 50 cm of the soil columns for both surface water and wastewater effluent-derived surface water. This was due to biodegradation by soil biomass which was determined by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations and heterotrophic plate counts. High concentrations of ATP in the first few centimeters of infiltration surface reflect the highest microbial activity which correlates with the extent of DOC reduction. Good correlation of DOC removal with DO and biomass development was observed in the soil columns.     

江西省灌区内农业灌溉配水到户方法研究

借鉴国内外有关水权及水量分配方面的研究成果,分析江西省灌区现状及存在的问题,重点分析目前江西省农业灌溉配水到户的难点,在此基础上研究适合江西省农业灌溉配水到户的技术路线及方法.为探索南方灌区的水资源合理分配方式提供依据和方法.     

平谷区农业节水灌溉发展模式探讨

通过分析平谷区农业节水灌溉的现状,找出平谷区在节水灌溉方面存在的水量计量、重建轻管等八方面的问题,并提出了相应的解决方案,为平谷区农业节水灌溉事业发展、农民增收与构建和谐社会探索出了一条切实可行之路。     

广西横县农业灌溉存在问题与对策

针对广西横县农村水利灌溉现状及存在问题,指出横县必须调整农业产业结构,发展节水农业;在搞好水利工程维护,提高水的利用率的同时,采取合理调水、因地制宜配水、改革灌溉制度、加强节水新技术推广应用等对策。     

浙江省农业灌溉用水定额编制方法简介

根据浙江省的自然地理及农业灌溉用水的特点,对全省按6个区域进行农业灌溉用水定额的编制.对浙江省农业灌溉用水定额的区域划分、编制方法及编制依据等作了介绍.对该定额编制的合理性进行了分析.分析表明,双季水稻和单季水稻的灌溉用水定额由于直接利用试验站资料进行编制,因此其用水定额是合理而可靠的;经济作物的灌溉用水定额由于采用以理论分析为主,并用实际观测值进行验证.因此其用水定额也是合理而可靠的;作物实际需水量由于采用彭曼一蒙特斯方法进行估算,并经浙江省的实例验证,其定额也较合理可靠.     

辽浑太河灌溉期水污染变化趋势预测

文中主要研究了辽浑太河灌溉期水污染变化趋势预测,研究结果表明,灌溉期水库供水时,河流水质变化规律为供水初期水质恶化,而后水质逐渐好转并趋于稳定.2006年农业灌溉期水库应实施"先冲污后供水"的水库供水运行调度模式,结合必要的水污染控制措施,可保障灌溉期供水的水质安全.     

Sterols: a tracer of organic matter in combined sewers.

The important organic pollution of combined wet weather flows (WWF), its acute impact on receiving waters have been widely demonstrated. The main three possibly origins for this organic pollution are: runoff water (streets and roofs), wastewater and erosion of sewer sediments in combined sewer system. This work, for tracing the origin of organic particles bound in combined sewer system, has been focused on the innovative use of sterols. So, eight sterols have been selected and analysed for each kind of sample. Results are represented in contents of sterols (microg g(-1)) and in sterol profiles (%).The comparison of contents and profiles leads the separation between two groups: runoff water, characterized by the total absence of coprostanol, epicoprostanol and coprostanone, and the group of sewer deposits (gross bed sediment (GBS), organic layer (OL), biofilms) and wastewater. Moreover, sewer deposits and wastewater can be distinguished by their sterol contents and profiles. To evaluate their contribution to WWF a comparison between sterol signatures is done which shows that these effluents have a strong similarity in profiles and in contents of sterols to the organic layer.     

前郭灌区节水改造工程削减农田面源污染物COD效果分析

水田退水携带的COD是河湖水体的重要面源污染物之一。经过对前郭灌区典型水田、地下潜水、排水干渠水体中COD的监测,并对近两年大规模开展的节水改造工程效果进行了分析,认为水田COD主要是通过地表径流和垂直渗漏两个方式迁移,其中退水导致的地表迁移占较大比例;节水改造工程减少了地表退水量,削减COD的效果较显著,削减率与在排水干渠实测的数据基本吻合,表明节水灌溉工程也是削减农田面源污染物COD的有效方式和可靠手段。     

Appraisal and optimization of agricultural water use in large irrigation schemes: I. Theory

A new approach on the functioning of an irrigation scheme has been presented. A mathematical representation of the irrigation system based on measured system properties, such as losses due to percolation and to poor management, in only a part of the system is used. This mathematical representation is termed an equivalent irrigation network. The merit of this approach is that it reduces the number of required streamflow measurements.When water amounts are measured for a number of paths in the irrigation network, so-called path efficiencies are obtained. The path efficiency is a measure of the amount of water lost along the way. The numerical model that simulates the operation of the irrigation system is based on the path efficiencies. This simulation model in turn is used to calculate different objective functions, corresponding with different optimization goals, like uniform water distribution, minimum groundwater extraction, minimum cost of water supply.This paper gives the theoretical background of the approach. The application to an actual irrigation scheme will be discussed in a second paper.