From DC Time-Dependent Thermal Plasma Generation to Suspension Plasma-Spraying Interactions

This paper proposes an original route for modeling the time-dependent behavior of a plasma jet issued from a DC plasma-spraying torch operating with various kinds of gas mixtures. The hydrodynamic interactions between this jet and a liquid jet for suspension plasma-spraying or a classical particle injection for the deposition of coatings are studied. In a first step, the classical plasma spraying process was explored using the FLUENT CFD code. Zirconia particles, defined as Lagrangian particles, were injected in an Ar/H₂ flow and their positions, kinetic and thermal states were compared with experimental results. The trend and intensity of the values demonstrated a rather good agreement. In a second step, the suspension plasma spraying was investigated with the AQUILON CFD to simulate interactions between the plasma and aqueous jets. An Ar/H₂ plasma flow was simulated with the Large Eddy Scale turbulence model assumption, in which a liquid jet had been introduced. The behavior observed during the first stage of the interactions between the two fluids corresponded to expectations.     

注塑过程的数值模拟

针对塑料熔体的特性建立数学模型，并根据实际情况对有限元模型进行简化：采用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS对注塑模的瞬态注塑过程进行数值模拟，得到塑料熔体在型腔中的速度分布和压力分布；通过不同工艺参数条件下的结果进行对照分析，可以对工艺参数做出合理的选择；实验表明，该数值模拟法确实能对塑料注射过程的参数进行优化，为设计塑料注射过程工艺参数提供了一种行之有效的途径。     

Numerical Study of Suspension Plasma Spraying

A numerical study of suspension plasma spraying is presented in the current work. The liquid suspension jet is replaced with a train of droplets containing the suspension particles injected into the plasma flow. Atomization, evaporation, and melting of different components are considered for droplets and particles as they travel toward the substrate. Effect of different parameters on particle conditions during flight and upon impact on the substrate is investigated. Initially, influence of the torch operating conditions such as inlet flow rate and power is studied. Additionally, effect of injector parameters like injection location, flow rate, and angle is examined. The model used in the current study takes high-temperature gradients and non-continuum effects into account. Moreover, the important effect of change in physical properties of suspension droplets as a result of evaporation is included in the model. These mainly include variations in heat transfer properties and viscosity. Utilizing this improved model, several test cases have been considered to better evaluate the effect of different parameters on the quality of particles during flight and upon impact on the substrate.     

Effective Parameters in Axial Injection Suspension Plasma Spray Process of Alumina-Zirconia Ceramics

Suspension plasma spray (SPS) is a novel process for producing nano-structured coatings with metastable phases using significantly smaller particles as compared to conventional thermal spraying. Considering the complexity of the system there is an extensive need to better understand the relationship between plasma spray conditions and resulting coating microstructure and defects. In this study, an alumina/8 wt.% yttria-stabilized zirconia was deposited by axial injection SPS process. The effects of principal deposition parameters on the microstructural features are evaluated using the Taguchi design of experiment. The microstructural features include microcracks, porosities, and deposition rate. To better understand the role of the spray parameters, in-flight particle characteristics, i.e., temperature and velocity were also measured. The role of the porosity in this multicomponent structure is studied as well. The results indicate that thermal diffusivity of the coatings, an important property for potential thermal barrier applications, is barely affected by the changes in porosity content.     

Numerical Analysis of Multicomponent Suspension Droplets in High-Velocity Flame Spray Process

The liquid feedstock or suspension as a different mixture of liquid fuel ethanol and water is numerically studied in high-velocity suspension flame spray (HVSFS) process, and the results are compared for homogenous liquid feedstock of ethanol and water. The effects of mixture on droplet aerodynamic breakup, evaporation, combustion, and gas dynamics of HVSFS process are thoroughly investigated. The exact location where the particle heating is initiated (above the carrier liquid boiling point) can be controlled by increasing the water content in the mixture. In this way, the particle inflight time in the high-temperature gas regions can be adjusted avoiding adverse effects from surface chemical transformations. The mixture is modeled as a multicomponent droplet, and a convection/diffusion model, which takes into account the convective flow of evaporating material from droplet surface, is used to simulate the suspension evaporation. The model consists of several sub-models that include premixed combustion of propane-oxygen, non-premixed ethanol-oxygen combustion, modeling of multicomponent droplet breakup and evaporation, as well as heat and mass transfer between liquid droplets and gas phase.     

注射成型流动数值模拟技术研究

流动数值模拟技术在注射成型过程中有很高的工程应用价值.本文首先建立了塑料熔体流动过程的数学模型,并对注射成型模型进行了简化,得到了易于数值求解的数学模型,可以更清楚地认识各物理变量对成型过程的影响.最后通过实例说明了注射成型流动数值模拟技术的合理应用.     

气相法聚丙烯注射成型工艺的研究

该试验对气相法聚丙烯的注射成型工艺进行了研究．阐述了注射成型工艺对样品微观结构与力学性能的影响。     

Suspension Plasma Spraying of YPSZ Coatings: Suspension Atomization and Injection

Among processes evaluated to produce some parts of or the whole solid-oxide fuel cell, Suspension Plasma Spraying (SPS) is of prime interest. Aqueous suspensions of yttria partially stabilized zirconia atomized into a spray by an internal-mixing co-axial twin-fluid atomizer were injected into a DC plasma jet. The dispersion and stability of the suspensions were enhanced by adjusting the amount of dispersant (ammonium salt of polyacrylic acid, PAA). A polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was further added to the suspension to tailor its viscosity. The PVA also improved the dispersion and stability of the suspensions. The atomization of optimized formulations is described implementing Weber and Ohnesorge dimensionless numbers as well as gas-to-liquid mass ratio (ALR) value. Drop size distributions changed from monomodal distributions at low We to multimodal distributions when We number increases. The viscosity of the suspensions has a clear influence on the drop size distribution and suspension spray pattern. The secondary fragmentation of the drops due to the plasma jet was evidenced and the final size of the sheared drops was shown to depend on the characteristics of the suspension. Rather dense zirconia coatings have been prepared, which is a promising way to produce electrolyte.     

大断面球铁悬浮铸造工艺研究

简要介绍了一种适合于大断面球铁悬浮铸造用微型冷铁的制备工艺；探讨了采取常规悬浮铸造方法加入１０％的该种微型冷铁对大断面珠铁元素偏析，球化衰退及机械性能的影响。     

喂丝法生产蠕墨铸铁的研究

应用喂丝工艺生产蠕墨铸铁。通过试验分析了包芯线的化学成分及加入量对蠕化率的影响,确定了喂丝工艺的工艺参数。结果表明,喂丝法生产蠕墨铸铁,蠕化情况良好,蠕化率稳定。     

Numerical Modeling of Suspension HVOF Spray

A three-dimensional two-way coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian scheme is used to simulate suspension high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying process. The mass, momentum, energy, and species equations are solved together with the realizable k-ε turbulence model to simulate the gas phase. Suspension is assumed to be a mixture of solid particles [mullite powder (3Al₂O₃·2SiO₂)], ethanol, and ethylene glycol. The process involves premixed combustion of oxygen-propylene, and non-premixed combustion of oxygen-ethanol and oxygen-ethylene glycol. One-step global reaction is used for each mentioned reaction together with eddy dissipation model to compute the reaction rate. To simulate the droplet breakup, Taylor Analogy Breakup model is applied. After the completion of droplet breakup, and solvent evaporation/combustion, the solid suspended particles are tracked through the domain to determine the characteristics of the coating particles. Numerical simulations are validated against the experimental results in the literature for the same operating conditions. Seven or possibly eight shock diamonds are captured outside the nozzle. In addition, a good agreement between the predicted particle temperature, velocity, and diameter, and the experiment is obtained. It is shown that as the standoff distance increases, the particle temperature and velocity reduce. Furthermore, a correlation is proposed to determine the spray cross-sectional diameter and estimate the particle trajectories as a function of standoff distance.     

汽车轮胎的疲劳损伤过程分析

在系统分析理论的基础上,建立了汽车轮胎在高速耐久性能试验中疲劳损伤过程的数学模型,并提取轮胎的疲劳损伤参数,在线跟踪了轮胎在耐久性试验过程的疲劳损伤过程,并定量分析汽车轮胎在不同硫化程度等因素的情况下,对轮胎疲劳损伤过程的影响.     

注塑件成型过程的仿真研究

从精密和高附加值的注塑件的应用角度分析了注塑件成型过程仿真研究的必要性。从数值模拟的角度论述了数学模型，最后举例说明了成型过程仿真研究的合理应用。     

粉末注射成形铜的烧结工艺研究

采用粉末注射成形技术制备铜制件,研究粉末注射成形中烧结工艺参数对烧结效果的影响,以获得理想的注射成形工艺及烧结工艺参数.通过采用真空烧结和氢气气氛烧结、改变烧结升温速率和烧结温度,对比了烧结件的烧结质量和烧结收缩等情况.结果表明,铜粉末注射成形坯的烧结必须在氢气气氛保护下进行;烧结升温速率不宜过快或过慢,本研究采用5℃/min的升温速率效果较好;烧结温度低于且接近铜的熔点温度,烧结温度高,烧结件收缩率大但致密度也大.     

铸造充型过程的数值模拟研究现状及发展

铸件充型过程计算机模拟仿真是铸造学科发展的前沿领域.分析了国内外铸造充型数值模拟的发展过程以及目前应用的最前沿数值模拟方法,论述了铸造充型模拟的数学模型、计算方法和实验验证方法,并提出了数值模拟现存的主要问题,阐述了充型过程数值模拟的发展趋势.     

电磁泵充型过程数值模拟技术研究

介绍了电磁泵充型过程的工作原理及特点,以SOLA-VOF法为基础建立数学模型,对电磁泵充型过程进行数值模拟,采用水力模拟试验验证建立的数学模型。结果表明,计算结果与实验结果相吻合。     

Numerical Study of Suspension HVOF Spray and Particle Behavior Near Flat and Cylindrical Substrates

In thermal spray processes, it is demonstrated that substrate shape and location have significant effects on particle in-flight behavior and coatings quality. In the present work, the suspension high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying process is modeled using a three-dimensional two-way coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach. Flat and cylindrical substrates are placed at different standoff distances, and particles characteristics near the substrates and upon impact are studied. Suspension is a mixture of ethanol, ethylene glycol, and mullite solid powder (3Al₂O₃·2SiO₂) in this study. Suspension droplets with predefined size distribution are injected into the combustion chamber, and the droplet breakup phenomenon is simulated using Taylor analogy breakup model. Furthermore, the eddy dissipation model is used to model the premixed combustion of oxygen–propylene, and non-premixed combustion of oxygen–ethanol and oxygen–ethylene glycol. To simulate the gas phase turbulence, the realizable k–ε model is applied. In addition, as soon as the breakup and combustion phenomena are completed, the solid/molten mullite particles are tracked through the domain. It is shown that as the standoff distance increases the particle temperature and velocity decrease and the particle trajectory deviation becomes more significant. The effect of stagnation region on the particle velocity and temperature is also discussed in detail. The catch rate, which is defined as the ratio of the mass of landed particles to injected particles, is calculated for different substrate shapes and standoff distances in this study. The numerical results presented here is consistent with the experimental data in the literature for the same operating conditions.     

Numerical Investigation of High Velocity Suspension Flame Spraying

High-velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS) has recently developed as a possible alternative to conventional HVOF-spraying employing liquid suspensions instead of dry powder feedstock enables the use of nanoparticles. From the fluid dynamics point of view, the HVSFS system is complex and involves three-phase (gas, liquid and solid particles) turbulent flow, heat transfer, evaporation of the suspension solvent, chemical reactions of main fuel (propane) and suspension solvent (ethanol) and supersonic/subsonic flow transitions. Computational fluid dynamic techniques were carried out to solve the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. The realizable k-?? turbulence model was used to account for the effect of turbulence. The HVSFS process involves two combustion reactions. A primary combustion process is the premixed oxygen-propane reaction and secondary process is the non-premixed oxygen-gaseous ethanol reaction. For each reaction, one step global reaction, which takes dissociations and intermediate reactions into account, was derived from the equilibrium chemistry code developed by Gordon and McBride and eddy dissipation model was used to calculate the rate of reactions based on the transport equations for all species (10 species) mass fractions. Droplets were tracked in the continuum in a Lagrangian approach. In this paper, flow field inside and outside the gun simulated to provide clear and complete insight about the HVSFS processes. Moreover, the effect of some operative parameters (oxy-fuel flow rate, ethanol flow rate, droplets injection velocity and droplets size) on the gas flow field along the centerline and droplets evaporation behavior was discussed.     

Numerical Study of In-flight Particle Parameters in Low-Pressure Cold Spray Process

A 2-D model of the low-pressure cold spray with a radial powder feeding was established using CFD software in this study. The flow field was simulated for both propellant gases of nitrogen and helium. To predict the in-flight particle velocity and temperature, discrete phase model was introduced to simulate the interaction of particle and the supersonic gas jet. The experimental velocity of copper powder with different sizes was used to validate the calculated one for low-pressure cold spray process. The results show that the computational model can provide a satisfactory prediction of the supersonic gas flow, which is consistent with the experimental Schlieren photos. It was found that similar velocity was obtained with the drag coefficient formula of Henderson and with that of Morsi and Alexander. As the shape factor was estimated, the reasonable prediction of velocity for non-spherical particle can be obtained, to compare with the experimental results.     

纪念章模具结构改进及注射工艺研究

对某纪念章模存在的结构问题进行了分析 ,提出了改进方法 ,在实测中进行了注射工艺优化。结果表明 ,模具寿命延长 ,注射件质量提高。还对冷却时间的确定进行了研究