Scandia doped tungsten matrix for impregnated cathode

As a matrix for Sc-type impregnated cathode,scandia doped tungsten with a uniform ldistribution of SC2O3 was obtained by powder metallurgy combined with the liquid-solid doping method.The microstructure and composition of the powder and the anti-ion bombardment behavior of scandium in the matrix were studied by means of SEM,EDS,XRD,and in-situ AES methods.Tungsten powder covered with scandium oxide,an ideal scandium oxide-doped tungsten powder for the preparation of Sc-type impregnated cathode,was obtained using the liquid-solid doping method.Compared with the matrix prepared with the mechanically mixed powder of tungsten and scandium oxide,SC2O3-W matrix prepared with this kind of powder had smaller grain size and uniform distribution of scandium.Sc on the surface of Sc2O3 doped tungsten mauix had good high temperature stability and good anti-ion bombardment capability.     

Extraction of scandium from red mud by modified activated carbon and kinetics study

Activated carbon （AC） was modified by tri-butyl phosphate （TBP） for selectively extracting scandium from red mud and characterized by BET （Brunauer-Emmett-Teller） surface area. The modified AC had a preferential adsorption to scandium. The influences of adsorbent dos- age, adsorption temperature, and time on adsorption capacity and selectivity to scandium were examined. An optimum adsorbent dosage （-6.25 g/L）, adsorption temperature （308 K）, and adsorption time （40 min） were figured out. A pseudo-second-order kinetics model was employed for describing the adsorption process of scandium.     

含钪铝合金轮毂的发展

介绍了铝合金轮毂发展的现状和前景。分析了稀土钪细化铝合金组织的机制。铝合金中添加微量钪能显著提高其性能,因此铝钪合金轮毂的应用和发展前景广阔,可以充分发挥我国的钪资源优势。     

Recovery of scandium from bauxite residue——red mud:a review

Red mud is a slimy caustic residue generated from alumina production. Taking into account the relatively considerable content and availability of scandium, red mud can be viewed as an important and promising scandium resource rather than a solid waste. This paper is primarily to review the investigations of scandium recovery from red mud based on the most widely used hydrometallurgical processes including acid leaching, solvent extraction and ion exchange adsorption. It is thought that recovery of scandium from red mud should be considered as a direct objective rather than a by-product in the development of overall flowsheet. In order to achieve environmentally-friendly processes with high scandium recovery and low cost, more attention is required to be paid to optimizing the selective leaching of scandium to decrease mineral acid consumption and alleviate pollution, and developing new solvent extraction systems and novel ion exchange adsorption materials with high selectivity and recognition for scandium.     

含钪Al-Cu-Li-Zr合金热压缩变形流变应力行为

在变形温度为653K~773 K,应变速率为0.001s-1~10s-1的条件下,采用Gleeble——1500热模拟试验机对含钪Al-Cu-Li-Zr合金的热变形行为进行了研究。结果表明:含钪Al-Cu-Li-Zr合金流变应力随变形温度升高和应变速率的降低而减小;变形初期,应力值随应变的增加迅速提高,显示出明显的加工硬化效应。当应力值达到峰值后,随着变形增加,流变应力逐步降低,合金出现明显的软化现象。根据流变应力本构方程及利用作图法和线性回归方法求解得出各参数数值,得出流变峰值应力方程,利用此方程预测的流变峰值应力与实验结果吻合得较好。     

Effect of Scandium on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast Al-Si-Mg Alloy

Microstructural modification and grain refinement due to addition of scandium in Al-6Si-0.3Mg alloy has been studied in this article. It is seen from the microstructure that the dendrites of the cast Al-6Si-0.3Mg alloy have been refined significantly because of addition of scandium. Increasing amount of scandium leads to a greater dendrite refinement. The age hardening effect has been studied by subjecting the alloys containing varying amounts of scandium ranging from 0.2 to 0.6?wt.% to isochronal and isothermal aging at various temperatures for different times. It is observed that addition of scandium is the most effective in suppressing the softening effect during prolonged aging treatment.     

Effect of scandium and titanium–boron on grain refinement and hot cracking of aluminium alloy 7108

Abstract

The effect of scandium and titanium–boron (Tibor) additions on the solidification behaviour of castings and welds of aluminium alloy 7108 has been investigated. A circular patch test was adopted to evaluate the effects of these elements on the hot cracking suscepti bility of welds made on cast coupons treated with different grain refiner additions. It was observed that grain size, as well as cracking susceptibility, decreased with increasing amounts of scandium and that hot cracking was completely eliminated at scandium additions above 0·25 wt-%. A more pronounced grain refining effect in welds was observed with Tibor and, in addition, no hot cracking was observed with Tibor additions as low as 0·02 wt-%Ti (0·004 wt-%B). Castings, however, were more effectively grain refined with scandium, achieving a finer grain size than with Tibor.     

Solvent Extraction off Scandium from Wolframite Residue

The particular properties of scandium make it an attractive candidate for recovery by solvent extraction—one of the most important processes in hydrometallurgy for the separation, purification and concentration of metal ions. Toward this end, an acid leaching and solvent extraction system has been developed and optimized to extract scandium from wolframite residue. With the technique, the scandium oxide content in the resultant scandium hydroxide can reach 70–78 percent. Further, the concentration coefficient and total recovery of scandium oxide from the residue to the product has amounted to (1.9–3.9) × 103 ³ and 76–89 percent, respectively. A mass balance is summarized in Tables I and II.     

含钪铝合金的研究进展

钪是优化铝合金性能最为有效的合金元素，含钪铝合金强度高，塑性好，焊接性能，耐腐蚀性能等优良，是舰船、航空航天、核能等国防军工尖端领域用新一代铝合金结构材料，通过对Al-Mg-Sc和Al-Zn-Mg-Sc合金的研究状况分析，综述了钪与铝及铝合金的作用关系和对性能的改善作用。并提出我国含钪铝合金的研究方向。     

A new model for prediction of dispersoid precipitation in aluminium alloys containing zirconium and scandium

A model has been developed to predict precipitation of ternary Al₃(Sc, Zr) dispersoids in aluminium alloys containing zirconium and scandium. The model is based on the classical numerical method of Kampmann and Wagner, extended to predict precipitation of a ternary phase. The model has been applied to the precipitation of dispersoids in scandium containing AA7050. The dispersoid precipitation kinetics and number density are predicted to be sensitive to the scandium concentration, whilst the dispersoid radius is not. The dispersoids are predicted to enrich in zirconium during precipitation. Coarsening has been investigated in detail and it has been predicted that a steady-state size distribution is only reached once coarsening is well advanced. The addition of scandium is predicted to eliminate the dispersoid free zones observed in scandium free 7050, greatly increasing recrystallization resistance.     

不同冷速Ag-5Sc合金的凝固组织

采用感应熔炼钢模凝固、慢速平衡凝固、液态快速凝固制备Ag-5Sc二元合金。借助差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、金相显微镜、电子探针(EMPA)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究合金在不同冷速条件下的组织结构、钪的分布和形成的化合物相。结果表明,钢模凝固形成环状Ag4Sc相与共晶组织交替的环形层状组织结构,其它组织为致密细小的共晶组织。慢冷凝固是粗大的胞状共晶组织,胞状间存在块状Ag4Sc相。液态快冷凝固为呈细小蜂窝状结构,组织为等轴晶粒。钢模凝固环形和慢冷凝固块状Ag4Sc相中钪元素分布密度比共晶中的Ag4Sc相高,液态快冷合金中钪元素分布均匀。     

Improving mechanical properties of 2219 aluminium alloy GTA welds by scandium addition

Abstract

The effect of scandium additions to 2219 aluminium alloy weld metal has been investigated. At low levels (0·16%) of scandium, in spite of grain refinement in the weld metal, improvement in the mechanical properties has been nominal. At higher levels of scandium (0·37%), a substantial improvement in the tensile properties has been obtained. Further improvement in mechanical properties has been achieved by adding small amounts of magnesium. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of fine precipitate particles in the scandium containing weld metals. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and SEM–EDX revealed extensive copper segregation to grain and subgrain boundaries. The presence of scandium reduces the severity of segregation by producing fine equiaxed grains in the weld metals and also by refining the grain substructure. The morphology and size of the high copper eutectic phase at grain boundaries and sub-boundaries have been found to be finer and well distributed in the case of scandium containing weld metals. EPMA linescans and quantitative analyses proved that the depletion of copper in the matrix is minimised as a result of the fine grained structure.     

Scandium-alloyed aluminum alloys

Conclusion The basic principles of alloying of aluminum alloys with scandium are: it is desirable to add scandium to aluminum alloys in a quantity from 0.1 to 0.3% together with zirconium (0.05–0.15%), which strengthens the positive influence of scandium on the structure and properties of alloys;the greatest effect (that is, the positive influence on mechanical properties and other characteristics) from addition of scandium together with zirconium is observed for alloys not containing alloy elements combining scandium in insoluble phases, specifically the Al–Mg, Al–Zn–Mg, and Al–Mg–Li systems;with a limited copper content alloying with scandium together with zirconium of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu and Al–Cu–Li system alloys is possible.At present on the basis of or taking into consideration the principles developed of alloying of aluminum alloys with scandium commercial aluminum alloys based on the Al–Mg–Sc–Sr (01570, 01571, 01523, 01505), Al–Zn–Mg–Sc–Zr (01970, 01975), and Al–Li–Mg–Sc–Zr (10421, 01423) systems have been developed.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 1, pp. 24–28, January, 1992.     

Effect of scandium, transition metals, and admixtures on strengthening of aluminum alloys due to decomposition of the solid solution

Strengthening of aluminum alloys of the Al-Sc system in ingots due to decomposition of the solid solution of scandium in aluminum is studied as a function of the content of scandium (varied from 0.14 to 0.55%), of the presence of Zr, Ti, Hf, V, and Co additives at the same content of scandium (0.2%), of the Sc/Zr proportion at the same total content of Sc + Zr, and as a function of iron and silicon admixtures.     

铸态下钪在铝基体中的存在状态

采用X射线物相分析的方法,研究了铸态下钪在铝中的存在状态,结果表明,铸态下试样中的钪元素部分固溶于铝基体中,部分与铁生成Fe2Sc相。     

Effect of Scandium Additions on the Tensile Properties of Cast Al-6Mg alloys

Effect of aging on the mechanical properties of Al-6Mg alloy doped with varying concentration of scandium ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 wt.% is analyzed. As-cast samples were aged isochronally for 60 min at different temperatures ranging from 100 to 500 °C. Evaluation of mechanical properties of the aged Al-6Mg (Sc) alloys was done by employing an Instron testing machine. Various strain rate of testing were used to find out the values of strain-rate sensitivity of the experimental alloys. The influence of scandium is much pronounced on yield strength than on the tensile strength. Alloys with higher scandium content have shown higher yield strength and the values of strain-rate sensitivity ‘m’ at peak-aged condition have been found to be comparatively high at higher scandium concentration. The fracture of the experimental alloys occurs through microvoid coalescence.     

Structure and properties of magnesium alloys with scandium

The effect of scandium on the structure and properties of magnesium alloys Ml-5 and Ml-10 is investigated. The optimal contents of scandium ensuring good mechanical and special properties of magnesium alloys are identified.     

含钪废料的回收处理方法

综述了钪的一些性质、资源和主要的含钪废料，详细介绍了钪的回收处理工艺，对不同的含钪废料采用了不同的处理方法。     

Alloying aluminum alloys with scandium and zirconium additives

In recent years Russian specialists have developed industrial weldable aluminum alloys alloyed with a small amount of scandium. Scandium added to existing weldable aluminum alloys improves considerably the set of their operational properties. In addition, the presence of scandium makes it possible to create new materials superior to traditional aluminum alloys. The present paper is devoted to problems of simultaneous alloying of aluminum alloys with scandium and zirconium.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 8, pp. 25 – 30, August, 1996.     

Mean molal activity coefficients of aqueous scandium chloride, nitrate, bromide and perchlorate solutions at 25.0°

The mean molal activity coefficients of aqueous scandium chloride, nitrate, bromide and perchlorate solutions were determined at 25.0° for dilute to saturated concentrations, together with the activities of water. In the dilute solutions of scandium halides, the activity coefficients were obtained from electromotive force measurements on galvanic cells, and the osmotic coefficients of all four solutions above 0.1 mol kg⁻¹ were determined from the isopiestic measurements. Least-squares equations were fitted to these coefficients, which were then used to calculate the mean molal activity coefficients and water activities. The relationships between these results and the corresponding activity data for other rare earth salts, and to the cation hydration and ionic interactions, are discussed. The results on scandium perchlorate solutions suggested that the inner-sphere hydration number of tervalent scandium ion may be seven.