Investigation of strength of carbon-carbon composite materials at temperatures from 293 to 3300 K under high-rate heating

The paper presents the results of the investigation into the influence of temperatures from 293 to 3300 K on the strength of carbon-carbon composite materials in tension and in compression. The character of specimen fracture is studied in the temperature range from 293 to 3300 K. It is shown that qualitatively similar changes in the material strength are observed both in tension and in compression.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 1, pp. 136–143, January–February, 2005.     

A machine and method for strength tests of composite materials at temperatures up to 3300 K

A machine for tension, compression, and bend testing of carbon-carbon composite materials at temperatures up to 3300 K in vacuum, air, and an inert atmosphere is described. Mechanical design solutions providing a uniform temperature field in the volume of the specimen, methods of measurement of strain and temperature with increased accuracy, and a plan of automation of the experiment are given.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 9, pp. 86–90, September, 1994.     

Apparatus for the torsional testing of composition materials at temperatures to 3300 K

The shear strength of composition materials is investigated. An apparatus for the acquisition of shear characteristics under torsion to 3300 K in a vacuum and inert medium is described.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 1, pp. 87–88, January, 1992.     

短纤维增强发泡橡胶复合材料高低温拉伸性能

为开发新型耐高温和耐低温材料提供理论依据,对同一发泡率、不同纤维体积分数和同一纤维体积分数、不同发泡率的锦纶短纤维增强发泡橡胶复合材料(以下简称 SFRFRC)在213～398 K温度下的拉伸性能进行测试。结果表明：常温下,增大短纤维体积分数和减小发泡率均能提高材料的拉伸性能;在不同温度下,短纤维增强发泡橡胶复合材料的初始模量、断裂强度均随着温度的升高而减小,而断裂伸长率随着温度的升高先增大后减小,玻璃化转变温度在213～233 K之间。同时,短纤维的添加虽未改变SFRFRC的玻璃化转变温度,但使玻璃化转变温度范围变宽。温度为398 K时,SFRFRC的初始模量、断裂强度、断裂伸长率均达到最低值,这与橡胶的硫化温度有关,橡胶的硫化温度为423 K,越接近硫化温度,SFRFRC的拉伸性能就越差。     

短纤维增强发泡橡胶复合材料高低温压缩性能

为开发新型耐高温和耐低温材料提供理论依据,对同一发泡率、不同纤维体积分数和同一纤维体积分数、不同发泡率的锦纶短纤维增强发泡橡胶复合材料(SFRFRC)在213～398 K温度下的压缩性能进行测试。结果表明:在 213 K时,SFRFRC的压缩性能发生明显变化,已经由高弹态转变为玻璃态,而玻璃化转变温度在213～233 K之间。纤维体积分数和发泡率均对SFRFRC的耐低温性能有很大影响。短纤维的添加和适当改变发泡率都明显改善了SFRFRC在低温下的压缩性能。在定160 N和5 mm条件下,同一发泡率、不同纤维体积分数的SFRFRC,压缩永久变形随着纤维体积分数的增加而呈指数下降;而5 %纤维体积分数、不同发泡率的SFRFRC,压缩永久变形随着发泡率的增大而增大。      

Determining the thermal resistance of laminated stacks at temperatures from 4 to 300‡K

The thermal resistance of flat laminated metallic and nonmetallic stacks and meshes was measured under vacuum at temperatures from 4 to 300K. The load limits at the maximum thermal resistance were also determined.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 675–680, April, 1973.     

Deformability of a SiCw/6061Al composite during high strain rate compression at elevated temperatures

The deformability of SiCw/6061Al composite during high strain rate compression has been investigated at elevated temperatures around the solidus of the matrix alloy. The results show that the maximum deformability was obtained at 580°C which is near the solidus of the matrix. Analysis of the results indicates that the composites deformed at 580°C have the largest strain rate sensitivity (m value) and the lowest threshold stress, both of which lead to the maximum deformability. Microstructure observation shows that microcracks were formed at the interfaces in the composites deformed at 540°C and 620°C, whereas, in the composite deformed at 580°C, microcracks were rarely found because of the low stress concentration at the interfaces due to the presence of a small amount of liquid. It is suggested that the presence of an adequate amount of liquid phase gives rise to the effective accommodation required for grain boundary sliding for the composite, and thus directly affects the deformability of SiCw/6061Al composite.     

Viscosity and thermal conductivity of alkali metal vapors at temperatures up to 2000 K

New experimental data were obtained on transport coefficients of alkali metals in gaseous phase at high temperatures and within the pressure range from about 10 to about 100 kPa: lithium—thermal conductivity, T= 1400–1800 K, and viscosity, T=1600–2000 K; sodium-viscosity, T= 1100–1500 K; and cesiumviscosity, T=900–1250 K. Viscosity of the alkali metal vapors has been measured using a stationary-technique viscometer with an annular gap. Thermal conductivity was measured by the method of the nonstationary monotonous heating. Experimental data were used as a basis for computing effective atomatom and atom-molecule collision cross section, the values obtained from data on viscosity being in good agreement with those derived from thermal conductivity data. In the case of lithium, the atom-atom cross sections yielded by experiments are fairly consistent with the results of calculations with exact formulae of kinetic theory on the basis of quantum-mechanical potential curves for atom-atom interactions. This has enabled the authors to compile consistent tables of viscosities and thermal conductivities for lithium in a gaseous phase within the temperature range from 800 to 2500 K and pressures from 0.5 to 800 kPa, including the saturation curve.     

Strength and ductility of Weldox 460 E steel at high strain rates, elevated temperatures and various stress triaxialities

Strength and ductility data at high strain rates for Weldox 460 E steel was obtained from tensile tests with axisymmetric specimens. The tests were performed in a Split Hopkinson Tension Bar and the initial temperature was varied between 100 and 500 °C. The combined effect of high strain rate, elevated temperature and stress triaxiality on the behaviour was studied by testing both smooth and pre-notched specimens. It was found that the influence of temperature on the stress-strain behaviour differs at high strain rates compared with quasi-static loading conditions. The true fracture strain depends considerably on the stress triaxiality, which is governed by the notch geometry, while the influence of strain rate and temperature is less clear. Numerical simulations with the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA were performed using a model of elasto-viscoplasticity and ductile damage, which is based on the constitutive relation and fracture criterion of Johnson and Cook. The numerical simulations compare reasonably well with the experiments with respect to strength and ductility for both smooth and notched specimens at elevated temperatures.     

High-temperature thermal conductivity of neon at temperatures up to 5000°K and argon up to 6000°K

We fit the experimental data on the thermal conductivity of neon at temperatures of T=600–5000°K and of argon for T=500–6000°K.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 473–481, March, 1981.     

Reference Viscosity of Argon at Low Density in the Temperature Range from 290 K to 680 K

An all-quartz oscillating-disk viscometer of very high precision was used to measure the temperature dependence of the viscosity of argon in the limit of zero density. The measurements were based on a single calibration value at 298.15 K, which was calculated theoretically using an accurate ab initio pair potential for argon and the kinetic theory of dilute gases. The uncertainty of the experimental data is conservatively estimated to be 0.15 % temperature increasing to 0.2 % 680 K. The new data, as well as viscosities determined in 2007 at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the range from 200 K to 400 K, agree excellently within ±0.1 % theoretically calculated viscosity of argon at zero density. On the contrary, the widely accepted viscosity data recommended by Kestin et al. (J Chem Phys 56:4119, 1972) deviate by as much as 0.9 %     

Isobaric thermal expansivities of binary mixtures ofn-Hexane with 1-hexanol at pressures from 0.1 to 350 MPa and at temperatures from 303 to 503 K

Isobaric thermal expansivities, α_p(p, T), of seven binary mixtures ofn-hexane with l-hexanol (0.0553, 0.1088, 0.2737, 0.2983, 0.4962, 0.6036, and 0.7455 mol fraction of l-hexanol) have been measured with a pressure-controlled scanning calorimeter over the pressure range from just above the saturation pressures to 350 MPa and at temperatures from 302.6 to 503.1 K. The low-temperature isotherms of α_p for particular mixtures observed with respect to the unique crossing point ofn-hexane isotherms reveal an association effect which is reduced when the temperature increases. The high-temperature isotherms of α_p are very similar to the isotherms of puren-hexane, especially for lower mole fractions ofn-hexanol. No known equation of state can reproduce these properties.     

A method of investigation of the strength properties of reinforcing elements of fiber composite materials at high temperatures

A method and also the clamps for testing fine fibers and wires at temperatures up to 3000 K are described. A feature of the method is that the specimen is heated indirectly by heat conducting elements in contact with it over the whole length and its temperature is determined from the temperature of these elements. Such a solution made it possible to significantly increase the accuracy and reliability of the experimental data and also to improve the linearity of the temperature field in the specimen gauge length.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 10, pp. 115–117, October, 1990.     

A Setup for Studying the Strength and Life of Composite Materials under Program Thermal and Mechanical Loading at Temperatures up to 3300 K

An updated test system for determining the strength and life of composite materials in tension, compression, and torsion at temperatures up to 3300 K in vacuum, an oxidizing or inert environment is proposed. Tests are carried out in a completely automatic mode with a possible assignment of essentially any program of loading and heating at a rate of up to 1000 deg/s.