Multi-rate Superplastic Forming of Fine Grain Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy

Most parts made by superplastic forming (SPF) have been formed at an optimum strain rate. The rate is selected to give the best SPF properties of the material. However, it has been proposed that multi-rate forming, where an initial high strain rate is successively reduced as the part is strained, can be used to make high strain parts in a much shorter time than traditional SPF forming. This paper examines the performance of fine grain Ti-6Al-4V alloy at very high initial strain rates, from 10–30 times faster than usual, with step reductions at prescribed levels of strain that still enables a total strain of over 2.1 (800%) to be achieved without degradation of the material. The paper also shows that the forming time to 100% deformation can be reduced from 55 min to 9 min. This technique can be used by industry to enable faster flow times and lower production costs of SPF parts. This article was presented at the AeroMat Conference, International Symposium on Superplasticity and Superplastic Forming (SPF) held in Seattle, WA, June 6–9, 2005.     

Supersonic Plasma Spray Deposition of CoNiCrAlY Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

Plasma spray is a versatile technology used for production of environmental and thermal barrier coatings, mainly in the aerospace, gas turbine, and automotive industries, with potential application in the renewable energy industry. New plasma spray technologies have been developed recently to produce high-quality coatings as an alternative to the costly low-pressure plasma-spray process. In this work, we studied the properties of as-sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings deposited on Ti-6Al-4V substrate with smooth surface (R _a = 0.8 μm) by means of a plasma torch operating in supersonic regime at atmospheric pressure. The CoNiCrAlY coatings were evaluated in terms of their surface roughness, microstructure, instrumented indentation, and phase content. Static and dynamic depositions were investigated to examine their effect on coating characteristics. Results show that the substrate surface velocity has a major influence on the coating properties. The sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings exhibit low roughness (R _a of 5.7 μm), low porosity (0.8%), excellent mechanical properties (H _it = 6.1 GPa, E _it = 155 GPa), and elevated interface toughness (2.4 MPa m^1/2).     

非球形Ti-6Al-4V粉末粒度对激光快速成形的影响

为了找到适合激光快速成形技术的非球形Ti-6Al-4V粉末粒度范围,采用高速摄影的方法研究了不同粒度粉末的输送情况,并通过不同粒度粉末的激光快速成形实验,研究了粉末粒度对粉末利用率、成形件表面精度和成形件内部气孔缺陷的影响.结果表明,在64～122 μm粒度范围内,随粉末平均粒度的变细,粉末利用率先增大后降低,成形件表面精度先提高后降低,成形件内部气孔先减小后增多,适合激光快速成形的粉末粒度应在86～98 μm之间.     

Ti-6Al-4V合金的疲劳性能

简要综述了Ti-6Al-4V合金的显微组织和织构对其疲劳性能的影响及其机理.     

Numerical Simulation and Superplastic Forming of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy for a Dental Prosthesis

This article investigates superplastic forming (SPF) technique in conjunction with finite element (FE) simulation applied to dental repair. The superplasticity of Ti-6Al-4V alloys has been studied using a uniquely designed five-hole test with the aim of obtaining the modeled grain size and the flow stress parameters. The data from the five-hole test are subsequently put into the FE program for the simulation of a partial upper denture dental prosthesis (PUD4). The FE simulation of the PUD4 is carried out to set up appropriate input parameters for pressing due to the SPF process being fully automatic controlled. A variety of strain rates ranging from 2.4 × 10⁻⁵ to 1 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹ are selected for the characterization of superplastic properties of the alloy. The Superflag FE program is used to generate an appropriate pressure-time profile and provide information on thickness, grain size, and grain growth rate distribution. Both membrane elements and solid elements have been adopted in the simulation and the results from both types of elements are compared. An evaluation of predicted parameters for the SPF of the prosthesis is presented.     

Stress relaxation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

1　INTRODUCTIONTi 6Al 4VisoneofthemostimportantTial loys[1,2 ] .Butthisalloyhasbadformabilityforitshighelasticresilience .Therefore ,hotsizingisimpor tant[36 ] .Asthebaseofhotsizing ,thestudyofstressrelaxationhasimportanttheoreticalvalueandpracticalsignificance .Ontheotherhand ,Ti 6Al 4Visusedasfastenermaterialssometimes .Whenthefastenersworkatthetemperaturehigherthanroomtemperature ,stressrelaxationmayresultsinacci dents .Sohowtopreventthestressrelaxationisveryimportant[7] .Uptonow ,…     

Ti及Ti-6Al-4V的水基凝胶注模成形研究

将凝胶注模工艺应用于金属Ti及Ti-6Al-4v合金粉末的坯体成形，研究了高固相含量的Ti粉和Ti-6Al-4V合金粉末的料浆的制备。结果表明，用凝胶注模工艺制备出了固相含量为54φ%的钛合金粉末料浆和形状复杂的坯体；粉末的颗粒形状是影响料浆固相含量的重要因素，球形粉末配制成的浆料固相含量最高，近球形次之，片状最低；分散剂柠檬酸铵也可以显著提高浆料的固相含量。     

The laser additive manufacture of Ti-6Al-4V

Laser additive manufacturing (LAM) is a manufacturing technique with cost-reduction potential for titanium aerospace components. The mechanical properties of LAM Ti-6Al-4V have been investigated extensively, but little work on microstructure evolution has been performed to date. The results presented here provide a first look at the relationships between LAM processing parameters and microstructure in as-deposited Ti-6Al-4V. For more information, contact P.A. Kobryn, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, AFRL/MLLMP, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA; (937) 255-1313; fax (937) 255-3007; e-mail Pamela.Kobryn@afrl.af.mil.     

Thermoelectric non-destructive texture characterization in Ti-6Al-4V

Due to the manufacturing process Ti-6Al-4V alloy exhibited a very strong anisotropic texture caused by the existence of a preferred crystallographic orientation in the polycrystalline microstructure. This crystallographic alignment can result in anisotropic behavior of the material so that the material properties are different depending on whether they are measured in perpendicular or parallel direction. In addition to this morphological anisotropy, due to the dominantly hexagonal grain structure, the Ti-6Al-4V alloy also exhibited a substantial thermoelectric anisotropy. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of thermoelectric anisotropy on the thermoelectric power measurements in a highly textured Ti-6Al-4V specimen using a completely non-destructive technique based on the Seebeck effect. The result shows the thermoelectric power dependence associated with texturing and the macroscopic grain structure in a rolled Ti-6Al-4V specimen which was annealed at 710 °C for 2 h and slowly cooled. The measurements clearly demonstrate that the intrinsic sensitivity of the thermoelectric contact technique is a very useful tool that could be exploited for QND material characterization.     

Hydrogen-induced hot workability in Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The effect of hydrogen on hot deformability of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated by isothermal hot compression test with temperature of 800 ℃ and velocity of 0.1 mm/s. By optical microscopy （OM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, the influence of hydrogen on the microstructural features was systematically examined including the morphology of a grain, volume fraction of a phase and dynamic recrystallization （DRX）. The flow stress shows an initial decrease but a later increase with the increase of hydrogen content. The minimum of peak compression flow stress is obtained when 0.2% hydrogen is added into the alloy. The hydrogen-induced softening of Ti-6Al-4V alloy may be that hydrogen induces the increase of proportion of soft β phase, the increase of DRX and the increase of extent of twins.     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金热成形极限图及其应用

在650℃、700℃和750℃温度条件下进行Ti-6Al-4V钛合金成形极限试验,建立其热态成形极限,在此基础上,利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件进行数值模拟,对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金热态成形的破裂缺陷进行预测,并通过试验对其结果进行验证。研究结果显示,随着温度的升高,Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的热成形极限增加,有限元分析结果与试验结果相吻合,表明该文所建立的韧性断裂预测模型具有工程参考价值。     

SiCf/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料的断裂韧性

采用三点弯曲法测定了SiC纤维单向增强的Ti-6Al-4V复合材料的表观断裂韧性,讨论了界面反应对断裂韧性的影响.研究结果表明,在裂纹尖端塑性变形区的未断纤维的桥联对复合材料的断裂韧性起很大的作用.经过热处理后,SiCf/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料的断裂韧性降低,主要是由于严重的界面反应,使得SiC纤维受到一定的损伤,因而降低了纤维的承载能力,并使基体钛合金的脆性增大.     

Superplastic bulging capability of Ti-6Al-4V buttcover plate

The investigation on the superplastic bugling capability of 1.5 mm mill annealed Ti-6A1-4V buttcover plate by means of manual gas tungsten arc welding (M-GTAW) and fusion type plasma arc welding (F-PAW) have been evaluated respectivdy. The result shows that untreated Ti-6A1-4V buttcover plate by M-GTAW exhibits no superplasticity,while the same untreated plate by F-PAW, shows good superplastic ability because of extremely fine acicular martensite microstructure of weld metal. To the buttcover plate by M-GTAW, the microstructure of weld metal changed into streaky α structure which exhibits good superplasticity from the original//structure under the condition of the constant temperature of 940℃ with the deformation degree of 45 %, and changed into the fine equiaxed grain which possesses excellent superplastic ahilitv under the condition of the constant temperature of 800℃ with the deformation degree of 40 %.     

High-temperature corrosion of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V were exposed at 750°C in an H₂/H₂O/H₂S P_{O 2}10^–18 Pa and P_{S 2}10^–1 Pa), H₂/H₂O (P_{O 2}10^–18 Pa) and air environments for up to 240 hr. The corrosion kinetics, obtained by the discontinuous gravimetric method, showed that the sulfidation/oxidation kinetics were linear for Ti and linear-parabolic for Ti-6Al-4V in the H₂/H₂O/H₂S environment. Both materials obeyed parabolic rate laws in the H₂/H₂O atmosphere after a transient period, and linear-parabolic rate laws in air. After exposure to the H₂/H₂O/H₂S atmosphere, the titanium specimen displayed a double scale of TiO₂ with an intervening TiS₂ film between the double-layered scale of TiO₂ and the substrate. Ti-6Al-4V also contained a double layer of TiO₂ together with a stratum consisting of Al₂S₃, TiS₂ and vanadium sulfide at the junction of the inner TiO₂ layer and substrate. Some Al₂O₃ precipitated in the external portion of the outer TiO₂ layer. Following oxidation in the low-P_{O 2} atmosphere a double-layered oxide of TiO₂ scale formed on both Ti and Ti-6Al-4V. The scale on Ti-6Al-4V also contained an -Al₂O₃ film situated between the outer and inner (TiO₂) layers. For both materials, multilayered-scale formation characterized air oxidation. In detail a multilayered oxide scale of TiO₂ formed on the air-oxidized Ti, while a multilayered oxide scale with alternating layers of Al₂O₃/TiO₂ developed on Ti-6Al-4V oxidized in air.     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金搅拌摩擦焊缝的织构(英文)

采用W-Re合金搅拌头对α+β双相Ti-6Al-4V钛合金进行搅拌摩擦焊并在合适的工艺参数下获得无缺陷焊缝,利用取向成像显微镜对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金搅拌摩擦焊缝的织构进行研究。Ti-6Al-4V钛合金母材为轧制退火态,组织由变形的初生α相和转变β组织构成,具有典型的轧制织构。焊核区组织与母材明显不同,由大量的等轴动态再结晶晶粒组成,并在搅拌摩擦焊过程中形成{φ1=30°,φ=62°,φ2=30°}取向的织构。     

Mold wear during permanent-mold casting of Ti-6Al-4V

Mold wear during the casting of Ti-6Al-4V in a permanent (steel) mold was investigated using a combination of macro- and micro-scale observations and measurements. For this purpose, a steel mold with interchangeable inserts of three candidate mold steels (H13, P20, and 1040) was used. Inserts were removed at regular intervals during casting under prototype-production conditions and inspected to assess mold wear. Two major mold wear types were identified: soldering and “wrinkling.” Soldering was concluded to be a result of local over-heating of the mold, and wrinkling a result of cyclic stresses caused by a combination of solid-state phase transformations and large temperature gradients. The 1040 inserts performed the best; soldering was less severe and wrinkling did not occur. The better performance of the 1040 inserts was attributed to lower mold temperatures and thermal gradients due to the higher thermal conductivity of 1040 relative to H13 or P20.     

Tensile Properties and Microstructures of Laser-Formed Ti-6Al-4V

The room temperature tensile properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy prepared under two different processing routes were evaluated and compared. One group of samples was prepared by conventional casting-forging-rolling into flat plates. The other group was prepared by using Triton??s Laser Free-Form Fabrication (LF3)? processes, i.e., a laser was used to melt pre-alloyed powders of the required metallic composition as they were dropped onto a moveable substrate programmed to move in such a manner as to form a solid alloy plate. Five populations of Ti-6Al-4V were evaluated: a standard wrought form, an as-deposited form, a machined as-deposited form, a heat-treated as-deposited form, and a machined as-deposited and heat-treated form. The poorest mechanical properties occurred with the rough surfaces, likely due to existing microcracks and stress concentrations. The LF3? as-deposited material had mechanical properties comparable to, if not higher than, the mechanical properties of the wrought material. Further evaluations of the laser-formed material for complex spacecraft piece parts were warranted, specifically in regards to improving the surface finish of the materials.     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金厚板组织、性能研究

探讨了轧制及热处理对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金厚板材组织变化的影响.对板材室温、低温及高温状态下的力学性能进行测试,利用扫描电镜观察了合金板材的断口形貌.结果表明;采用低氧含量、两相区加工以及强化热处理工艺制备的Ti-6Al-4V合金板材可获得良好的强度、断裂韧性及塑性匹配.