食品的冻结及解冻技术研究进展

畜禽肉的冷冻在现代肉制品加工工业中起着十分重要的作用。本文对肉品冷冻的工艺、冻结方法以及冻结食品的解冻技术及其各自特点进行了综述,同时简单介绍了一些新兴的解冻方法。     

Thermodynamic Analysis of the Freezing and Thawing of Foods: Enthalpy and Apparent Specific Heat

On the basis of the principles of freezing point depression, equations for the temperature rate of ice formation, apparent specific heat, and enthalpy were derived and expressed in terms of solids content and temperature. A unique characteristic constant for each food system can be determined experimentally from the calorimetric measurements. The new equations differ only slightly with similar equationspreviously developed by Bartlett in 1944 and by Schwartzberg in 1976. Reliability and accuracy of the methods are demonstrated with literature data for meat, fish and fruit juices. Enthalpy and apparent specific heat values for a range of temperature between 20° and 40°C and solids content between 10 and 50% are presented.     

Thermodynamic Analysis of the Freezing and Thawing of Foods: Ice Content and Mollier Diagram

On the basis of the freezing point depression equation, an ice content equation was derived. The required parameters are similar to equations for enthalpy and apparent specific heat previously developed. Validity and accuracy of the equation are demonstrated with experimental data for meat, fish and fruit juices. Cohesive data for enthalpy, apparent specific heat and ice content are calculated for a wide range of temperatures between 20 and -40°C. The calculated results are consistent with values obtainable through enthalpy-moisture content-temperature (Mollier) diagrams developed by Riedel.     

不同冻融次数对猪肉品质的影响

研究不同冻融次数（0、1、3、5、7 次）对猪背最长肌肉品质特性的影响,分析猪肉冻融过程中食用品质特性、全质构特性、脂肪氧化（硫代巴比妥酸值）以及肌浆蛋白和全蛋白含量的变化。结果表明：随着反复冻融次数的增加,解冻汁液流失率、加压失水率和蒸煮损失率随之显著增加,到冻融7 次时解冻汁液流失率已达到13.24%,加压损失率达到36.77%,蒸煮损失率达到31.77%;亮度（L*）、黄度（b*）增加,红度（a*）减少,到冻融7 次时L*值达到58.46,b*值达到13.25,a*值降低到11.68;pH值和剪切力值先增大后减少。硫代巴比妥酸值随冻融次数的增加显著增加。猪肉肌浆蛋白和肌肉全蛋白含量在反复解冻-冻融过程中降低。反复冻融严重降低了猪肉的品质,且随着冻融次数的增加,对猪肉品质的影响越严重。     

Autoxidation of Bluefin Tuna Myoglobin Associated with Freezing and Thawing

Bluefin tuna oxymyoglobin (oxyMb) solutions were frozen either quickly at ?80°C or slowly at ?2O°C, thawed, and the metmyoglobin (metMb) to total myoglobin (Mb) ratio (metMb%) determined. When quick freezing was applied, autoxidation was clearly pH-dependent, with a minimum (metMb%, 15–40) at around pH 5.9–6.3. When slowly frozen and thawed, on the other hand, tuna Mb generally showed an extremely high metMb%. Freezing and thawing partially insolubilized tuna Mb, depending upon pH. The Mb showed the minimum ratio of insolubilization at pH 6–6.3 again. Insolubilization of tuna Mb was markedly accelerated by NaCl.     

Influence of Freezing and Thawing on the Egg Vitelline Membrane

The original method finalized for this study was a direct comparison of the isotheimic dehydration rate between two membrane samples, one subjected to a freezing-thawing cycle, the other being untreated control. Freezing entailed irreversible modifications in the properties of the vitelline membrane of the hen's egg as indicated by a significant increase in the water absorption capacity; an accelerated drying rate; and a marked decrease in the water retention capacity. Through this method, the cryoprotective action of glycerol at the membrane level was also demonstrated.     

速冻肉馅在冻融过程中细菌动态变化研究

为了确定速冻饺子在冻融过程中影响其品质变化的关键因素,本实验按一定的工艺进行速冻肉馅加工,于-18℃冻藏,在冻融条件下研究速冻肉馅冻融过程中的细菌的动态变化。结果表明,乳酸菌、肠杆菌和假单孢菌均能在冻融条件下很好的生长,乳酸菌数一直明显高于肠杆菌和假单孢菌总数;速冻肉馅在第16d即第三次冻融时感官品质发生明显变化,此时细菌总数和乳酸菌总数增加极显著,分别为4.1332lgCFU/g和3.9529lgCFU/g,是产品中主要的优势菌,为保证肉馅正常的货架期,其冻融次数不宜超过3次。     

不同的冷冻和解冻方式对鸡肉品质的影响

研究不同的冷冻和解冻方式对鸡肉品质的影响,采用―18℃的普通式冷冻(普冻)和液氮速冻(速冻)两种冷冻方式,4℃的空气自然解冻(空解)和低变温(2℃→6℃→2℃)高湿(相对湿度>90%)解冻(变温解)两种解冻方式。设计普冻+空解、普冻+变温解、速冻+空解、速冻+变温解4种不同的冷冻和解冻处理组,测定各处理组鸡肉样品的保水性(解冻汁液流失率、滴水损失率、加压失水率、蒸煮损失率)、嫩度等指标并进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)。结果表明:速冻比普冻的干耗率降低1.07%,速冻+变温解处理组的保水性最好,其解冻汁液流失率、滴水损失率、加压失水率、蒸煮损失率分别为0.22%、0.54%、44.53%、11.93%(P<0.05),每个处理组的鸡肉肌浆蛋白发生不同程度的降解,速冻+变温解处理组的肌浆蛋白降解程度最小。液氮速冻+低温高湿变温解冻工艺在降低鸡肉冷冻和解冻过程中品质劣变、增加鸡肉保水性、减少损失的效果是最好的。     

水果速冻和解冻新技术研究进展

冷冻是长期保存水果的重要方法之一,而冷冻过程中产生的冰晶容易损伤细胞结构,导致解冻时汁液损失,严重影响解冻后水果的品质。冷冻水果的品质优化可以从3方面开展：渗透脱水预处理,提高冷冻速率,优化解冻过程。基于此,本文从原理、应用和优、缺点3个角度,综述渗透脱水预保护技术、高压辅助技术、超声辅助技术、脉冲电场技术、微波辅助技术、磁场辅助技术在水果速冻和解冻中的应用,以期为水果速冻和解冻过程的优化提供新的思路。     

反复冻融对葡萄酒中酚类物质的影响

近年来,葡萄酒以其独特的风味与诸多保健功能而备受消费者青睐。酚类物质作为葡萄酒中重要的组成成分,对于葡萄酒的感官品质以及营养价值都有着极其重要的贡献。然而,受限于现阶段的生产和运输条件,葡萄酒在生产、运输和贮藏过程中可能会经历反复的冷冻和融化（冻融）。本研究采用高效液相色谱-三重串联四极杆质谱联用仪（HPLC/QqQ-MS/MS）对反复冻融0～5次的葡萄酒样品（5款红葡萄酒、3款白葡萄酒）中的酚类物质进行分析。结果表明,随着冻融循环次数的增加,总花色苷含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,且酰基化花色苷的降解速率低于未酰基化的花色苷;对其它酚类物质来说,反复冻融可能会促进单宁类物质降解形成某些单体酚,而其它非花色苷酚类物质含量基本保持不变。结论：在葡萄酒的生产和储运过程中,应尽量避免反复冻融或者减少冻融次数,以保证葡萄酒的品质。     

不同低温冻融循环对鱼糜品质与加工特性的影响

为研究不同低温条件下的冻融循环对鱼糜加工品质变化的影响.将制得的鱼糜样品定量分装成3组,分别置于4、?18、?35℃冰箱中,并模拟5次冻融循环.期间,分别进行各组冻融鱼糜的流变特性、凝胶特性、水分变化(低场核磁共振、冷冻损失率、解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率和持水性)、质构特性,并结合微观结构观察,以综合判定贮藏温度对鱼糜冻融...     

反复冻融法辅助提取油菜花粉多糖的研究

通过对加水量、冻结时间、解冻温度、冻融次数等进行单因素试验及正交试验,验证反复冻融法对油菜花粉中多糖的辅助提取效果,确定最佳处理条件为:加水量40 mL/100 g,冻结时间4 h,解冻温度80℃,冻融次数2次,在此条件下,油菜花粉可溶性多糖溶出率可达到21.79%。     

Application of Freezing and Thawing in Apple (Malus domestica) Juice Extraction

The paper presents the results of the research on the impact of enzymatic liquefaction, freezing and thawing on the efficiency of juice pressure extraction from apple pulp and quality of the obtained juices. The research was conducted using three types of pretreatment prior the pressing: crushing and enzymatic liquefaction in temperature of 25 °C, crushing and enzymatic liquefaction in temperature of 45 °C and crushing followed by freezing and thawing of the pulp. The study included three varieties of apples. The juice was obtained using a laboratory basket press. It was determined that the pretreatment of the pulp as well as the varietal characteristics of the fruits have a significant impact on the efficiency of the pressure extraction process. The enzymatic treatment of the pulp, irrespective of the temperature at which it was conducted, significantly increased the efficiency of the process. No effect of the temperature (25 or 45 °C) of enzymatic treatment on the efficiency of the pressure extraction process was found. Pretreatment of the pulp based on freezing and thawing contributes to the increase of efficiency of pressing in the case of two apple cultivars, that is, Idared and Red Delicious. It was showed that total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, the soluble solids content and juice acidity (pH) depend on the pretreatment of the pulp and the varietal characteristics of apples. Following the application of pretreatment of the pulp, an increase was observed in the content of polyphenols and in the antioxidant activity of the juices obtained.     

猕猴桃冷冻破壁离心取汁工艺

根据缓慢冻结破坏细胞壁的原理,采用冻融离心取汁新工艺制取猕猴桃果汁,对冷冻破壁和离心工艺参数进行单因素和正交试验分析。结果表明：冷冻破壁离心取汁工艺所制备的果汁在出汁率、VC 含量、透光率及色泽方面都明显优于传统榨汁工艺,最佳工艺条件为切片厚度0.6cm、－ 14℃冷冻10h、30℃解冻30min、3000r/min 离心20min、100 目过滤。     

Effect of Freezing/Thawing Temperature on the Viscoelastic and Nutritional Qualities of Carrots

This study evaluated and correlated the viscoelastic and nutritional properties of carrots after freezing (–20, –70, and –196^oC) and thawing (4 and 18^oC) treatments. Results showed that all samples exhibited a solid behavior (storage modulus G′ > loss modulus G″) dominating the viscoelastic response. After treatments, G′, G″, hardness, fracturability, springiness, and chewiness of carrots significantly decreased, whereas loss tangent (Tanδ) increased. Compared with other treatments, fast freezing (–196^oC) and thawing (18^oC) better maintained G′, G″, hardness, and fracturability of carrots, and intermediate freezing (–70^oC) better retained springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness. For nutritional parameters, fast freezing and thawing conditions also contributed to preserving the contents of carotenoids of carrots. Partial least squares regression analysis revealed that β- and α-carotene, lycopene, and soluble sugars were positively correlated with hardness, fracturability, G′, and G″, and negatively with Tanδ in carrots. The variation of viscoelastic parameters could well predict the changes at nutritional levels.     

Freezing and Thawing Conditions Affect the Gel Stability of Different Varieties of Rice Flour

The freeze‐thaw stabilities of three different rice flour gels (amylose rice flour with 28% amylose, Jasmine rice flour with 18% amylose and waxy rice flour with 5% amylose) were studied by first freezing at –18 °C for 22 h and subsequent thawing in a water bath at 30 °C, 60 °C and 90 °C, or by boiling in a microwave oven. The freeze‐thaw stability was determined for five cycles. Starch gels thawed at higher temperature exhibited a lower syneresis value (percent of water separation) than those thawed at lower temperature. Amylose rice flour gels gave the highest syneresis values (especially at the first cycle). The Jasmine rice flour gels gave a higher syneresis value than the waxy rice flour gel. Except for freezing by storage at –18 °C and thawing at 30 °C, there was no separation of water at any cycle when waxy rice flour gel was thawed at any temperature, irrespectively of the freezing methods used. Cryogenic Quick Freezing (CQF) followed by storage at –18 °C and then thawing (by boiling or by incubation at any other temperatures) gave lower syneresis values than all comparable samples frozen by storage at –18 °C. The order of syneresis values for the three types of rice flour was waxy rice flour < Jasmine rice flour < amylose rice flour. The syneresis values and the appearance of starch gels, which had gone through the freeze‐ thaw process, suggested that the order of freeze‐thaw stability of gels for the three types of rice flour was waxy > Jasmine > amylose rice flour.     

反复冻融对泰州芋头淀粉品质特性的影响

本文以泰州地区三种芋头为原料,采用氨水提取芋头淀粉,研究-18 ℃冷冻24 h,25 ℃解冻1 h(反复冻融0、5、10次)对其体系性质、微观结构的影响,探讨冻融过程中淀粉品质的变化规律。结果表明,三种芋头淀粉颗粒表面形态的破坏程度随着冻融次数的增加而增大;冻融次数越多,其稳定性越差,三种品种相比,冻融稳定效果:靖江香沙芋 > 泰兴香荷芋 > 兴化龙香芋。冻融处理使淀粉凝胶硬度、弹性、咀嚼性增加,最后趋于稳定,黏性随冻融次数的增加呈递减趋势。随着样品冻融次数的增加,兴化龙香芋的起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度、终点糊化温度比同等条件下的泰兴香荷芋、靖江香沙芋高。三种芋头淀粉的膨润力随着温度的升高而逐渐增大,随着冻融次数的增加,每种芋头淀粉的膨润力和凝沉性呈现下降的趋势。因此,随着冻融次数的增加,芋头淀粉品质下降。     

Peroxidase and Polyphenoloxidase Activities in Papaya During Postharvest Ripening and After Freezing/Thawing

Changes in peroxidase (POD) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activities of papaya (Caricu papava), cv Sunrise, during ripening, freezing and short frozen storage were studied. Fruits were stored at 14°C and 85 90 % RH until maturity for processing was reached (about 21 days). Fruit were frozen cryogenically and frozen slices were stored at — 18°C. POD activity increased in pulp tissue up to the ripe stage, showing a maximum value after 7 days cold storage. Similarly, PPO activity showed an important increase (4 × initial value) on the same date. The quantity of extractable proteins was at a maximum after 15 days storage at 14°C. Freezing and frozen storage (-18°C) produced an increase of POD activity while EPO activity was only slightly affected.