大型水电机组自适应注入式定子接地保护研究

为了满足大型水电机组保护必须配备100%定子接地保护的要求,三峡水电站机组均配备了注入式定子接地保护。在应用过程中发现随着运行工况的变化,注入式定子接地保护接地电阻测量精度会发生变化,即在发电机静态试验过程中将补偿参数调整准确后,在动态试验时测量结果却发生了变化,在发电机升至额定电压后测量结果又会发生变化。为解决该问题,对注入式定子接地原理进行了分析研究,在对各项参数变化引起的误差展开分析的基础上,结合试验数据,找出了注入式定子接地保护在不同工况下测量误差大的原因,提出了自适应的注入式定子接地保护方案。目前,采用自适应的注入式定子接地保护已在三峡水电站机组保护中投入运行,其在停机和运行状态下均保证了定子接地电阻测量的准确性。     

注入式定子接地保护离线整定平台研究

发电机保护新投运前需对定子接地保护整定补偿参数,保证保护测量准确。补偿参数整定建立在模拟接地试验基础上,不断的重复接地试验,调整参数,直到测量准确,这种方法效率较低。为解决该问题,提高工作效率,本文对注入式定子接地保护原理进行研究和分析,找出了南瑞发变组保护中注入式定子接地保护测量接地电阻的方法,并对其进行仿真,通过试验,证明了仿真的正确性。在仿真正确的基础上,建立了注入式定子接地保护离线整定平台。通过做3次不同阻值的定子接地试验,即可整定出注入式定子接地保护的补偿参数,并通过试验证明了平台的实用性。     

超超临界机组发电机定子和转子接地保护方案

分析了传统发电机定子和转子接地保护应用在超超临界机组上的不足，在此基础上提出了更加完善的定子和转子接地保护方案，建议采用注入式定子接地保护和注入式转子接地保护原理，实现不受发电机运行工况影响的定转子绝缘检测。     

大型发电机20Hz电源注入式定子接地保护改进研究

20Hz电源注入式定子接地保护可以单独实现发电机定子绕组100%的保护范围,在停机和启机过程中也能检测出定子接地故障,由于注入式定子接地保护判据的不完备,此保护存在误动现象。结合实际运行情况,研究对20Hz注入式定子接地保护的闭锁条件和接地电阻低定值段进行改进。修改闭锁逻辑,将20Hz电源回路故障闭锁、20Hz电压采样监视值、20Hz电流采样监视值"或"条件后作为电源监视闭锁保护出口。接地电阻低定值段判据增加基波零序电压低定值,构成一个复合判据。改进后的判据避免了误动作停机对系统造成冲击,进一步提高了注入式定子接地保护的可靠性。     

注入式定子接地保护在向家坝水电站的应用与实践

向家坝水电厂发电机注入式定子接地保护在实际运行中多次发出报警信号,分析认为报警为误报警,其主要原因是相角补偿定值现场整定不够精确。通过现场整定试验确定新的整定值后,注入式定子接地保护的测量精度及测量域得到了很大的改善,目前运行情况良好。对注入式定子接地保护的现场整定试验进行了总结,重点分析了现场整定的难点与注意事项,并提出了改进建议。     

注入式发电机定子接地保护在构皮滩水电站600MW机组上的应用

介绍了构皮滩水电站600MW水电机组注入式定子接地保护方案的构成,分析了其保护原理及特点,就大型水电机组注入式定子接地保护的几项关键技术进行了阐述,结合实际模拟单相接地的试验数据,证明了该保护的准确性和可靠性。     

自适应20 Hz电源注入式定子接地保护

为了弥补定子接地100%保护的不足，引入了20 Hz电源注入式保护方案。传统的20 Hz电源注入式定子接地保护的动作方程的接地阻值整定值是固定的，经整定后它在保护装置运行时就不会发生变化。文中论述了这一传统的保护方案的不足，提出了新的自适应式保护方案。新方案能随发电机运行工况、故障时接地位置的不同以及定子接地电流所允许限值的大小，自适应地调整接地阻值整定值大小，无需人为整定，从而能保证在任何故障接地位置，只要接地点故障电流大于允许安全电流，新方案都能快速动作，提高了发电机的安全运行，拓宽了20 Hz电源注入式保护方案的灵活性，具有很高的理论和工程应用价值。     

注入式发电机定子接地保护在构皮滩水电站600MW机组上的应用

介绍了构皮滩水电站600MW水电机组注入式定子接地保护方案的构成,分析了其保护原理及特点,就大型水电机组注入式定子接地保护的几项关键技术进行了阐述,结合实际模拟单相接地的试验数据,证明了该保护的准确性和可靠性.     

注入式定子接地保护在大型水电机组上的应用分析

介绍龙滩水电站注入式定子接地保护方案的构成,分析了保护原理及特点,阐述了注入式定子接地保护的几项关键技术以及在工程实际应用中应注意的注意事项,综合考虑发电机中性点接地变实际参数对接地电阻计算的影响,结合在700 MW水电机组上实际模拟单相接地的试验数据,验证了方案的有效性和可靠性.     

注入式定子接地保护在金安桥600MW机组上的应用

阐述了大容量发电机定子接地保护的要求,描述了金安桥水力发电厂20 Hz电源注入式定子接地保护原理的构成,并详细介绍了注入式保护与传统的双频式定子接地保护相比较的优势;结合金安桥水电站的实际运行说明中性点接地变压器变比大小、接地变二次电阻值与定子单相接地保护灵敏度的相互配合的意义.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.